2 Chronicles 11:11

KJV

And he fortified the strong holds, and put captains in them, and store of victual, and of oil and wine.

KJV (with Strong's)

And he fortified {H2388} the strong holds {H4694}, and put {H5414} captains {H5057} in them, and store {H214} of victual {H3978}, and of oil {H8081} and wine {H3196}.

Complete Jewish Bible

He fortified the strongholds, appointed captains in charge of them and supplied them with food, olive oil and wine.

Berean Standard Bible

He strengthened their fortresses and put officers in them, with supplies of food, oil, and wine.

American Standard Version

And he fortified the strongholds, and put captains in them, and stores of victuals, and oil and wine.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Following the tumultuous division of the united monarchy, 2 Chronicles 11:11 details King Rehoboam's strategic and practical efforts to consolidate and secure the newly formed southern kingdom of Judah. This verse highlights his prudent foresight in fortifying key cities, appointing capable leaders, and ensuring ample provisions of food and essential goods, thereby establishing a robust defense against potential threats and demonstrating a crucial aspect of responsible governance in a time of political instability.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is situated within a broader passage (2 Chronicles 11:5-12) that meticulously chronicles Rehoboam's defensive measures immediately after the catastrophic schism of the Israelite kingdom. The preceding chapter, [2 Chronicles 10](/2_chronicles/10 "2 Chronicles 10 - The Division of the Kingdom"), vividly recounts Rehoboam's disastrous rejection of the elders' counsel and his subsequent harsh response to the people's pleas, which directly led to the rebellion of the ten northern tribes and the establishment of Jeroboam's kingdom. Faced with this new geopolitical reality, Rehoboam, now ruling only over Judah and Benjamin, shifted his focus from an ill-fated attempt to reclaim the northern tribes by force ([2 Chronicles 11:1-4](/2_chronicles/11-1 "2 Chronicles 11:1-4 - Rehoboam's Retreat from War")) to strengthening his remaining territory. Verse 11 specifically elaborates on the internal organization and provisioning of the strongholds mentioned in [2 Chronicles 11:5](/2_chronicles/11-5 "2 Chronicles 11:5 - Rehoboam Builds Fortified Cities"), emphasizing that these cities were not merely physical barriers but self-sufficient military and logistical hubs, equipped with both leadership and sustenance.

* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The period immediately following Solomon's death (c. 931 BCE) was marked by profound political fragmentation and insecurity. The division of Israel into two rival kingdoms—Israel in the north and Judah in the south—created an immediate need for defensive strategies. Rehoboam's fortifications were a direct response to the threat posed by Jeroboam's northern kingdom, which could potentially invade Judah. Fortified cities were the backbone of ancient Near Eastern defense, serving as administrative centers, refugee havens, and military strongpoints. The practice of appointing "captains" (military commanders or governors) within these strongholds was standard for maintaining order and readiness. Furthermore, the meticulous provisioning of "victual, and of oil and wine" was critical for enduring sieges, as cities could be cut off from external supplies for extended periods. These provisions were not luxuries but essential staples, reflecting the practical realities of sustaining a population and military force in a time of potential conflict.

