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Commentary on 2 Kings 18 verses 17–37
Here is, I. Jerusalem besieged by Sennacherib's army, Kg2 18:17. He sent three of his great generals with a great host against Jerusalem. Is this the great king, the king of Assyria? No, never call him so; he is a base, false, perfidious man, and worthy to be made infamous to all ages; let him never be named with honour that could do such a dishonourable thing as this, to take Hezekiah's money, which he gave him upon condition he should withdraw his army, and then, instead of quitting his country according to the agreement, to advance against his capital city, and not send him his money again either. Those are wicked men indeed, and, let them be ever so great, we will call them so, whose principle it is not to make their promises binding any further than is for their interest. Now Hezekiah had too much reason to repent his treaty with Sennacherib, which made him much the poorer and never the safer.
II. Hezekiah, and his princes and people, railed upon by Rabshakeh, the chief speaker of the three generals, and one that had the most satirical genius. He was no doubt instructed what to say by Sennacherib, who intended hereby to pick a new quarrel with Hezekiah. He had promised, upon the receipt of Hezekiah's money, to withdraw his army, and therefore could not for shame make a forcible attack upon Jerusalem immediately; but he sent Rabshakeh to persuade Hezekiah to surrender it, and, if he should refuse, the refusal would serve him for a pretence (and a very poor one) to besiege it, and, if it hold out, to take it by storm. Rabshakeh had the impudence to desire audience of the king himself at the conduit of the upper pool, without the walls; but Hezekiah had the prudence to decline a personal treaty, and sent three commissioners (the prime ministers of state) to hear what he had to say, but with a charge to them not to answer that fool according to his folly (Kg2 18:36), for they could not convince him, but would certainly provoke him, and Hezekiah had learned of his father David to believe that God would hear when he, as a deaf man, heard not, Psa 38:13-15. One interruption they gave him in his discourse, which was only to desire that he would speak to them now in the Syrian language, and they would consider what he said and report it to the king, and, if they did not give him a satisfactory answer, then he might appeal to the people, by speaking in the Jews' language, Kg2 18:26. This was a reasonable request, and agreeable to the custom of treaties, which is that the plenipotentiaries should settle matters between themselves before any thing be made public; but Hilkiah did not consider what an unreasonable man he had to deal with, else he would not have made this request, for it did but exasperate Rabshakeh, and make him the more rude and boisterous, Kg2 18:27. Against all the rules of decency and honour, instead of treating with the commissioners, he menaces the soldiery, persuades them to desert or mutiny, threatens if they hold out to reduce the to the last extremities of famine, and then goes on with his discourse, the scope of which is to persuade Hezekiah, and his princes and people, to surrender the city. Observe how, in order to do this,
1.He magnifies his master the king of Assyria. Once and again he calls him That great king, the king of Assyria, Kg2 18:19, Kg2 18:28. What an idol did he make of that prince whose creature he was! God is the great King, but Sennacherib was in his eye a little god, and he would possess them with the same veneration for him that he had, and thereby frighten them into a submission to him. But to those who by faith see the King of kings in his power and glory even the king of Assyria looks mean and little. What are the greatest of men when either they come to compare with God or God comes to contend with them? Psa 82:6, Psa 82:7.
2.He endeavours to make them believe that it will be much for their advantage to surrender. If they held out, they must expect no other than to eat their own dung, by reason of the want of provisions, which would be entirely cut off from them by the besiegers; but if they would capitulate, seek his favour with a present and cast themselves upon his mercy, he would give them very good treatment, Kg2 18:31. I wonder with what face Rabshakeh could speak of making an agreement with a present when his master had so lately broken the agreement Hezekiah made with him with that great present, Kg2 18:14. Can those expect to be trusted that have been so grossly perfidious? But, Ad populum phaleras - Gild the chain and the vulgar will let you bind them. He thought to soothe up all with a promise that if they would surrender upon discretion, though they must expect to be prisoners and captives, yet it would really be happy for them to be so. One would wonder he should ever think to prevail by such gross suggestions as these, but that the devil does thus impose upon sinners every day by his temptations. He will needs persuade them, (1.) That their imprisonment would be to their advantage, for they should eat every man of his own vine (Kg2 18:31); though the property of their estates would be vested in the conquerors, yet they should have the free use of them. But he does not explain it now to them as he would afterwards, that it must be understood just as much, and just as long, as the conqueror pleases. (2.) That their captivity would be much more to their advantage: I will take you away to a land like your own land; and what the better would they be for that, when they must have nothing in it to call their own?
