2 Samuel 1:18

KJV

(Also he bade them teach the children of Judah [the use of] the bow: behold, [it is] written in the book of Jasher.)

KJV (with Strong's)

(Also he bade {H559} them teach {H3925} the children {H1121} of Judah {H3063} the use of the bow {H7198}: behold, it is written {H3789} in the book {H5612} of Jasher {H3477}.)

Complete Jewish Bible

in order to teach the people of Y'hudah [not to underestimate] archery (the lament has been written down in the book of Yashar):

Berean Standard Bible

and he ordered that the sons of Judah be taught the Song of the Bow. It is written in the Book of Jashar:

American Standard Version

(and he bade them teach the children of Judah the song of the bow: behold, it is written in the book of Jashar):

Commentary

### SUMMARY
2 Samuel 1:18 is a parenthetical note within David's profound lament over the deaths of Saul and Jonathan, known as the "Song of the Bow." This verse reveals David's immediate, practical leadership even in deep grief, as he instructs that the "children of Judah" be taught the use of the bow, a skill vital for military readiness and perhaps a tribute to Jonathan's renowned archery. The verse also authenticates this directive by referencing its inclusion in "the book of Jasher," an ancient, non-canonical historical record.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is strategically placed within David's heartfelt lament for Saul and Jonathan, often called the "Song of the Bow" (found in [2 Samuel 1:17-27](/2_samuel/1-17 "2 Samuel 1:17-27 - David's Lament for Saul and Jonathan")). The lament itself is a powerful expression of grief, respect, and poetic tribute. Verse 18 functions as a brief, explanatory interjection, clarifying David's directive to teach archery. It directly follows David's command for the lament to be sung and precedes the lament's main body, which implicitly celebrates Jonathan's skill with the bow (e.g., [2 Samuel 1:22](/2_samuel/1-22 "2 Samuel 1:22 - Jonathan's Bow and Saul's Sword")). This parenthetical note highlights that the "Song of the Bow" was not merely an emotional outpouring but also carried a practical, forward-looking instruction for the nation's military future, tying the lament's theme directly to a tangible skill.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The setting is immediately after the devastating defeat of Israel by the Philistines on Mount Gilboa, resulting in the deaths of King Saul, his three sons (including Jonathan), and many Israelite soldiers ([1 Samuel 31](/1_samuel/31 "1 Samuel 31 - The Death of Saul and His Sons")). This event left a power vacuum and a nation vulnerable. Archery was a crucial military skill in ancient Near Eastern warfare, used for both hunting and combat. David, soon to be king, understood that national survival depended on military prowess. His specific instruction to teach the "children of Judah" reflects his immediate concern for his own tribe, which would form the core of his future kingdom, ensuring their readiness in a volatile geopolitical landscape. The mention of the "book of Jasher" points to a cultural practice of maintaining national chronicles or collections of heroic poems, which served as historical and cultural touchstones for the people.
* **Key Themes:** Several significant themes emerge from this verse. First is **Leadership and Responsibility**, as David, despite his profound personal sorrow, demonstrates practical foresight by focusing on the military preparedness of his people. This highlights the burden of leadership to think beyond immediate circumstances for the long-term well-being of the nation. Second is **Legacy and Remembrance**, as the "Song of the Bow" itself, and the instruction to teach archery, serve to honor Jonathan's prowess and ensure his memory, particularly his skill with the bow, is perpetuated. This act transforms a lament into a living memorial. Third is **Preparedness and Skill Development**, emphasizing the importance of training and equipping the next generation with essential skills for survival and success, whether in military endeavors or other life challenges. Finally, the reference to the "book of Jasher" underscores the theme of **Historical Documentation and Authority**, indicating that ancient Israel valued written records for preserving significant events and traditions, even if not all such records were included in the canonical scriptures, as seen with other references like the "Book of the Wars of the Lord" ([Numbers 21:14](/numbers/21-14 "Numbers 21:14 - Book of the Wars of the Lord")).