* **Key Themes:** Rehoboam's actions in this verse contribute to several overarching themes within 2 Chronicles. Firstly, it underscores **Strategic Preparedness** and **Prudent Leadership**, demonstrating a practical, albeit belated, wisdom in anticipating threats and securing the kingdom's borders. Despite his earlier spiritual and political failures, this passage shows Rehoboam exercising a measure of practical foresight. Secondly, the emphasis on "strong holds" and "captains" highlights the theme of **National Security and Protection**, reflecting the monarch's fundamental responsibility to safeguard his people and territory, a duty often emphasized in wisdom literature (e.g., [Proverbs 21:31](/proverbs/21-31 "Proverbs 21:31 - The Horse is Prepared for Battle")). Thirdly, the detailed mention of "store of victual, and of oil and wine" speaks to the critical theme of **Resource Management and Stewardship**. It illustrates the necessity of diligent planning and comprehensive provisioning to sustain a community, a principle echoed in various biblical narratives concerning famine and abundance (e.g., [Genesis 41:33-36](/genesis/41-33 "Genesis 41:33-36 - Joseph's Advice to Pharaoh")). These actions, while purely defensive, represent a necessary effort to stabilize the kingdom after a period of significant upheaval.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **Strong holds (Hebrew: מְצוּרוֹת, _metzurôt'_):** This term refers to fortified places, often strategically chosen for their natural defensibility (e.g., on hills or mountains) or heavily reinforced with walls, towers, and gates. In this context, _metzurôt_ signifies more than mere walled cities; they were military outposts designed to withstand prolonged attacks, serve as logistical centers, and project power. Rehoboam's focus on these "strong holds" indicates a shift from offensive ambition to a defensive posture, aiming to secure his remaining territory.
* **Captains (Hebrew: שָׂרִים, _sarim'_):** The _sarim_ were high-ranking officials, typically military commanders, governors, or administrative leaders. Their placement within the fortified cities indicates a structured chain of command and delegated authority. It suggests that Rehoboam not only built physical defenses but also established a human infrastructure of leadership and management, ensuring that these strongholds were effectively governed, garrisoned, and maintained, rather than being mere empty fortresses.
* **Victual (Hebrew: צֵדָה, _tsêdâ'_), and of oil and wine:** "Victual" is an archaic English term for provisions or food supplies in general. The specific mention of "oil and wine" alongside it is significant. In ancient Israel, these were not luxury items but fundamental staples of the diet and economy, essential for cooking, anointing, medicinal purposes, and general consumption. Their inclusion here, representing a comprehensive range of provisions, underscores the meticulous and practical nature of Rehoboam's preparations. It highlights the understanding that a fortress is only as strong as its ability to sustain its inhabitants and defenders through a siege or prolonged isolation.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"And he fortified the strong holds":** This clause describes Rehoboam's primary action—the construction or reinforcement of defensive cities. This was a direct, practical response to the political fragmentation of the kingdom, indicating a strategic shift from attempting to reclaim the northern tribes by force to securing his existing territory. The act of fortification signifies a commitment to national defense and the protection of the remaining populace in Judah and Benjamin.
* **"and put captains in them":** Beyond physical structures, Rehoboam established a human element of defense. The appointment of "captains" (military and administrative leaders) in each stronghold demonstrates a systematic approach to governance and military readiness. This ensured that each fortified city had responsible leadership to manage its defenses, its garrison, and its inhabitants, providing order and command in times of peace and conflict.
* **"and store of victual, and of oil and wine":** This final clause details the logistical preparations, emphasizing the comprehensive provisioning of the strongholds. "Victual" represents general food supplies, while "oil and wine" specify two critical staples of the ancient diet. This meticulous stocking of provisions was crucial for the long-term sustainability of the garrisons and the civilian populations within the fortified cities, enabling them to withstand sieges or prolonged periods of isolation without external supply.

#### Literary Devices
The verse employs several literary devices to convey its message of strategic preparation. **Merism** is evident in the phrase "oil and wine," which, while specific, collectively represents the full range of essential provisions, indicating a complete and thorough stocking of all necessary supplies. The mention of "captains" can be seen as a form of **Synecdoche**, where the leaders represent the entire military and administrative personnel placed within the strongholds, signifying the establishment of a complete functional infrastructure. The structure of the verse, with its repeated "and" ("and he fortified... and put... and store of..."), creates a sense of **Accumulation** and **Emphasis**, highlighting the comprehensive and multi-faceted nature of Rehoboam's defensive efforts. This methodical listing underscores the diligence and thoroughness of his preparations, presenting a picture of a leader systematically addressing the immediate security needs of his kingdom.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
While Rehoboam's reign is often characterized by his spiritual failings and the tragic division of the kingdom, this particular verse offers a glimpse into a moment of practical wisdom and responsible stewardship. The meticulous fortification and provisioning reflect a biblical principle that, while God is sovereign and the ultimate protector, human beings are called to exercise prudence, foresight, and diligence in their responsibilities. It speaks to the importance of good governance, the wise management of resources, and the preparedness necessary to safeguard what has been entrusted. This practical wisdom, even from a flawed leader, reminds us that faith does not negate the need for responsible action and planning. It's a testament to the idea that God often works through human effort and preparation, even when that effort is imperfect.

* [Proverbs 21:31](/proverbs/21-31 "Proverbs 21:31 - The Horse is Prepared for Battle")
* [Luke 14:28-30](/luke/14-28 "Luke 14:28-30 - Counting the Cost of Building")
* [Psalm 127:1](/psalm/127-1 "Psalm 127:1 - Unless the Lord Builds the House")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Rehoboam's actions in 2 Chronicles 11:11, despite his overall flawed reign, provide valuable lessons for contemporary believers and leaders. This verse underscores the importance of diligent preparation and wise stewardship in all areas of life. Just as Rehoboam secured his kingdom against external threats, we are called to be proactive in safeguarding our spiritual, emotional, and physical well-being, as well as the resources God has entrusted to us. This means not only building strong foundations in our faith but also prudently managing our finances, investing in healthy relationships, and preparing for future challenges. For those in leadership, whether in a family, church, or workplace, it highlights the responsibility to anticipate needs, delegate effectively, and ensure that those under our care are well-equipped and sustained. It's a call to combine fervent prayer and reliance on God's sovereignty with practical, disciplined action, recognizing that faith without works is dead.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **In what areas of your life are you called to exercise greater foresight and preparation, akin to Rehoboam's fortification efforts?**
* **How does the concept of "putting captains in them" apply to your own leadership roles, whether formal or informal, in terms of delegating responsibility and empowering others?**
* **What "victual, oil, and wine" (i.e., essential resources—spiritual, emotional, physical) do you need to steward more effectively to ensure your resilience and readiness for future challenges?**
* **How can you balance trust in God's provision with your personal responsibility for diligent planning and preparation?**

