TRV
Translation
King James Version
And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his vine and under his fig tree, from Dan even to Beersheba, all the days of Solomon.
Complete Jewish Bible
From Dan to Be'er-Sheva, Y'hudah and Isra'el lived securely, every man under his vine and fig tree, throughout the lifetime of Shlomo.
Berean Standard Bible
Throughout the days of Solomon, Judah and Israel dwelt securely from Dan to Beersheba, each man under his own vine and his own fig tree.
American Standard Version
And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his vine and under his fig-tree, from Dan even to Beer-sheba, all the days of Solomon.
World English Bible Messianic
Judah and Israel lived safely, every man under his vine and under his fig tree, from Dan even to Beersheba, all the days of Solomon.
Geneva Bible (1599)
And Iudah and Israel dwelt without feare, euery man vnder his vine, and vnder his fig tree, from Dan, euen to Beer-sheba, all the dayes of Salomon.
Young's Literal Translation
And Judah dwelleth--and Israel--in confidence, each under his vine, and under his fig-tree, from Dan even unto Beer-Sheba, all the days of Solomon.
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Commentary on 1 Kings 4 verses 20–28
20 ¶ Judah and Israel were many, as the sand which is by the sea in multitude, eating and drinking, and making merry.
21 And Solomon reigned over all kingdoms from the river unto the land of the Philistines, and unto the border of Egypt: they brought presents, and served Solomon all the days of his life.
22 And Solomon's provision for one day was thirty measures of fine flour, and threescore measures of meal,
23 Ten fat oxen, and twenty oxen out of the pastures, and an hundred sheep, beside harts, and roebucks, and fallowdeer, and fatted fowl.
24 For he had dominion over all the region on this side the river, from Tiphsah even to Azzah, over all the kings on this side the river: and he had peace on all sides round about him.
25 And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his vine and under his fig tree, from Dan even to Beersheba, all the days of Solomon.
26 And Solomon had forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen.
27 And those officers provided victual for king Solomon, and for all that came unto king Solomon's table, every man in his month: they lacked nothing.
28 Barley also and straw for the horses and dromedaries brought they unto the place where the officers were, every man according to his charge.
Such a kingdom, and such a court, surely never any prince had, as Solomon's are here described to be.
I. Such a kingdom. Never did the crown of Israel shine so brightly as it did when Solomon wore it, never in his father's days, never in the days of any of his successors; nor was that kingdom ever so glorious a type of the kingdom of the Messiah as it was then. The account here given of it is such as fully answers the prophecies which we have concerning it in Ps. 72, which is a psalm for Solomon, but with reference to Christ. 1. The territories of his kingdom were large and its tributaries many; so it was foretold that he should have dominion from sea to sea, Psa 72:8-11. Solomon reigned not only over all Israel, who were his subjects by choice, but over all the neighbouring kingdoms, who were his subjects by constraint. All the princes from the river Euphrates, north-east to the border of Egypt south-west, not only added to his honour by doing him homage and holding their crowns from him, but added to his wealth by serving him, and bringing him presents, Kg1 4:21. David, by his successful wars, compelled them to this subjection, and Solomon, by his admirable wisdom, made it easy and reasonable; for it is fit that the fool should be servant to the wise in heart. If they gave him presents, he gave them instructions, and still taught the people knowledge, not only his own people, but those of other nations: and wisdom is better than gold. He had peace on all sides, Kg1 4:24. None of all the nations that were subject to him offered to shake off his yoke, or to give him any disturbance, but rather thought themselves happy in their dependence upon him. Herein his kingdom typified the Messiah's; for to him it is promised that he shall have the heathen for his inheritance and that princes shall worship him, Isa 49:6, Isa 49:7; Isa 53:12. 2. The subjects of his kingdom and its inhabitants, were many and cheerful. (1.) They were numerous and country was exceedingly populous (Kg1 4:20): Judah and Israel were many, and that good land was sufficient to maintain them all. They were as the sand of the sea in multitude. Now was fulfilled the promise made to Abraham concerning the increase of his seed (Gen 22:17), as well as that concerning the extent of their dominion, Gen 15:18. This was their strength and beauty, the honour of their prince, the terror of their enemies, and an advancement of the wealth of the nation. If they grew so numerous that the place was any where too strait for them, they might remove with advantage into the countries that were subject to them. God's spiritual Israel are many, at least they will be so when they come all together, Rev 7:9. (2.) They were easy, they dwelt safely, or with confidence and assurance (Kg1 4:25), not jealous of their king or of his officers, not disaffected either to him or one to another, nor under