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **Bow (קֶשֶׁת, _qeshet_):** This Hebrew word refers to the weapon used for shooting arrows. In ancient warfare, the bow was a formidable long-range weapon, essential for hunting and military engagements. Beyond its literal meaning, the "bow" here carries symbolic weight. It is directly associated with Jonathan's skill ([2 Samuel 1:22](/2_samuel/1-22 "2 Samuel 1:22 - Jonathan's Bow")), making the instruction to teach its use a direct tribute to his legacy. It represents military strength, preparedness, and the ability to defend oneself and the nation.
* **Jasher (יָשָׁר, _yashar_):** The Hebrew phrase _Sefer HaYashar_ (סֵפֶר הַיָּשָׁר) literally translates to "Book of the Upright" or "Book of the Just One." This was evidently a collection of national poems, historical records, or heroic narratives that were known and respected in ancient Israel. Its mention here, and also in [Joshua 10:13](/joshua/10-13 "Joshua 10:13 - Sun Stands Still"), signifies that it was considered a reliable and publicly accessible source of historical information, even though it is not part of the biblical canon. The reference lends credibility and historical grounding to David's directive.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"(Also he bade them teach the children of Judah [the use of] the bow:)":** This clause reveals David's proactive and practical leadership. Despite the overwhelming grief and national crisis following the deaths of Saul and Jonathan, David immediately focuses on the future military readiness of his people. The specific mention of "the children of Judah" highlights David's primary tribal affiliation and his responsibility as their emerging leader. Teaching the bow was not merely about a weapon; it was about instilling discipline, skill, and preparedness for the ongoing threats faced by Israel. This instruction is a testament to David's foresight and his understanding of the practical necessities for national security.
* **"behold, [it is] written in the book of Jasher.)":** This parenthetical statement serves as an authoritative reference, affirming that David's command regarding the bow was a significant event, documented in a recognized historical record of the time. The phrase "behold, it is written" underscores the importance and authenticity of the instruction. The "book of Jasher" was a known extra-biblical source, suggesting that the lament and David's directive were not merely oral traditions but had been recorded and preserved, lending them historical weight and public recognition in ancient Israel.

#### Literary Devices
The primary literary device at play in 2 Samuel 1:18 is the **Parenthetical Note**. This verse interrupts the flow of David's lament, providing an explanatory aside that offers crucial context and validation. The effect is to provide a glimpse into David's immediate actions and priorities, even amidst profound grief, without disrupting the emotional intensity of the "Song of the Bow." It functions as an **Interruption** that serves a purpose: to ground the lament in a practical, historical reality. Furthermore, the reference to the "book of Jasher" employs **Historical Reference** as a means of authentication, lending credibility and authority to David's command. The "bow" itself functions as a **Symbolism** of military prowess, national defense, and the enduring legacy of Jonathan's skill.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
This verse, though brief, offers profound theological insights into leadership, preparedness, and the preservation of legacy. David's immediate concern for military training, even in the throes of national mourning, illustrates a biblical principle: effective leadership requires both spiritual sensitivity and practical foresight. God often works through human diligence and preparation, even as He orchestrates ultimate victory. The act of teaching the bow ensures that the skills and legacy of past heroes, like Jonathan, are not lost but passed on to future generations, underscoring the importance of mentorship and continuity in God's plan for His people. The reference to the "book of Jasher" also reminds us that God's truth can be affirmed and recorded through various means, even outside the canonical scriptures, though the Bible remains the ultimate authoritative Word.

* [Joshua 10:13](/joshua/10-13 "Joshua 10:13 - Sun Stands Still, Mention of Book of Jasher")
* [Psalm 18:34](/psalms/18-34 "Psalm 18:34 - God Trains My Hands for Battle")
* [Proverbs 21:31](/proverbs/21-31 "Proverbs 21:31 - The Horse is Prepared for Battle, But Victory is from the Lord")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
David's response to tragedy in 2 Samuel 1:18 offers a powerful model for navigating life's inevitable sorrows with purpose and foresight. It teaches us that true leadership, whether in a family, community, or church, involves not only mourning losses but also proactively preparing for the future. Even in our deepest grief, we are called to consider the needs of those who follow, equipping them with the necessary skills and wisdom for the challenges ahead. This might mean investing in education, mentoring the next generation, or diligently developing our own spiritual and practical capacities. Just as David ensured the physical readiness of Judah, we are called to cultivate spiritual preparedness, ensuring we are "ready in season and out of season" ([2 Timothy 4:2](/2_timothy/4-2 "2 Timothy 4:2 - Preach the Word")). We learn from the past, honor the legacies of those who have gone before, and build wisely for the future, trusting that God uses our diligence for His greater purposes.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How do I balance grief or personal sorrow with my responsibilities and preparedness for the future?**
* **In what ways am I actively "teaching the bow" (i.e., equipping or mentoring) the next generation in my sphere of influence, whether practically or spiritually?**
* **What "legacies" or "skills" from past spiritual heroes or mentors am I seeking to preserve and pass on?**
* **How does the concept of "preparedness" apply to my spiritual life, and what steps am I taking to be ready for spiritual challenges?**