3.That which he aims at especially is to convince them that it is to no purpose for them to stand it out: What confidence is this wherein thou trustest? So he insults over Hezekiah, Kg2 18:19. To the people he says (Kg2 18:29), "Let not Hezekiah deceive you into your own ruin, for he shall not be able to deliver you; you must either bend or break." It were well if sinners would submit to the force of this argument, in making their peace with God - That it is therefore our wisdom to yield to him, because it is in vain to contend with him: what confidence is that which those trust in who stand it out against him? Are we stronger than he? Or what shall we get by setting briars and thorns before a consuming fire? But Hezekiah was not so helpless and defenceless as Rabshakeh would here represent him. Three things he supposes Hezekiah might trust to, and he endeavours to make out the insufficiency of these: - (1.) His own military preparations: Thou sayest, I have counsel and strength for the war; and we find that so he had, Ch2 32:3. But this Rabshakeh turns off with a slight: "They are but vain words; thou art an unequal match for us," Kg2 18:20. With the greatest haughtiness and disdain imaginable, he challenges him to produce 2000 men of all his people that know how to manage a horse, and will venture to give him 2000 horses if he can. He falsely insinuates that Hezekiah has no men, or none fit to be soldiers, Kg2 18:23. Thus he thinks to run him down with confidence and banter, and will lay him any wager that one captain of the least of his master's servants is able to baffle him and all his forces. (2.) His alliance with Egypt. He supposes that Hezekiah trusts to Egypt for chariots and horsemen (Kg2 18:24), because the king of Israel had done so, and of this confidence he truly says, It is a broken reed (Kg2 18:21), it will not only fail a man when he leans on it and expects it to bear his weight, but it will run into his hand and pierce it, and rend his shoulder, as the prophet further illustrates this similitude, with application to Egypt, Eze 29:6, Eze 29:7. So is the king of Egypt, says he; and truly so had the king of Assyria been to Ahaz, who trusted in him, but he distressed him, and strengthened him not, Ch2 28:20. Those that trust to any arm of flesh will find it no better than a broken reed; but God is the rock of ages. (3.) His interest in God and relation to him. This was indeed the confidence in which Hezekiah trusts, Kg2 18:22. He supported himself by depending on the power and promise of God; with this he encouraged himself and his people (Kg2 18:30): The Lord will surely deliver us, and again Kg2 18:32. This Rabshakeh was sensible was their great stay, and therefore he was most large in his endeavours to shake this, as David's enemies, who used all the arts they had to drive him from his confidence in God (Psa 3:2; Psa 11:1), and thus did Christ's enemies, Mat 27:43. Three things Rabshakeh suggested to discourage their confidence in God, and they were all false: - [1.] That Hezekiah had forfeited God's protection, and thrown himself out of it, by destroying the high places and the altars, Kg2 18:22. Here he measures the God of Israel by the gods of the heathen, who delighted in the multitude of altars and temples, and concludes that Hezekiah has given a great offence to the God of Israel, in confining his people to one altar: thus is one of the best deeds he ever did in his life misconstrued as impious and profane, by one that did not, or would not, know the law of the God of Israel. If that be represented by ignorant and malicious men as evil and a provocation to God which is really good and pleasing to him, we must not think it strange. If this was to be sacrilegious, Hezekiah would ever be so. [2.] That God had given orders for the destruction of Jerusalem at this time (Kg2 18:25): Have I now come up without the Lord? This is all banter and rhodomontade. He did not himself think he had any commission from God to do what he did (by whom should he have it?) but he made this pretence to amuse and terrify the people that were on the wall. If he had any colour at all for what he said, it might be taken from the notice which perhaps he had had, by the writings of the prophets, of the hand of God in the destruction of the ten tribes, and he thought he had as good a warrant for the seizing of Jerusalem as of Samaria. Many that have fought against God have pretended commissions from him. [3.] That if Jehovah, the God of Israel, should undertake to protect them from the king of Assyria, yet he was notable to do it. With this blasphemy he concluded his speech (Kg2 18:33-35), comparing the God of Israel with the gods of the nations whom he had conquered and putting him upon the level with them, and concluding that because they could not defend and deliver their worshippers the God of Israel could not defend and deliver his. See here, First, His pride. When he conquered a city he reckoned himself to have conquered its gods, and valued himself mightily upon it. His high opinion of the idols made him have a high opinion of himself as too hard for them. Secondly, His profaneness. The God of Israel was not a local deity, but the God of the whole earth, the only living and true God, the ancient of days, and had often proved himself to be above all gods; yet he makes no more of him than of the upstart fictitious gods of Hamath and Arpad, unfairly arguing that the gods (as some now say the priests) of all religions are the same, and himself above them all. The tradition of the Jews is that Rabshakeh was an apostate Jew, which made him so ready in the Jews' language; if so, his ignorance of the God of Israel was the less excusable and his enmity the less strange, for apostates are commonly the most bitter and spiteful enemies, witness Julian. A great deal of art and management, it must be owned, there were in this speech of Rabshakeh, but, withal, a great deal of pride, malice, falsehood, and blasphemy. One grain of sincerity would have been worth all this wit and rhetoric.
