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Commentary on Leviticus 7 verses 11–34
All this relates to the peace-offerings: it is the repetition and explication of what we had before, with various additions.
I. The nature and intention of the peace-offerings are here more distinctly opened. They were offered either, 1. In thankfulness for some special mercy received, such as recovery from sickness, preservation in a journey, deliverance at sea, redemption out of captivity, all which are specified in Ps. 107, and for them men are called upon to offer the sacrifice of thanksgiving, Lev 7:22. Or, 2. In performance of some vow which a man made when he was in distress (Lev 7:16), and this was less honourable than the former, though the omission of it would have been more culpable. Or, 3. In supplication for some special mercy which a man was in the pursuit and expectation of, here called a voluntary offering. This accompanied a man's prayers, as the former did his praises. We do not find that men were bound by the law, unless they had bound themselves by vow, to offer these peace-offerings upon such occasions, as they were to bring their sacrifices of atonement in case of sin committed. Not but that prayer and praise are as much our duty as repentance is; but here, in the expressions of their sense of mercy, God left them more to their liberty than in the expressions of their sense of sin - to try the generosity of their devotion, and that their sacrifices, being free-will offerings, might be the more laudable and acceptable; and, by obliging them to bring the sacrifices of atonement, God would show the necessity of the great propitiation.
II. The rites and ceremonies about the peace-offerings are enlarged upon.
1.If the peace-offering was offered for a thanksgiving, a meat-offering must be offered with it, cakes of several sorts, and wafers (Lev 7:12), and (which was peculiar to the peace-offerings) leavened bread must be offered, not to be burnt upon the altar, that was forbidden (Lev 2:11), but to be eaten with the flesh of the sacrifice, that nothing might be wanting to make it a complete and pleasant feast; for unleavened bread was less grateful to the taste, and therefore, though enjoined in the passover for a particular reason, yet in other festivals leavened bread, which was lighter and more pleasant, was appointed, that men might feast at God's table as well as at their own. And some think that a meat-offering is required to be brought with every peace-offering, as well as with that of thanksgiving, by that law (Lev 7:29) which requires an oblation with it, that the table might be as well furnished as the altar.
2.The flesh of the peace-offerings, both that which was the priest's share and that which was the offerer's must be eaten quickly, and not kept long, either raw, or dressed, cold. If it was a peace-offering for thanksgiving, it must be all eaten the same day (Lev 7:16); if a vow, or voluntary offering, it must be eaten either the same day or the day after, Lev 7:16. If any was left beyond the time limited, it was to be burnt (Lev 7:17); and, if any person ate of what was so left their conduct should be animadverted upon as a very high misdemeanour, Lev 7:18. Though they were not obliged to eat it in the holy place, as those offerings that are called most holy, but might take it to their own tents and feast upon it there, yet God would by this law make them to know a difference between that and other meat, and religiously to observe it, that whereas they might keep other meat cold in the house as long as they thought fit, and warm it again if they pleased, and eat it three or four days after, they might not do so with the flesh of their peace-offerings, but it must be eaten immediately. (1.) Because God would not have that holy flesh to be in danger of putrefying, or being fly-blown, to prevent which it must be salted with fire (as the expression is, Mar 9:49) if it were kept; as, if it was used, it must be salted with salt. (2.) Because God would not have his people to be niggardly and sparing, and distrustful of providence, but cheerfully to enjoy what God gives them (Ecc 8:15), and to do good with it, and not to be anxiously solicitous for the morrow. (3.) The flesh of the peace-offerings was God's treat, and therefore God would have the disposal of it; and he orders it to be used generously for the entertainment of their friends, and charitably for the relief of the poor, to show that he is a bountiful benefactor, giving us all things richly to enjoy, the bread of the day in its day. If the sacrifice was thanksgiving, they were especially obliged thus to testify their holy joy in God's goodness by their holy feasting. This law is made very strict (Lev 7:18), that if the offerer did not take care to have all his offering eaten by himself or his family, his