Exodus 37:9

KJV

And the cherubims spread out [their] wings on high, [and] covered with their wings over the mercy seat, with their faces one to another; [even] to the mercy seatward were the faces of the cherubims.

KJV (with Strong's)

And the cherubims {H3742} spread out {H6566} their wings {H3671} on high {H4605}, and covered {H5526} with their wings {H3671} over the mercy seat {H3727}, with their faces {H6440} one {H376} to another {H251}; even to the mercy seatward {H3727} were the faces {H6440} of the cherubims {H3742}.

Complete Jewish Bible

The k'ruvim had their wings spread out above, so that their wings covered the ark; their faces were toward each other and toward the ark-cover.

Berean Standard Bible

And the cherubim had wings that spread upward, overshadowing the mercy seat. The cherubim faced each other, looking toward the mercy seat.

American Standard Version

And the cherubim spread out their wings on high, covering the mercy-seat with their wings, with their faces one to another; toward the mercy-seat were the faces of the cherubim.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Exodus 37:9 offers a precise and profound description of the cherubim fashioned for the Ark of the Covenant, detailing their majestic posture: wings spread high, covering the mercy seat, and their faces intently turned towards each other and, crucially, towards the mercy seat itself. This meticulous depiction underscores the transcendent holiness of God's presence, the sacredness of the atonement space, and the reverent attention of celestial beings to the divine provision for humanity's sin, culminating Bezaleel's faithful execution of God's detailed blueprint for the Tabernacle's most sacred object.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Exodus 37:9 is situated within the detailed account of the Tabernacle's construction, specifically focusing on the Ark of the Covenant and its lid, the Mercy Seat. This chapter follows the divine instructions given to Moses on Mount Sinai in [Exodus 25-31](/exodus/25 "Exodus 25-31 - Tabernacle Instructions") and the people's willing contributions in [Exodus 35](/exodus/35 "Exodus 35 - Willing Contributions for the Tabernacle"). Verses [Exodus 37:1-5](/exodus/37-1-5 "Exodus 37:1-5 - Construction of the Ark") describe the crafting of the Ark itself, followed by the Mercy Seat in [Exodus 37:6-8](/exodus/37-6-8 "Exodus 37:6-8 - Construction of the Mercy Seat and Cherubim"). Exodus 37:9 provides the final, critical details of the cherubim that were to be hammered out of the same piece of gold as the Mercy Seat, precisely fulfilling the divine blueprint outlined in [Exodus 25:17-22](/exodus/25-17-22 "Exodus 25:17-22 - Instructions for the Mercy Seat and Cherubim"). This emphasis on exact replication highlights the paramount importance of obedience to God's revealed will and the sanctity of the divine dwelling place.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The Tabernacle served as the portable sanctuary for Israel during their wilderness wanderings, representing God's immediate presence among His people. The Ark of the Covenant, housed within the Most Holy Place, was the focal point of this presence, often conceived as God's earthly throne. In the ancient Near East, divine thrones were frequently depicted with winged guardians (like sphinxes or lamassu in Mesopotamian art), symbolizing protection and majesty. While the cherubim share some iconographic similarities, their specific design and purpose were divinely revealed, not borrowed, emphasizing God's unique sovereignty. Their presence on the Mercy Seat reinforced the Ark's supreme sanctity and God's transcendent holiness. The Mercy Seat (Hebrew: _kappôreth_) was the place where the High Priest performed the most crucial ritual of the year, the Day of Atonement, as detailed in [Leviticus 16](/leviticus/16 "Leviticus 16 - The Day of Atonement"), sprinkling blood to cover the sins of the nation. The cherubim's fixed gaze towards this very spot underscores the profound theological significance of atonement in Israel's relationship with a holy God.
* **Key Themes:** This verse contributes significantly to several key themes prevalent in Exodus and the broader Pentateuch. Firstly, it reinforces the theme of **Divine Presence and Holiness**, illustrating how God, though transcendent, chooses to dwell among His people in a consecrated space, guarded by celestial figures. Secondly, it highlights **Divine Instruction and Human Obedience**, as the meticulous details of the cherubim's posture are a direct fulfillment of God's precise commands, emphasizing the necessity of exact adherence to His revealed will for proper worship and access. Thirdly, the verse points to the theme of **Atonement and Reconciliation**, with the cherubim's gaze fixed upon the Mercy Seat, the very place where sin would be covered, underscoring the centrality of God's provision for dealing with human sin. This foreshadows the ultimate means of reconciliation. Finally, it subtly introduces the theme of **Heavenly Pattern**, suggesting that the earthly Tabernacle, particularly the Ark and Mercy Seat, is a tangible representation of heavenly realities, a concept later developed in the New Testament, particularly in [Hebrews 8:5](/hebrews/8-5 "The Heavenly Pattern of the Tabernacle").

