2 Chronicles 23:1

KJV

¶ And in the seventh year Jehoiada strengthened himself, and took the captains of hundreds, Azariah the son of Jeroham, and Ishmael the son of Jehohanan, and Azariah the son of Obed, and Maaseiah the son of Adaiah, and Elishaphat the son of Zichri, into covenant with him.

KJV (with Strong's)

And in the seventh {H7637} year {H8141} Jehoiada {H3077} strengthened {H2388} himself, and took {H3947} the captains {H8269} of hundreds {H3967}, Azariah {H5838} the son {H1121} of Jeroham {H3395}, and Ishmael {H3458} the son {H1121} of Jehohanan {H3076}, and Azariah {H5838} the son {H1121} of Obed {H5744}, and Maaseiah {H4641} the son {H1121} of Adaiah {H5718}, and Elishaphat {H478} the son {H1121} of Zichri {H2147}, into covenant {H1285} with him.

Complete Jewish Bible

In the seventh year Y'hoyada took courage and formed a conspiracy with certain captains of hundred-man platoons -'Azaryah the son of Yerocham, Yishma'el the son of Y'hochanan, 'Azaryah the son of 'Oved, Ma'aseiyahu the son of 'Adayahu and Elishafat the son of Zikhri.

Berean Standard Bible

Then in the seventh year, Jehoiada strengthened himself and made a covenant with the commanders of hundreds—with Azariah son of Jeroham, Ishmael son of Jehohanan, Azariah son of Obed, Maaseiah son of Adaiah, and Elishaphat son of Zichri.

American Standard Version

And in the seventh year Jehoiada strengthened himself, and took the captains of hundreds, Azariah the son of Jeroham, and Ishmael the son of Jehohanan, and Azariah the son of Obed, and Maaseiah the son of Adaiah, and Elishaphat the son of Zichri, into covenant with him.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
In the seventh year of Queen Athaliah's tyrannical reign, Jehoiada, the high priest, bravely initiated a strategic and divinely orchestrated plan to restore the rightful Davidic heir, Joash, to the throne of Judah. This pivotal verse describes Jehoiada's resolute determination and his successful forging of a solemn covenant with key military commanders, setting the stage for the overthrow of Athaliah and the re-establishment of righteous rule in Jerusalem. It marks a crucial turning point, demonstrating God's faithfulness in preserving His covenant promises despite human wickedness.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse immediately follows a period of profound crisis for the Davidic dynasty and the kingdom of Judah, detailed in [2 Chronicles 22](/2_chronicles/22 "2 Chronicles 22 - Ahaziah's Reign and Athaliah's Usurpation"). After the death of King Ahaziah, his mother Athaliah, a daughter of Ahab and Jezebel, seized power and ruthlessly attempted to eradicate all royal heirs of Judah, thereby threatening to extinguish the very lineage through which God had promised a perpetual throne to David ([2 Samuel 7:16](/2_samuel/7-16 "2 Samuel 7:16 - God's Eternal Covenant with David")). However, Ahaziah's infant son, Joash, was miraculously rescued by Jehosheba, Jehoiada's wife and Athaliah's sister, and secretly hidden within the Temple for six years ([2 Chronicles 22:11-12](/2_chronicles/22-11 "2 Chronicles 22:11-12 - Joash Hidden in the Temple")). [2 Chronicles 23:1](/2_chronicles/23-1 "2 Chronicles 23:1 - Jehoiada's Plan") opens in the "seventh year" of Athaliah's reign, signaling the culmination of Jehoiada's diligent guardianship and the opportune moment for action, transitioning the narrative from a period of hidden preservation to overt restoration.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The period of Athaliah's rule (c. 841-835 BC) was one of profound apostasy and political instability in Judah, marked by the influence of Baal worship introduced by Athaliah's mother, Jezebel, and continued by Athaliah herself. The very existence of the Davidic monarchy, central to Judah's identity and God's promises, was imperiled. In this context, the Temple served not only as a spiritual center but also as a secure sanctuary for the hidden king and a strategic base for the counter-coup. The "captains of hundreds" were significant military and administrative figures, commanding units of a hundred men, whose loyalty was crucial for any successful political or military maneuver. The act of entering into a "covenant" (Hebrew: _berith_) was a deeply binding, solemn agreement, often sealed with oaths and sacrifices, signifying mutual commitment and loyalty, particularly vital in a high-stakes political undertaking like overthrowing a reigning monarch.
* **Key Themes:** This verse powerfully contributes to several overarching themes within Chronicles and the broader biblical narrative. Firstly, it highlights **Courageous Leadership**, as Jehoiada exemplifies bold, faithful, and strategic action in the face of grave danger and widespread apostasy. His initiative was not impulsive but carefully planned, demonstrating a reliance on God's timing and providence. Secondly, the emphasis on taking the captains "into covenant" underscores the theme of **Covenant and Loyalty**, illustrating the vital importance of unity and solemn commitment among those dedicated to God's righteous cause and the restoration of His established order. This alliance was indispensable for the success of the coup. Most significantly, [2 Chronicles 23:1](/2_chronicles/23-1 "2 Chronicles 23:1 - Jehoiada's Strategic Alliance") is a testament to the **Preservation of the Davidic Line** and God's unwavering faithfulness to His promises. Despite human wickedness and determined attempts to thwart His divine plan, the survival of Joash and his subsequent enthronement were crucial for the continuation of the royal lineage that would ultimately lead to the Messiah, Jesus Christ, as promised in [2 Samuel 7](/2_samuel/7 "2 Samuel 7 - God's Covenant with David").