Lastly, We are told what the commissioners on Hezekiah's part did. 1. They held their peace, not for want of something to say both on God's behalf and Hezekiah's: they might easily and justly have upbraided him with his master's treachery and breach of faith, and have asked him, What religion encourages you to hope that such conduct will prosper? At least they might have given that grave hint which Ahab gave to Benhadad's like insolent demands - Let not him that girdeth on the harness boast as though he had put it off. But the king had commanded them not to answer him, and they observed their instructions. There is a time to keep silence, as well as a time to speak, and there are those to whom to offer any thing religious or rational is to cast pearls before swine. What can be said to a madman? It is probable that their silence made Rabshakeh yet more proud and secure, and so his heart was lifted up and hardened to his destruction. 2. They rent their clothes in detestation of his blasphemy and in grief for the despised afflicted condition of Jerusalem, the reproach of which was a burden to them. 3. They faithfully reported the matter to the king, their master, and told him the words of Rabshakeh, that he might consider what was to be done, what course they should take and what answer they should return to Rabshakeh's summons.
As I have already said, Sennacherib is a type of the devil, and this hypothesis is perfectly confirmed by the words that in this passage the Rabshakeh boastfully speaks against God when he makes false promises to the people, trying to take away from [God] the praise of his supreme power and giving assurance of a land of fertile soil and abundant crops in order to persuade them to abandon the region given to them by God and to move to the new dwelling places promised by the Assyrian. With a very similar artifice the accomplices and envoys of the devil endeavor to seduce a simple soul. And for this reason, in the first place, they try to uproot all the opinions that are inspired by divine providence.
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SUMMARY
Second Kings 18:31 captures a critical juncture during the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem, presenting the cunning words of Rabshakeh, King Sennacherib's field commander. This verse unveils a calculated psychological maneuver designed to dismantle King Hezekiah's authority and compel the people of Judah into surrender. Rabshakeh extends a deceptive offer of immediate peace and prosperity—the alluring promise of enjoying one's own land and resources—contingent upon abandoning trust in Hezekiah and capitulating to Assyrian dominion. This false security stands in stark contrast to the genuine and miraculous deliverance that God ultimately provides, highlighting the profound spiritual and political stakes of the moment.
CONTEXT
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
Rabshakeh's speech, and particularly this verse, masterfully employs several potent literary devices primarily for Propaganda and Psychological Warfare. His direct address to the common people in their native language, bypassing Hezekiah's officials, is a calculated act of Subversion, meticulously designed to incite internal rebellion and erode loyalty from within. The offer itself is a prime example of Deception, presenting a seemingly benevolent and desirable outcome that is, in reality, a treacherous trap leading to eventual subjugation and exile. There is profound Irony in the promise of "peace" and "security" emanating from an invading, brutal empire, the very source of their distress now offering a false solution. The strategic use of the "vine and fig tree" imagery is powerful Symbolism, tapping into a deeply ingrained cultural ideal of peace and prosperity. However, in this context, it becomes a twisted symbol, a Seductive Lure meticulously crafted to exploit the people's profound longing for normalcy and an end to suffering. The entire verse functions as a stark Contrast between the immediate, tangible, yet ultimately false promise of Assyria and the unseen, yet true, deliverance offered by God through Hezekiah's unwavering faith.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
This verse serves as a profound theological lesson on the critical importance of discerning truth from deception, especially when confronted with overwhelming external pressures or internal anxieties. Rabshakeh's offer is a classic biblical example of temptation: a seemingly appealing, immediate solution that promises relief from hardship but ultimately leads to spiritual and physical bondage. It illuminates the constant spiritual warfare believers face, where the enemy often disguises harmful intentions with attractive promises of comfort, security, or freedom from struggle. The challenge for believers is to see beyond the immediate allure and recognize the ultimate, often hidden, cost, understanding that true peace and enduring security are found solely in God's faithfulness and provision, not in compromising with the world's systems or its false prophets. This narrative calls believers to cultivate profound spiritual discernment, trusting God's Word and His appointed leaders even when the path of faith appears arduous or costly.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The insidious nature of Rabshakeh's offer in 2 Kings 18:31 resonates deeply with the spiritual battles and temptations we encounter in contemporary life. Just as the Assyrian commander sought to undermine Hezekiah's leadership and the people's trust in God with seemingly attractive promises of ease and prosperity, so too does the enemy of our souls present enticing offers that promise immediate comfort, freedom from struggle, or worldly success, often at the profound cost of our faithfulness and spiritual integrity. We are continually called to exercise discernment: to critically examine the source and ultimate cost of these "peace" offerings. Are they genuinely from God, leading to true life, freedom, and spiritual flourishing, or are they deceptive lures designed to draw us away from His truth and into spiritual compromise and bondage? This passage challenges us to introspect deeply: do we prioritize immediate gratification and perceived security, or do we patiently trust in God's sovereign plan and His promised deliverance, even when the path of obedience is fraught with difficulty and uncertainty? Our faith is tested not only in moments of overt persecution but also in the subtle whispers that promise an easier way if we simply "hearken not" to God's revealed Word or the wise counsel of His faithful spiritual leaders.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why did Rabshakeh speak in Hebrew, and what was the significance of this tactic?