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **Cherubims (Hebrew, _kᵉrûwb'_):** This term refers to a "cherub or imaginary figure," often appearing in plural form as "cherubims." In the context of the Tabernacle, these are crafted representations that symbolize aspects of divine presence and guardianship, as indicated by their role as "cherubim." Their presence signifies the sanctity of God's dwelling place.
* **Wings (Hebrew, _kânâph'_):** Literally meaning an "edge or extremity," this term specifically refers to the "wing" of a bird, and by extension, the "overspreading" or protective parts. In this verse, it describes the physical appendages of the cherubim that are "spread out" and used to "cover" the Mercy Seat, signifying their protective and enveloping posture over the most sacred space.
* **Mercy Seat (Hebrew, _kappôreth'_):** Derived from a root meaning "to cover" or "to atone" (implied by "from כָּפַר"), this word refers specifically to "a lid" that served as "the cover of the sacred Ark." It is uniquely identified as the "mercy seat," highlighting its function as the designated place of divine encounter and atonement, where God's presence would be manifested and sin would be covered.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"And the cherubims spread out [their] wings on high":** This clause initiates the description of the cherubim's majestic and reverent posture. Their wings, extended upwards and outwards, formed a canopy or protective enclosure over the Mercy Seat. This posture conveys a sense of grandeur, guardianship, and perhaps a readiness for action, while simultaneously creating a sacred, enclosed space for the divine presence. The phrase "on high" emphasizes the elevated and prominent position of their wings, signaling the transcendence and majesty associated with God's dwelling.
* **"[and] covered with their wings over the mercy seat":** This phrase reinforces the protective and sacred nature of the cherubim's role. Their wings literally "overshadowed" or "covered" the Mercy Seat, emphasizing the inaccessibility of God's unmediated glory and the profound holiness of the space where He would meet with His people. It speaks to the reverence and awe required in approaching the divine, highlighting the sacred barrier between God's absolute purity and human imperfection, which can only be bridged by divine provision.
* **"with their faces one to another; [even] to the mercy seatward were the faces of the cherubims":** This is arguably the most significant detail in the verse, offering profound theological insight. The cherubim's faces were not turned away or upwards, but intently towards each other, signifying unified purpose and shared adoration, and, crucially, towards the Mercy Seat. This posture signifies profound attention, adoration, and a keen, unified interest in the divine act of atonement that would take place there. It suggests a constant, focused gaze upon God's dealings with humanity concerning sin and righteousness, highlighting the immense importance of the Mercy Seat as the nexus of divine justice and mercy. The repetition of "mercy seatward" further emphasizes this focal point.

#### Literary Devices
Exodus 37:9 employs several literary devices to convey its theological weight and underscore the profound significance of the Ark and Mercy Seat. **Symbolism** is paramount, with the cherubim themselves serving as potent symbols of divine presence, holiness, and guardianship. Their specific posture—wings spread and faces turned towards the Mercy Seat—symbolizes adoration, reverence, and a profound, unified interest in the divine act of atonement. The Mercy Seat itself is the central symbol, representing the point where God's justice and mercy converge, and where sin is covered. The text also uses **repetition** of the phrase "mercy seat" and the description of the cherubim's faces being "to the mercy seatward." This repetition serves to emphasize the centrality and immense significance of the Mercy Seat as the focal point of their attention and the most sacred element of the Tabernacle. The description of the cherubim's "faces" and "wings" also employs a subtle form of **anthropomorphism**, allowing the reader to visualize these celestial beings in a way that evokes human-like qualities of attention and reverence, making their symbolic role more accessible and impactful.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Exodus 37:9 powerfully underscores God's transcendent holiness and His immanent desire to dwell among His people. The cherubim, as guardians of divine holiness, frame the Mercy Seat, the focal point of atonement, revealing that access to a holy God is only possible through a divinely appointed means of covering for sin. This arrangement highlights the tension between God's unapproachable glory and His compassionate provision for reconciliation, emphasizing that while God desires communion, it must occur on His terms of purity and sacrifice. The cherubim's focused gaze on the Mercy Seat draws attention to the profound significance of atonement as the bridge between a holy God and sinful humanity, a truth that echoes throughout salvation history.