### FAQ

**What was the primary motivation for Rehoboam's fortifications?**

Answer: Rehoboam's primary motivation for fortifying the strongholds was to establish a robust defensive posture against the newly formed northern kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam. Following the division of the kingdom, Rehoboam initially considered military action to reclaim the northern tribes, but was divinely restrained ([2 Chronicles 11:1-4](/2_chronicles/11-1 "2 Chronicles 11:1-4 - Rehoboam's Retreat from War")). His focus then shifted to securing and consolidating his remaining territory of Judah and Benjamin, recognizing the ongoing threat of conflict with the north. The fortifications were a strategic measure to protect his borders, key cities, and populace from potential invasion.

**How do "oil and wine" represent comprehensive provisions in this context?**

Answer: In ancient Israel, "oil and wine" were not merely luxuries but fundamental staples of daily life and the economy. Oil (primarily olive oil) was used for cooking, fuel for lamps, anointing, and medicinal purposes. Wine was a common beverage, a source of calories, and used in various social and religious contexts. By specifically mentioning "oil and wine" alongside "victual" (general food supplies), the text employs a form of merism, where two significant parts represent the whole. It signifies that Rehoboam's provisioning was comprehensive and thorough, ensuring that the fortified cities had not just basic food but also essential liquids and other critical supplies necessary for sustaining a population and military garrison during a siege or prolonged period of isolation.

**Does this passage commend Rehoboam's overall reign?**

Answer: No, this passage does not commend Rehoboam's overall reign. The book of Chronicles, while often presenting a more positive view of the Davidic line than Kings, is clear about Rehoboam's initial spiritual and political failures that led to the kingdom's division ([2 Chronicles 10](/2_chronicles/10 "2 Chronicles 10 - The Division of the Kingdom")). This verse highlights a specific, prudent act of governance—his strategic defensive preparations—which contrasts with his earlier folly. Later in his reign, Rehoboam and Judah would again abandon the Lord, leading to an invasion by Shishak, king of Egypt ([2 Chronicles 12:1-9](/2_chronicles/12-1 "2 Chronicles 12:1-9 - Shishak Invades Judah")). Thus, 2 Chronicles 11:11 showcases a moment of practical wisdom and responsibility, but it does not serve as an endorsement of his entire kingship.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
While Rehoboam's efforts in 2 Chronicles 11:11 represent a human king's attempt to secure an earthly kingdom through physical fortifications and provisions, they ultimately point to the far superior and eternally secure kingdom established by Jesus Christ. Rehoboam’s strongholds were vulnerable to attack and his provisions finite, yet Christ builds a kingdom that the "gates of hell shall not prevail against" ([Matthew 16:18](/matthew/16-18 "Matthew 16:18 - The Church, Built on the Rock")). He is the ultimate "captain" or leader, not merely appointing others, but Himself being the Good Shepherd who lays down His life for His sheep ([John 10:11](/john/10-11 "John 10:11 - The Good Shepherd")). Furthermore, Christ is the perfect provider, offering not just temporary "victual, and of oil and wine," but the "bread of life" that satisfies eternal hunger ([John 6:35](/john/6-35 "John 6:35 - Jesus, the Bread of Life")) and the "living water" that quenches spiritual thirst ([John 4:14](/john/4-14 "John 4:14 - Living Water")). Through His sacrifice, believers are delivered from the dominion of darkness and transferred into His unshakable kingdom ([Colossians 1:13](/colossians/1-13 "Colossians 1:13 - Delivered from Darkness")), where their security is not in walls of stone but in the eternal power and faithfulness of their King.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

2 Chronicles 11:23

And he dealt wisely, and dispersed of all his children throughout all the countries of Judah and Benjamin, unto every fenced city: and he gave them victual in abundance. And he desired many wives.

Isaiah 22:10

And ye have numbered the houses of Jerusalem, and the houses have ye broken down to fortify the wall.

Isaiah 22:11

Ye made also a ditch between the two walls for the water of the old pool: but ye have not looked unto the maker thereof, neither had respect unto him that fashioned it long ago.

2 Chronicles 17:19

These waited on the king, beside [those] whom the king put in the fenced cities throughout all Judah.