Answer: Rabshakeh deliberately chose to speak in Hebrew (specifically the Judaean dialect) rather than Aramaic, which was the common diplomatic language of the era. This was a crucial and calculated psychological warfare tactic. By bypassing Hezekiah's officials and directly addressing the common people of Jerusalem who were listening from the city wall, Rabshakeh aimed to undermine the king's authority, sow widespread fear and division among the populace, and encourage them to surrender without Hezekiah's consent. It was a direct attempt to break their morale and loyalty, making them believe that Hezekiah was leading them to inevitable destruction and that Assyria offered a better, more immediate, and less painful solution. This tactic highlights the Assyrians' sophisticated understanding of psychological manipulation in ancient warfare.
What is the significance of the phrase "eat ye every man of his own vine, and every one of his fig tree, and drink ye every one the waters of his cistern"?
Answer: This phrase is a powerful and deeply ingrained idiom in ancient Israelite culture, symbolizing peace, prosperity, security, and undisturbed domestic life. It represents an ideal time when each family could enjoy the fruits of their own labor and land without fear of invasion, oppression, or displacement. It was frequently used in prophetic literature to describe periods of divine blessing, such as the peace and prosperity experienced under Solomon's reign (1 Kings 4:25), or the idyllic conditions of the messianic age (Micah 4:4). Rabshakeh's deployment of this imagery was a cunning deception, twisting a cherished symbol of God-given peace and security into a seductive lure for surrender, promising a false and temporary security under the oppressor's terms rather than God's enduring protection.
Did the people of Judah surrender to Assyria based on Rabshakeh's offer?
Answer: No, the people of Judah did not surrender. Despite the immense psychological pressure and the seductive nature of Rabshakeh's offer, King Hezekiah remained steadfast in his faith and refused to capitulate. In response to the Assyrian threats, Hezekiah tore his clothes, put on sackcloth, and sent messengers to the prophet Isaiah for divine guidance. Both Hezekiah and Isaiah fervently prayed to the Lord, and God miraculously intervened. In a single night, the angel of the Lord struck down 185,000 Assyrian soldiers, forcing Sennacherib to withdraw his forces and return to Nineveh, where he was later assassinated (as powerfully recorded in 2 Kings 19:35-36). This miraculous deliverance profoundly underscored that true security and lasting peace come from trusting God, not from compromising with or submitting to the enemy.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The deceptive offer of Rabshakeh in 2 Kings 18:31, promising a false peace and fleeting security under the oppressor's terms, finds its ultimate spiritual parallel and profound fulfillment in the person and redemptive work of Jesus Christ. Rabshakeh, acting as a type of the ultimate deceiver, Satan, offers a counterfeit "peace" that inevitably leads to spiritual bondage, death, and separation from God. In stark contrast, Jesus Christ offers true, lasting, and eternal peace, not through compromise with the world's fallen systems or its empty promises, but through radical submission to God's will and His ultimate, atoning sacrifice on the cross. The "vine and fig tree" imagery, so cunningly twisted by Rabshakeh into a symbol of false, conditional security, is gloriously transformed in Christ into a promise of genuine spiritual life and flourishing. Jesus unequivocally declares, "I am the true vine" (John 15:1), inviting all believers to abide in Him for authentic spiritual fruitfulness and unshakable security, a reality infinitely superior to the temporary, conditional comfort offered by the enemy. Just as King Hezekiah courageously resisted the temptation to "hearken not" to God's divine counsel, Jesus Himself famously triumphed over the devil's insidious temptations in the wilderness, steadfastly refusing to compromise His divine mission for worldly power or immediate gratification (Matthew 4:1-11). The miraculous victory over the Assyrian threat profoundly foreshadows Christ's ultimate and decisive triumph over sin, death, and the devil. He is the one who truly delivers us from the domain of darkness and faithfully transfers us into His marvelous kingdom of light (Colossians 1:13). In Christ alone, we discover the true "rest for our souls" (Matthew 11:28), a profound peace that the world cannot possibly give, and an eternal security that is immutably rooted in His finished work, not in any fleeting, deceptive offer of this fallen world.