any apprehension or danger from enemies foreign or domestic. They were happy and knew it, safe and willing to think themselves so. They dwelt every man under his vine and fig-tree. Solomon invaded no man's property, took not to himself their vineyards and olive-yards, as sometimes was the manner of the king (Sa1 8:14), but what they had they could call their own: he protected every man in the possession and enjoyment of his property. Those that had vines and fig-trees ate the fruit of them themselves; and so great was the peace of the country that they might, if they pleased, dwell as safely under the shadow of them as within the walls of a city. Or, because it was usual to have vines by the sides of their houses (Psa 128:3), they are said to dwell under their vines. (3.) They were cheerful in the use of their plenty, eating and drinking, and making merry, Kg1 4:20. Solomon did not only keep a good table himself, but enabled all his subjects, according to their rank, to do so too, and taught them that God gave them their abundance that they might use it soberly and pleasantly, not that they might hoard it up. There is nothing better than for a man to eat the labour of his hands (Ecc 2:24), and that with a merry heart, Ecc 9:7. His father, in the Psalms, had led his people into the comforts of communion with God, and now he led them into the comfortable use of the good things of this life. This pleasant posture of Israel's affairs extended, in place, from Dan to Beer-sheba - no part of the country was exposed nor upon any account uneasy; and it continued a long time, all the days of Solomon, without any material interruption. Go where you would, you might see all the marks of plenty, peace, and satisfaction. The spiritual peace, and joy, and holy security, of all the faithful subjects of the Lord Jesus were typified by this. The kingdom of God is not, as Solomon's was, meat and drink, but, what is infinitely better, righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost.
II. Such a court Solomon kept as can scarcely be paralleled. We may guess at the vast number of his attendants, and the great resort there was to him, by the provision that was made daily for his table. Of bread there were so many measures of flour and meal as, it is computed, would richly serve 3000 men (Carellus computes above 4800 men), and the provision of flesh (Kg1 4:23) was rather more in proportion. What vast quantities were here of beef, mutton, and venison, and the choicest of all fatted things, as some read that which we translate fatted fowl! Ahasuerus, once in his reign, made a great feast, to show the riches of his kingdom, Est 1:3, Est 1:4. But it was much more the honour of Solomon that he kept a constant table and a very noble one, not of dainties or deceitful meats (he himself witnessed against them, Pro 23:3), but substantial food, for the entertainment of those who came to hear his wisdom. Thus Christ fed those whom he taught, 5000 at a time, more than ever Solomon's table would entertain at once: and all believers have in him a continual feast. Herein he far outdoes Solomon, that he feeds all his subjects, not with the bread that perishes, but with that which endures to eternal life. It added much both to the strength and glory of Solomon's kingdom that he had such abundance of horses, 40,000 for chariots and 12,000 for his troops, 1000 horse, perhaps, in every tribe, for the preserving of the public peace, Kg1 4:26. God had commanded that their king should not multiply horses (Deu 17:16), nor, according to the account here given, considering the extent and wealth of Solomon's kingdom, did he multiply horses in proportion to his neighbours; for we find even the Philistines bringing into the field 30,000 chariots (Sa1 13:5) and the Syrians at least 40,000 horse, Sa2 10:18. The same officers that provided for his house provided also for his stable, Kg1 4:27, Kg1 4:28. Every one knew his place, and work, and time; and so this great court was kept without confusion. Solomon, that had vast incomes, lived at a vast expense, and perhaps wrote that with application to himself, Ecc 5:11. When goods increase those are increased that eat them; and what good is there to the owners thereof, saving the beholding of them with their eyes, unless withal they have the satisfaction of doing good with them?
Matthew Henry (1662–1714) — Commentary on the Whole Bible. This section covers verses 20–28. Public domain.
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Source: Quotations drawn from early Church Fathers and historical Christian theologians (AD 100–1500). Some quotes address the surrounding passage context rather than this verse alone.
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SUMMARY
1 Kings 4:25 vividly portrays the pinnacle of King Solomon's reign, depicting a golden age of unprecedented peace, security, and prosperity for the united kingdom of Judah and Israel. This verse encapsulates a period of profound domestic tranquility and economic stability, where every individual enjoyed the fruits of their labor without fear, from the northernmost reaches of Dan to the southernmost boundaries of Beersheba. It signifies a divinely blessed era, a testament to God's favor and Solomon's wise governance, establishing an ideal standard of national well-being that would be remembered throughout Israel's history.