### FAQ

**What is the "Book of Jasher" and why is it mentioned here?**

Answer: The "Book of Jasher" (Hebrew: _Sefer HaYashar_, meaning "Book of the Upright" or "Book of the Just One") was an ancient, non-canonical collection of national poems or historical records known in ancient Israel. It is mentioned twice in the Old Testament: here in [2 Samuel 1:18](/2_samuel/1-18 "2 Samuel 1:18 - Book of Jasher") and in [Joshua 10:13](/joshua/10-13 "Joshua 10:13 - Sun Stands Still, Mention of Book of Jasher"), where it records the sun standing still for Joshua. Its mention in 2 Samuel 1:18 serves to authenticate David's directive to teach the bow, indicating that this command was a significant event that was recorded in a publicly recognized historical document of the time. While not part of the inspired biblical canon, it was a source that biblical writers occasionally referred to for historical confirmation of events.

**Why did David command the teaching of the bow immediately after mourning Saul and Jonathan?**

Answer: David's command, though seemingly an interruption to his lament, reveals his profound sense of leadership and responsibility. In the immediate aftermath of a devastating military defeat and the death of the king, Israel was vulnerable. David, as the emerging leader, understood the critical need for military preparedness. Teaching the "children of Judah" (his own tribe, foundational to his future kingdom) the use of the bow was a practical, strategic move to ensure national security. It also served as a poignant tribute to Jonathan, who was renowned for his archery skills ([2 Samuel 1:22](/2_samuel/1-22 "2 Samuel 1:22 - Jonathan's Bow")), ensuring his legacy was honored and perpetuated through the training of the next generation. It demonstrates David's ability to balance deep personal grief with the urgent practical needs of his people.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
While 2 Samuel 1:18 speaks of David's practical leadership in teaching military skills, it finds its ultimate fulfillment in Christ, the perfect King and Leader. David, though a great king, could only prepare his people for earthly battles and temporary security. Christ, however, equips His people for eternal victory and spiritual warfare. He is the ultimate teacher, not of a physical bow, but of the spiritual armor and weapons necessary for life in a fallen world ([Ephesians 6:10-18](/ephesians/6-10 "Ephesians 6:10-18 - The Whole Armor of God")). Just as David ensured the legacy of Jonathan's skill, Christ ensures the eternal legacy of His sacrifice and resurrection, empowering believers with His Spirit to live victoriously. He is the "Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world" ([John 1:29](/john/1-29 "John 1:29 - Jesus, the Lamb of God")), the ultimate warrior who conquers sin and death, providing true and lasting security that transcends any earthly military preparedness. Through His teaching and example, He trains our hands for spiritual battle, enabling us to stand firm against the schemes of the enemy and to live lives that reflect His righteousness and power ([Psalm 144:1](/psalms/144-1 "Psalm 144:1 - Blessed Be the Lord, My Rock")).

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Joshua 10:13

And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. [Is] not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day.

Genesis 49:8

¶ Judah, thou [art he] whom thy brethren shall praise: thy hand [shall be] in the neck of thine enemies; thy father's children shall bow down before thee.

Deuteronomy 4:10

[Specially] the day that thou stoodest before the LORD thy God in Horeb, when the LORD said unto me, Gather me the people together, and I will make them hear my words, that they may learn to fear me all the days that they shall live upon the earth, and [that] they may teach their children.