friends or the poor, within the time limited by the law, or, in the event of any part being left, to burn it (which was the most decent way of disposing of it, the sacrifices upon the altar being consumed by fire), then his offering should not be accepted, nor imputed to him. Note, All the benefit of our religious services is lost if we do not improve them, and conduct ourselves aright afterwards. They are not acceptable to God if they have not a due influence upon ourselves. If a man seemed generous in bringing a peace-offering, and yet afterwards proved sneaking and paltry in the using of it, it was as if he had never brought it; nay, it shall be an abomination. Note, There is no mean between God's acceptance and his abhorrence. If our persons and performances are sincere and upright, they are accepted; if not, they are an abomination, Pro 15:8. He that eats it after the time appointed shall bear his iniquity, that is, he shall be cut off from his people, as it is explained (Lev 19:8), where this law is repeated. This law of eating the peace-offerings before the third day, that they might not putrefy, is applicable tot the resurrection of Christ after two days, that, being God's holy one, he might not see corruption, Psa 16:10. And some think that it instructs us speedily, and without delay, to partake of Christ and his grace, feeding and feasting thereon by faith today, while it is called today (Heb 3:13, Heb 3:14), for it will be too late shortly.
3.But the flesh, and those that eat it, must be pure. (1.) The flesh must touch no unclean thing; if it did, it must not be eaten, but burnt, Lev 7:19. If, in carrying it from the altar to the place where it was eaten, a dog touched it, or it touched a dead body or any other unclean thing, it was then unfit to be used in a religious feast. Every thing we honour the holy God with must be pure and carefully kept from all pollution. It is a case adjudged (Hag 2:12) that the holy flesh could not by its touch communicate holiness to what was common; but by this law it is determined that by the touch of that which was unclean it received pollution from it, which intimates that the infection of sin is more easily and more frequently communicated than the savour of grace. (2.) It must not be eaten by any unclean person. When a person was upon any account ceremonially unclean it was at his peril if he presumed to eat of the flesh of the peace-offerings, Lev 7:20, Lev 7:21. Holy things are only for holy persons; the holiness of the food being ceremonial, those were incapacitated to partake of it who lay under any ceremonial uncleanness; but we are hereby taught to preserve ourselves pure from all the pollutions of sin, that we may have the benefit and comfort of Christ's sacrifice, Pe1 2:1, Pe1 2:2. Our consciences must be purged from dead works, that we may be fit to serve the living God, Heb 9:14. But if any dare to partake of the table of the Lord under the pollution of sin unrepented of, and so profane sacred things, they eat and drink judgment to themselves, as those did that ate of the peace-offerings (Lev 7:20) and again (Lev 7:21), that they pertain unto the Lord: whatever pertains to the Lord is sacred, and must be used with great reverence and not with unhallowed hands. "Be you holy, for God is holy, and you pertain to him."
4.The eating of blood and the fat of the inwards is here again prohibited; and the prohibition is annexed as before to the law of the peace-offerings, Lev 3:17. (1.) The prohibition of the fat seems to be confined to those beasts which were used for sacrifice, the bullocks, sheep, and goats: but of the roe-buck, the hart, and other clean beasts, they might eat the fat; for those only of which offerings were brought are mentioned here, Lev 7:23-25. This was to preserve in their minds a reverence for God's altar, on which the fat of the inwards was burnt. The Jews say, "If a man eat so much as an olive of forbidden fat - if he do it presumptuously, he is in danger of being cut off by the hand of God - if ignorantly, he is to bring a sin-offering, and so to pay dearly for his carelessness." To eat of the flesh of that which died of itself, or was torn of beasts, was unlawful; but to eat of the fat of such was doubly unlawful, Lev 7:24. (2.) The prohibition of blood is more general (Lev 7:26, Lev 7:27), because the fat was offered to God only by way of acknowledgment, but the blood made atonement for the soul, and so typified Christ's sacrifice much more than the burning of the fat did; to this therefore a greater reverence must be paid, till these types had their accomplishment in the offering up of the body of Christ once for all. The Jews rightly expound this law as forbidding only the blood of the life, as they express it, not that which we call the gravy, for of that they supposed it was lawful to eat.