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **Strengthened himself (Hebrew, חָזַק, _chazaq'_):** This verb signifies more than merely gaining physical strength; it implies taking courage, showing resolve, making oneself firm, or seizing an opportunity with determination. In this context, it describes Jehoiada's deliberate and decisive act of fortifying his will and resolve, preparing himself for a dangerous but necessary undertaking. It speaks to a spiritual and mental fortitude, a firm conviction in the righteousness of his cause and confidence in divine backing, enabling him to initiate the complex and perilous plan to restore the Davidic monarchy.
* **Covenant (Hebrew, בְּרִית, _berith'_):** This term denotes a solemn, binding agreement or treaty, often involving oaths, stipulations, and sometimes a ritual sacrifice. It is far stronger than a casual alliance, implying a deep, mutual commitment and loyalty. By bringing the captains "into covenant," Jehoiada established an unbreakable bond of trust and shared purpose, ensuring their unwavering support and participation in the dangerous mission to overthrow Athaliah and enthrone Joash. This act elevates their agreement from a mere political conspiracy to a sacred pact, reflecting the broader covenantal relationship between God and His people.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"And in the seventh year":** This phrase marks a precise and significant temporal setting. The "seventh year" refers to the seventh year of Athaliah's illegitimate reign, indicating that Jehoiada had patiently waited for the opportune moment, meticulously planning and preparing for six years while safeguarding young Joash. This timing suggests divine providence at work, as well as Jehoiada's strategic discernment.
* **"Jehoiada strengthened himself":** This clause highlights the high priest's personal initiative and courageous resolve. It portrays him as the central figure, taking decisive action rather than passively waiting. His "strengthening" implies a deliberate act of mental, spiritual, and perhaps even physical preparation for the momentous and perilous task ahead, demonstrating his leadership and conviction.
* **"and took the captains of hundreds, Azariah the son of Jeroham, and Ishmael the son of Jehohanan, and Azariah the son of Obed, and Maaseiah the son of Adaiah, and Elishaphat the son of Zichri, into covenant with him":** This detailed enumeration of the five captains emphasizes the specific, trusted individuals Jehoiada recruited, lending credibility and historical precision to the account. The act of taking them "into covenant" underscores the solemn, binding nature of their agreement. These captains, likely military commanders or prominent officials, represented significant power and influence, and their sworn allegiance was crucial for the successful execution of the plan to overthrow Athaliah and install Joash as king. This alliance was foundational to the subsequent events.