CONTEXT
Literary Context: This verse functions as a climactic summary within a larger section (1 Kings 4:1-34) dedicated to extolling the glory, wisdom, and administrative prowess of Solomon's reign. Immediately preceding it, the narrative details Solomon's extensive governmental structure and officials (1 Kings 4:1-19), the immense daily provisions required for his court (1 Kings 4:20-23), and his dominion over surrounding kingdoms (1 Kings 4:24). Following this idyllic description, the text further elaborates on Solomon's unparalleled wisdom, his vast literary output (proverbs and songs), and his comprehensive knowledge of the natural world (1 Kings 4:29-34). Thus, 1 Kings 4:25 serves as a succinct, idealized portrayal of the societal benefits and widespread flourishing that resulted from such a divinely empowered and well-ordered kingdom, standing in stark contrast to the internal strife and external threats that characterized earlier periods of Israel's history, such as the tumultuous era of the Judges or the embattled reigns of Saul and David. It establishes the immense height of prosperity from which the kingdom would later decline, setting the stage for the narrative of Solomon's eventual spiritual failures and the subsequent division of the kingdom.
Historical & Cultural Context: In the ancient Near East, a state of sustained peace and security was an extraordinary rarity, often interrupted by constant warfare, invasions, and internal rebellions. The phrase "dwelt safely" (Hebrew: yashav lavetach) signifies a remarkable achievement for any kingdom of that era, indicating a stable political environment, effective defense, and a lack of internal dissent. Solomon's strategic alliances, notably with Egypt and Tyre, played a significant role in maintaining this peace. The imagery of "every man under his vine and under his fig tree" is a powerful agrarian ideal, deeply embedded in the agricultural society of ancient Israel. It speaks to a time when individuals could enjoy the produce of their own land without fear of confiscation, destruction by invaders, or the necessity to flee. This was the antithesis of a land ravaged by war or famine, representing the epitome of domestic and economic stability and personal security. The geographical marker "from Dan even to Beersheba" was a common biblical idiom (e.g., Judges 20:1) signifying the entire territorial extent of the united kingdom of Israel, from its northernmost point to its southernmost, emphasizing the widespread and comprehensive nature of this peace and prosperity across the entire land.
Key Themes: This verse significantly contributes to several key themes within 1 Kings and the broader Old Testament narrative. Firstly, it embodies the theme of Divine Blessing and Covenant Fulfillment. This era of peace and prosperity is presented as a direct fulfillment of God's covenant promises to Israel, particularly those outlined in the Mosaic Law, where obedience would lead to security, abundance, and dwelling safely in the land (e.g., Leviticus 26:5 and Deuteronomy 28:7-8). Secondly, it highlights the Fruits of Wisdom and Righteous Kingship. Solomon's unparalleled wisdom, granted by God in response to his humble request (as detailed in 1 Kings 3:9-12), is directly linked to the flourishing of his kingdom. His wise governance and the stability it brought are seen as a direct consequence of his initial devotion to God. Thirdly, the verse underscores the theme of National Security and Prosperity, presenting an ideal picture of a nation at peace, both internally and externally, where every citizen enjoys the benefits of a well-ordered society. This idyllic state serves as a benchmark against which the later decline and division of the kingdom are measured, emphasizing the preciousness of the shalom that God had provided.