5.The priest's share of the peace-offerings is here prescribed. Out of every beast that was offered for a peace-offering the priest that offered it was to have to himself the breast and the right shoulder, Lev 7:30-34. Observe here, (1.) That when the sacrifice was killed the offerer himself must, with his own hands, present God's part of it, that he might signify thereby his cheerfully giving it up to God, and his desire that it might be accepted. He was with his own hands to lift it up, in token of his regard to God as the God of heaven, and then to wave it to and fro, in token of his regard to God as the Lord of the whole earth, to whom thus, as far as he could reach, he offered it, showing his readiness and wish to do him honour. Now that which was thus heaved and waved was the fat, and the breast, and the right shoulder, it was all offered to God; and then he ordered the fat to his altar, and the breast and shoulder to his priest, both being his receivers. (2.) That when the fat was burnt the priest took his part, on which he and his family were to feast, as well as the offerer and his family. In holy joy and thanksgiving, it is good to have our ministers to go before us, and to be our mouth to God. The melody is sweet when he that sows and those that reap rejoice together. Some observe a significancy in the parts assigned to the priests: the breast and the shoulder intimate the affections and the actions, which must be devoted to the honour of God by all his people and to the service also of the church by all his priests. Christ, our great peace-offering, feasts all his spiritual priests with the breast and shoulder, with the dearest love and the sweetest and strongest supports; for his is the wisdom of God and the power of God. When Saul was designed for a king Samuel ordered the shoulder of the peace-offering to be set before him (Sa1 9:24), which gave him a hint of something great and sacred intended for him. Jesus Christ is our great peace-offering; for he made himself a sacrifice, not only to atone for sin, and so to save us from the curse, but to purchase a blessing for us, and all good. By our joyfully partaking of the benefits of redemption we feast upon the sacrifice, to signify which the Lord's supper was instituted.
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SUMMARY
Leviticus 7:29 meticulously outlines the personal responsibility of the Israelite worshiper in presenting their peace offering to the LORD. This verse, embedded within the detailed regulations for various sacrifices, emphasizes that the individual initiating the peace offering must personally bring their designated gift, or "oblation," to God. It underscores the direct, active participation required of the offerer in this voluntary act of worship, which symbolized fellowship, thanksgiving, or the fulfillment of a vow between God and His people, highlighting the sacredness of their approach to the divine.
CONTEXT
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
The primary literary device employed in Leviticus 7:29 is Repetition. The phrase "peace offerings unto the LORD" is repeated multiple times within the short verse, first in the description of the offerer ("He that offereth the sacrifice of his peace offerings unto the LORD") and then in the command for presentation ("shall bring his oblation unto the LORD of the sacrifice of his peace offerings"). This repetition serves to create Emphasis, particularly on the sacred destination and purpose of the offering. It underscores that the peace offering, though involving communal aspects, is fundamentally directed towards and dedicated to the LORD. This emphasis reinforces the idea that all worship, especially the voluntary peace offering, must be intentionally and personally directed to God, highlighting His centrality in the covenant relationship. The structure of the verse also contributes to Clarity and Precision, leaving no doubt about who is to act and to whom the action is directed, reinforcing the meticulous nature of divine law.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Leviticus 7:29 profoundly illustrates the principle of personal responsibility in worship and the nature of fellowship with God. The requirement for the individual offerer to personally "bring his oblation" underscores that true worship is not a passive or delegated act but demands active, intentional participation. This personal engagement was crucial for the Israelite, as the peace offering symbolized a state of peace and communion with God, often culminating in a shared meal. The act of bringing the offering was the initial step in this intimate fellowship, signifying a right relationship where God accepts the worshiper's gift. The theological implication is that drawing near to God requires a deliberate, personal initiative, reflecting a heart of devotion and a desire for communion. This personal act of bringing the offering highlights the individual's accountability and direct relationship with a holy God, laying the groundwork for understanding the personal nature of faith and worship in later biblical revelation.