#### Literary Devices
The text employs several effective literary devices. **Narrative Pacing** is evident in the abrupt shift from the six years of hiddenness to the "seventh year" of decisive action, creating a sense of urgency and impending climax. The detailed listing of the five captains utilizes **Specific Naming** to lend historical authenticity and emphasize the concrete nature of Jehoiada's strategic alliance. There is an element of **Dramatic Irony**, as the reader is aware of Joash's survival and Jehoiada's preparations, while Athaliah remains oblivious to the imminent threat to her illegitimate rule. Furthermore, the act of entering "into covenant" serves as **Symbolism**, representing not just a political agreement but a sacred, binding commitment, echoing the broader covenantal relationship between God and Israel, and foreshadowing the restoration of God's chosen lineage.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
[2 Chronicles 23:1](/2_chronicles/23-1 "2 Chronicles 23:1 - Jehoiada's Strategic Move") serves as a powerful testament to God's unwavering faithfulness in preserving His covenant promises, even in the face of human wickedness and seemingly insurmountable odds. Jehoiada's courageous actions are not merely a political maneuver but a divinely inspired intervention to uphold God's plan for the Davidic dynasty, through which the Messiah would ultimately come. This verse illustrates that while God works through human agents, His sovereign hand orchestrates events to ensure the fulfillment of His purposes. It highlights the importance of righteous leadership that is willing to "strengthen itself" and act decisively for God's truth, even when it means confronting entrenched evil. The formation of a "covenant" among the faithful underscores the biblical principle of unity and mutual commitment in serving God's kingdom, reminding us that collective action rooted in shared conviction can bring about profound change.

* [2 Samuel 7:16](/2_samuel/7-16 "2 Samuel 7:16 - God's Eternal Covenant with David")
* [Psalm 2:1-6](/psalms/2-1 "Psalm 2:1-6 - The Lord's Anointed King")
* [Romans 8:28](/romans/8-28 "Romans 8:28 - God Works All Things for Good")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Jehoiada's courageous initiative in [2 Chronicles 23:1](/2_chronicles/23-1 "2 Chronicles 23:1 - Jehoiada's Resolve") offers a profound model for believers today. In a world often marked by moral decay, spiritual apathy, or overt opposition to God's truth, we are called not to passive resignation but to active, Spirit-empowered engagement. Jehoiada "strengthened himself," indicating a deliberate choice to act with resolve and conviction, trusting in God's timing and power. This prompts us to consider where we might need to cultivate such fortitude—whether in standing for biblical principles, confronting injustice, or pursuing a difficult calling. Furthermore, his act of taking others "into covenant" emphasizes the power of unity and shared commitment among believers. Just as Jehoiada gathered faithful leaders, we are strengthened when we unite in purpose, supporting one another in upholding God's kingdom values and serving His redemptive mission. This verse reminds us that even when God's promises seem threatened, His faithfulness endures, calling us to participate boldly in His ongoing work of restoration and righteousness.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **In what areas of my life or community do I need to "strengthen myself" to act with courage and conviction for God's purposes?**
* **How can I better foster unity and covenantal commitment within my spiritual community to advance righteous causes?**
* **What specific "promises" of God am I currently trusting in, and how does Jehoiada's story encourage my perseverance?**