* [Exodus 25:22](/exodus/25-22 "Exodus 25:22 - God Speaks from Above the Mercy Seat")
* [Leviticus 16:2](/leviticus/16-2 "Leviticus 16:2 - God Appears in the Cloud Over the Mercy Seat")
* [Hebrews 9:5](/hebrews/9-5 "Hebrews 9:5 - Cherubim of Glory Overshadowing the Mercy Seat")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The detailed description of the cherubim's posture in Exodus 37:9 invites us to ponder the profound reverence due to God's holiness and the immense significance of the place of atonement. Their unwavering gaze towards the Mercy Seat serves as a powerful visual reminder of the divine attention given to the covering of sin and the reconciliation of humanity with God. For us today, this prompts a deep appreciation for the finished work of Christ, our ultimate Mercy Seat, and challenges us to approach God not with casual indifference, but with a heart full of awe, gratitude, and humble confidence, knowing the infinite cost of our reconciliation. It also encourages us to fix our gaze, like the cherubim, on the divine provision for our salvation, allowing it to shape our worship, inform our understanding of sin and grace, and motivate our daily walk in Christ, continually meditating on the profound truth that in Christ, justice and mercy have met.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does the detailed description of the cherubim's posture deepen your understanding of God's holiness and the sacredness of His presence?**
* **What does the cherubim's gaze towards the Mercy Seat teach us about the importance of atonement in God's plan for humanity?**
* **In what ways can we, like the cherubim, direct our "gaze" and attention towards Christ, our true Mercy Seat, in our daily lives, allowing His sacrifice to transform our perspective?**

### FAQ
**Why were there cherubim on the Mercy Seat?**

Answer: The cherubim on the Mercy Seat served multiple profound symbolic purposes. Primarily, they represented the guardians of God's holy presence and glory, echoing their role in [Genesis 3:24](/genesis/3-24 "Genesis 3:24 - Cherubim Guarding the Way to the Tree of Life") where they guarded the Garden of Eden after the expulsion of Adam and Eve. Their presence above the Mercy Seat underscored the Ark's extreme sanctity and the inaccessibility of God's unmediated glory to sinful humanity. They also symbolized God's heavenly throne, from which He would communicate with Moses ([Exodus 25:22](/exodus/25-22 "Exodus 25:22 - God Speaking from Above the Mercy Seat")), signifying that the earthly Tabernacle was a pattern of heavenly realities. Furthermore, their posture, with wings covering and faces directed towards the Mercy Seat, highlighted the divine interest and focus on the act of atonement that occurred there, signifying that even celestial beings are attentive to God's redemptive work and the sacredness of His plan for reconciliation.

**What is the significance of their faces being "one to another" and "to the mercy seatward"?**

Answer: This specific and highly detailed instruction regarding the cherubim's posture carries immense theological significance. Their faces turned "one to another" suggests a unified, harmonious focus and perhaps a shared, intense interest in the divine activity below them, indicating a collective and synchronized reverence. More importantly, their direction "to the mercy seatward" is paramount. It signifies their intense, unwavering gaze upon the very place where God's justice and mercy would meet through the shedding of blood on the Day of Atonement. This posture underscores the centrality of atonement in God's dealings with humanity and the divine concern for the covering of sin. It's a powerful visual representation of the heavenly host's profound interest in God's redemptive plan and the sacredness of the reconciliation process that unfolded at the Mercy Seat, indicating that even in heaven, the work of atonement is a matter of intense focus and adoration.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Exodus 37:9, with its depiction of the cherubim intently gazing upon the Mercy Seat, finds its ultimate and glorious fulfillment in Jesus Christ. The earthly Mercy Seat, where annual atonement was made through the blood of animals, was a powerful shadow pointing to the perfect, once-for-all sacrifice of Christ. He is our true [propitiation](/romans/3-25 "Romans 3:25 - Christ as Propitiation"), the very place where God's righteous wrath against sin was fully appeased, and His boundless mercy was poured out. Just as the cherubim guarded the way to God's presence and fixed their gaze on the place of atonement, Christ, through His own precious blood, has opened a [new and living way](/hebrews/10-19-20 "Hebrews 10:19-20 - Access to God through Christ's Blood and Torn Veil") for us to approach God's throne of grace with confidence ([Hebrews 4:16](/hebrews/4-16 "Hebrews 4:16 - Approach the Throne of Grace with Confidence")). The cherubim's posture of adoration and keen interest in the Mercy Seat now finds its echo in the heavenly host's worship of the [Lamb who was slain](/revelation/5-12 "Revelation 5:5 - Worthy is the Lamb"), and in our own privilege to fix our eyes on [Jesus, the author and perfecter of our faith](/hebrews/12-2 "Hebrews 12:2 - Looking to Jesus"), who *is* our access to God, our atonement, and the very embodiment of divine mercy and reconciliation, making the way to God's presence eternally open.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Genesis 3:24

So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life.

1 Peter 1:12

Unto whom it was revealed, that not unto themselves, but unto us they did minister the things, which are now reported unto you by them that have preached the gospel unto you with the Holy Ghost sent down from heaven; which things the angels desire to look into.

Hebrews 1:14

Are they not all ministering spirits, sent forth to minister for them who shall be heirs of salvation?

2 Corinthians 3:18

But we all, with open face beholding as in a glass the glory of the Lord, are changed into the same image from glory to glory, [even] as by the Spirit of the Lord.

1 Timothy 3:16

And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory.

Ephesians 3:10

To the intent that now unto the principalities and powers in heavenly [places] might be known by the church the manifold wisdom of God,

John 1:51

And he saith unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Hereafter ye shall see heaven open, and the angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of man.