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Leviticus 7:29, though rooted in the ancient sacrificial system, offers enduring principles for contemporary believers. The emphasis on the individual's personal responsibility to "bring his oblation" reminds us that our worship and devotion to God should be active, intentional, and personally engaged, not merely a passive observance or a duty delegated to others. Just as the Israelite brought a tangible offering, we are called to bring our "spiritual sacrifices" – our praise, our time, our talents, our resources, and our very lives – as acts of worship directly to the LORD. This means cultivating a personal relationship with God through prayer, Bible study, and obedience, seeking His presence and enjoying the peace that comes from a right standing with Him. Our giving, whether of finances or service, should be a conscious, heartfelt offering, reflecting a desire for communion and an expression of gratitude for the peace we have in Christ. This verse challenges us to examine the sincerity and intentionality behind our acts of worship, ensuring they are truly personal offerings to the God who desires intimate fellowship.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What was the primary purpose of the peace offering in ancient Israel?
Answer: The peace offering (Hebrew: shelamim) was unique among the Old Testament sacrifices because its primary purpose was not atonement for sin, but rather to express and celebrate a state of peace, wholeness, and fellowship with God. It was often a voluntary offering, given as an act of thanksgiving, to fulfill a vow, or as a freewill offering. A significant aspect of the peace offering was the communal meal that followed, where portions of the animal were consumed by God (represented by the burning of specific parts on the altar), the priests, and the offerer and their family. This shared meal symbolized a restored or affirmed relationship and communion with the LORD, signifying that God was at peace with His people and they with Him, as detailed in Leviticus 3.
Why does Leviticus 7:29 specifically emphasize the offerer's personal involvement in bringing the sacrifice?
Answer: Leviticus 7:29 emphasizes the offerer's personal involvement ("He that offereth... shall bring his oblation") to underscore that worship is a direct and active engagement between the individual and God. It highlights personal responsibility and intentionality in approaching the divine. The act of personally presenting the sacrifice was not merely a ritualistic step but a tangible expression of the worshiper's devotion, gratitude, or commitment. It ensured that the offering was a heartfelt act from the individual, rather than a detached or delegated transaction. This personal touch made the act of worship meaningful and reinforced the covenant relationship between the individual Israelite and the LORD. It taught that drawing near to God required a deliberate, physical, and spiritual effort on the part of the worshiper, a theme echoed in the New Testament call for believers to present their bodies as living sacrifices in Romans 12:1.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The peace offering, with its emphasis on personal presentation and the establishment of fellowship, finds its ultimate and perfect fulfillment in Jesus Christ. While the Israelite brought an animal to secure a temporary state of peace and communion, Christ Himself became the definitive "peace offering" for all humanity. His sacrifice on the cross was not merely an "oblation" but the very Lamb of God, who by His own blood, secured eternal peace between God and humanity, as described in Colossians 1:20. The personal responsibility of the offerer in Leviticus 7:29 foreshadows the personal faith required to receive Christ's finished work; we must individually "come" to Him, just as the offerer "brought" his sacrifice. Through Christ, we are not only reconciled to God but are invited into an enduring, intimate fellowship, far surpassing the temporary communion of the Old Testament meal. His body, broken for us, is the true shared meal, symbolized in the Lord's Supper, where believers partake in remembrance of His ultimate sacrifice and the new covenant of peace He inaugurated, as recounted in 1 Corinthians 11:23-26. Thus, the voluntary nature of the peace offering points to the freewill offering of Christ, who willingly laid down His life, and our willing response of faith and spiritual worship in Him, enabling us to truly "draw near with a true heart in full assurance of faith" (Hebrews 10:22).