### FAQ
**Who was Jehoiada and why was his role so significant?**

Answer: Jehoiada was the high priest during the reigns of Ahaziah, Athaliah, and Joash. His role was profoundly significant because he was instrumental in preserving the Davidic line, which was crucial for the fulfillment of God's covenant promises concerning the Messiah. After King Ahaziah's death, Athaliah, Ahaziah's mother, seized power and attempted to exterminate all royal heirs. Jehoiada, along with his wife Jehosheba, courageously rescued the infant Joash, Ahaziah's son, and secretly hid him in the Temple for six years ([2 Chronicles 22:11-12](/2_chronicles/22-11 "2 Chronicles 22:11-12 - Joash's Rescue and Hiding")). In the seventh year, Jehoiada orchestrated the coup that overthrew Athaliah and installed Joash as the rightful king, thereby restoring the legitimate monarchy and the worship of Yahweh. He served as Joash's guardian and regent, guiding him in righteous rule for many years ([2 Chronicles 24:1-16](/2_chronicles/24-1 "2 Chronicles 24:1-16 - Joash's Reign and Jehoiada's Influence")). His actions demonstrate exceptional faith, courage, and strategic leadership in a time of profound national crisis.

**What was the significance of "captains of hundreds" in this context?**

Answer: The "captains of hundreds" were military commanders, each responsible for leading a unit of 100 soldiers. In ancient Israel, these were not merely military roles but often positions of considerable local influence and trust. By bringing these specific captains—Azariah, Ishmael, another Azariah, Maaseiah, and Elishaphat—into a solemn "covenant" with him, Jehoiada secured the necessary military and political backing for his audacious plan. These men represented the loyal elements within Judah's armed forces and society who were committed to the Davidic dynasty and the worship of Yahweh, as opposed to Athaliah's idolatrous rule. Their participation was essential for the success of the coup, providing the muscle and organizational capacity to execute the plan within the Temple precinct and ultimately throughout Jerusalem.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The events of [2 Chronicles 23:1](/2_chronicles/23-1 "2 Chronicles 23:1 - Jehoiada's Courageous Act"), particularly Jehoiada's courageous act of preserving the Davidic line, find profound Christ-centered fulfillment. Jehoiada, as the faithful high priest who safeguards the legitimate heir and orchestrates the overthrow of a wicked usurper, serves as a type of Christ. Just as Jehoiada protected Joash from Athaliah's murderous intent, so too does God the Father protect His Son, Jesus, from all the schemes of darkness and evil, ensuring the fulfillment of His redemptive plan. The restoration of Joash to the throne foreshadows the ultimate enthronement of Jesus Christ, the true Son of David ([Matthew 1:1](/matthew/1-1 "Matthew 1:1 - Genealogy of Jesus Christ")), whose kingdom is eternal and whose rule will never be overthrown ([Luke 1:32-33](/luke/1-32 "Luke 1:32-33 - Jesus, Son of David, King Forever")). Jesus, our great High Priest ([Hebrews 4:14-16](/hebrews/4-14 "Hebrews 4:14-16 - Jesus, Our Great High Priest")), not only intercedes for His people but also reigns as King of Kings and Lord of Lords ([Revelation 19:16](/revelation/19-16 "Revelation 19:16 - King of Kings and Lord of Lords")), having triumphed over all principalities and powers ([Colossians 2:15](/colossians/2-15 "Colossians 2:15 - Triumph Over Principalities")). The "covenant" forged by Jehoiada with the captains points to the new covenant established in Christ's blood, which unites believers in an unbreakable bond of loyalty to Him, the rightful King, and empowers them to participate in His ongoing work of bringing light into a dark world.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

2 Chronicles 15:12

And they entered into a covenant to seek the LORD God of their fathers with all their heart and with all their soul;

2 Kings 11:4

¶ And the seventh year Jehoiada sent and fetched the rulers over hundreds, with the captains and the guard, and brought them to him into the house of the LORD, and made a covenant with them, and took an oath of them in the house of the LORD, and shewed them the king's son.

2 Kings 11:20

And all the people of the land rejoiced, and the city was in quiet: and they slew Athaliah with the sword [beside] the king's house.

1 Samuel 18:3

Then Jonathan and David made a covenant, because he loved him as his own soul.

Nehemiah 9:38

And because of all this we make a sure [covenant], and write [it]; and our princes, Levites, [and] priests, seal [unto it].