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
The verse employs several powerful Literary Devices to convey its message of peace and prosperity. The most prominent is Idiom, specifically the phrase "every man under his vine and under his fig tree." This is a well-established biblical idiom symbolizing domestic tranquility, personal security, and economic well-being, where individuals can enjoy the fruits of their labor in peace. It paints a picture of an agrarian ideal, deeply resonant with the Israelite understanding of blessing and covenant fulfillment. Another significant device is Merism in the phrase "from Dan even to Beersheba." This geographical pairing represents the whole of the united kingdom, from its northernmost to its southernmost points, thereby conveying the idea of totality and universality—that this peace and security extended across the entire land. The verse also uses Symbolism, with the vine and fig tree not just representing literal plants, but serving as powerful symbols of abundance, prosperity, and a settled, undisturbed life. While not strictly hyperbole, the phrase "all the days of Solomon" might contain an element of Idealization, presenting the reign in its most glorious light, even if minor challenges arose towards its conclusion, emphasizing the overall character of his rule as one of unprecedented peace and flourishing.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
The profound peace and prosperity experienced by Israel under Solomon, as described in 1 Kings 4:25, stands as a vivid illustration of God's covenant faithfulness and the blessings promised for obedience. This era was a partial, yet significant, fulfillment of the divine promises made to Abraham regarding the land and to Moses concerning the fruits of covenant loyalty. It reflects the ideal of shalom—a comprehensive peace encompassing not just the absence of war, but also wholeness, well-being, and flourishing in every aspect of life. This divinely-ordained security under a wise king serves as a theological benchmark, highlighting the potential for human flourishing when a nation aligns itself with God's will. It also foreshadows a greater, ultimate peace that God intends for His people, a peace that transcends earthly circumstances and is rooted in His eternal reign, pointing to the eschatological hope of a perfect kingdom.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The vision presented in 1 Kings 4:25 resonates deeply with the universal human longing for peace, security, and the ability to enjoy the fruits of one's labor. It reminds us that true societal flourishing is not merely about economic growth or military might, but about a holistic sense of well-being that extends to every individual and every corner of the land. For believers today, this verse serves as a powerful reminder of God's desire for His people to live in shalom. It challenges us to consider how we, as individuals and communities, contribute to or detract from such an environment. While we may not live under a Solomonic kingdom, we are called to be agents of peace and justice in our spheres of influence, seeking the welfare of our cities and nations, and living out the principles of God's kingdom. Furthermore, it encourages us to cultivate a spirit of contentment and gratitude for the blessings we do possess, recognizing that true security ultimately comes from God. This passage also invites us to look beyond temporary earthly peace to the enduring, perfect peace promised in God's eternal kingdom, a peace that transcends all understanding and earthly limitations.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What does the phrase "every man under his vine and under his fig tree" truly mean?
Answer: This phrase is a powerful biblical idiom symbolizing a state of profound peace, security, and prosperity. It paints a picture of domestic tranquility and personal well-being. In an agrarian society like ancient Israel, owning and enjoying the produce of one's own vine and fig tree meant economic stability, self-sufficiency, and freedom from fear of invasion or oppression. It signifies a time when people could live quietly on their own property, enjoying the fruits of their labor without disturbance, representing the ideal conditions for a settled and blessed life. This imagery is not unique to Solomon's reign but appears in prophetic literature (e.g., Micah 4:4) to describe an ideal future state of peace and abundance under God's righteous rule, often with messianic implications.
Was the peace described in 1 Kings 4:25 truly enjoyed "all the days of Solomon," or were there exceptions?
Answer: While 1 Kings 4:25 presents an idealized summary of Solomon's reign, particularly its golden age, the phrase "all the days of Solomon" should be understood as characterizing the general state of his rule, especially its early and middle periods. The biblical narrative itself indicates that challenges and adversaries did emerge, particularly towards the end of his reign, as a consequence of his disobedience and idolatry. 1 Kings 11:14-25 details how God raised up adversaries like Hadad the Edomite and Rezon of Zobah, who harassed Israel. Furthermore, internal discontent over Solomon's heavy taxation and forced labor policies, hinted at in 1 Kings 12:4, eventually led to the division of the kingdom after his death. Therefore, while the verse accurately captures the unprecedented peace and stability that marked the majority and peak of his reign, it's an overarching description of the prevailing condition rather than a claim of absolute, uninterrupted tranquility for every single moment.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The glorious reign of Solomon, characterized by unparalleled peace and prosperity, serves as a magnificent, albeit imperfect, foreshadowing of the ultimate King of Peace, Jesus Christ. Solomon's kingdom, though vast and secure, was temporary and ultimately flawed by his own sin and the subsequent division of Israel. However, the vision of "every man under his vine and under his fig tree" finds its true and eternal fulfillment in the reign of Christ. He is the true Prince of Peace, whose kingdom is not of this world (John 18:36) yet brings a profound peace that surpasses all understanding (Philippians 4:7). In Christ, believers find true rest for their souls (Matthew 11:28-30), a security that transcends earthly threats, and an abundance of spiritual blessings. He himself is the True Vine, and abiding in Him grants believers access to life, fruitfulness, and an eternal dwelling place where there will be no more sorrow, crying, or pain (Revelation 21:4). The peace of Solomon's reign, extending "from Dan even to Beersheba," points to the universal and everlasting peace of Christ's kingdom, which will ultimately encompass all nations and endure forever, a kingdom of righteousness and shalom without end (Luke 1:33).