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Translation
King James Version
Canst thou put an hook into his nose? or bore his jaw through with a thorn?
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KJV (with Strong's)
Canst thou put H7760 an hook H100 into his nose H639? or bore H5344 his jaw H3895 through with a thorn H2336?
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Complete Jewish Bible
Can you put a ring in his nose or pierce his jaw with a barb?
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Berean Standard Bible
Can you put a cord through his nose or pierce his jaw with a hook?
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American Standard Version
Canst thou put a rope into his nose? Or pierce his jaw through with a hook?
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World English Bible Messianic
Can you put a rope into his nose, or pierce his jaw through with a hook?
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Geneva Bible (1599)
Who hath preuented mee that I shoulde make an ende? Al vnder heauen is mine.
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Young's Literal Translation
Dost thou put a reed in his nose? And with a thorn pierce his jaw?
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SUMMARY

Job 41:2 is a profound rhetorical challenge from God to Job, serving as a powerful assertion of divine omnipotence over all creation, particularly its most formidable and untamable elements, embodied by Leviathan. Through vivid imagery of human inability to subdue this monstrous creature with common taming implements, God underscores the infinite qualitative difference between His boundless sovereignty and human frailty, compelling Job to acknowledge his own limitations and God's absolute dominion.

CONTEXT

  • Literary Context: Job 41:2 is situated within the climactic section of God's second and final monologue to Job, specifically the extended, awe-inspiring description of Leviathan (Job 40:25-41:26 KJV, or Job 41:1-34 in modern translations). This divine discourse, which commenced in Job 38:1, is not a direct answer to Job's complaints of injustice but rather an overwhelming display of God's unsearchable wisdom and power, manifested in the intricate and terrifying aspects of the natural world. Having previously detailed the immense power of Behemoth, God now turns to Leviathan, a creature so overwhelmingly mighty that it serves as the ultimate capstone to His argument for divine sovereignty. The rhetorical questions posed in verse 2, "Canst thou put an hook into his nose? or bore his jaw through with a thorn?", are designed to highlight the utter impossibility of human control over such a formidable creature, thereby compelling Job to acknowledge his own limited understanding and God's absolute, unparalleled dominion. This divine revelation ultimately leads to Job's humble repentance and confession of God's omnipotence in Job 42:1-6.
  • Historical & Cultural Context: The imagery in Job 41:2 draws from familiar ancient Near Eastern practices of animal domestication. Hooks, nose-rings, and piercing instruments (such as thorns or sharp stakes) were routinely employed to control large, strong animals like oxen, camels, or even bears, enabling them to be led, yoked, or subdued for labor. These methods were a common sight in the agricultural and nomadic societies of the time. By posing these questions concerning Leviathan, God is not merely asking if Job can tame a large animal, but if he can apply these human-scale, conventional methods to a creature of unparalleled, almost mythical, power. Leviathan itself likely represents a creature of immense strength, perhaps a massive crocodile or whale, but it also carries profound symbolic weight, often associated in ancient Near Eastern mythology (and sometimes in biblical poetry, e.g., Psalm 74:14) with primordial chaos or untamable forces of the deep. God's ability to control such a creature, when humans cannot, underscores His unique status as the supreme Creator and Lord over all creation, including its most terrifying and chaotic elements.
  • Key Themes: Job 41:2 powerfully contributes to several overarching themes within the book of Job and the broader biblical narrative. Firstly, it emphatically asserts God's Unchallengeable Sovereignty. The rhetorical questions highlight that only God can command and control the most formidable and chaotic elements of creation, contrasting His infinite power with human weakness. Secondly, it underscores Human Limitations, demonstrating that there are forces in the created order that are utterly beyond human grasp or comprehension. This serves to humble Job, and by extension, all humanity, reminding us of our finite nature in the face of divine omnipotence. Finally, the vivid description of Leviathan, culminating in this verse's challenge, showcases the Majesty and Mystery of Creation. Whether interpreted literally or symbolically, Leviathan embodies a terrifying yet awe-inspiring aspect of God's design, revealing that creation is not merely a benign backdrop but a testament to a Creator whose power extends to the magnificent and the fearsome alike, as seen in the vastness of the cosmos and the depths of the sea, which God alone controls as described in Psalm 104:25-26.

EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

Key Word Analysis

  • Hook (Hebrew, ʼagmôwn', H100): This word (H100) primarily refers to a bulrush or a rope made of bulrushes, and by extension, a hook or snare, likely because such ropes were used for binding or control. In this context, it signifies a device, whether a literal hook, ring, or strong rope, commonly inserted through the nose of large animals (like oxen or camels) to lead, control, or subdue them. The question "Canst thou put an hook into his nose?" implies an attempt to exert complete mastery and direction over Leviathan, as one would a domesticated beast of burden. The impossibility of this action for Leviathan emphasizes its wild, untamed nature and the futility of human efforts to control it.
  • Bore (Hebrew, nâqab', H5344): This primitive root (H5344) means "to puncture," "to perforate," or "to pierce," often with violence. In the context of animal taming, it refers to the act of piercing an animal's jaw to insert a bit or bridle for control. The use of this word highlights the forceful and invasive nature of the proposed action. The rhetorical question "or bore his jaw through with a thorn?" underscores the sheer imperviousness and formidable strength of Leviathan's jaw, rendering any human attempt at control through such means utterly absurd and impossible.
  • Thorn (Hebrew, chôwach', H2336): While literally "thorn" (H2336), this term can also refer to any sharp, piercing instrument, or even a ring for the nose by analogy. In this verse, it denotes a sharp, pointed tool used to pierce through an animal's jaw, similar to a bit or bridle, to gain control. The pairing with "hook" reinforces the idea of applying conventional methods of animal taming. The rhetorical question emphasizes Leviathan's formidable nature, suggesting that even the sharpest human implement would be useless against its impenetrable hide and powerful jaw.

Verse Breakdown

  • "Canst thou put an hook into his nose?": This opening rhetorical question immediately challenges Job's (and humanity's) capacity to control Leviathan using a standard method of animal subjugation. The "hook in the nose" was a common and effective way to lead and direct powerful animals, signifying direct, physical subjugation and the imposition of human will. By asking if Job can apply this to Leviathan, God is not merely questioning physical strength but also the ability to impose human will and order upon a creature that defies such domestication, emphasizing Leviathan's wildness and God's unique power over it.
  • "or bore his jaw through with a thorn?": This second rhetorical question extends the challenge, employing another method of control—piercing the jaw for a bridle or bit. The "thorn" here implies a sharp, piercing instrument. This further underscores the untamable nature of Leviathan, whose formidable jaw, described elsewhere in the chapter as having terrifying teeth and a mouth that breathes fire (Job 41:14-21), would render any such attempt not only futile but perilous. Both questions collectively serve to magnify Leviathan's indomitable power and, by extension, the incomparable might and sovereignty of its Creator.

Literary Devices

The primary literary device at play in Job 41:2 is the Rhetorical Question. God poses these questions not to elicit an answer from Job, but to emphasize the undeniable truth of His own omnipotence and Job's utter incapacity. The questions are designed to be self-answering, forcing Job to confront the vast gulf between human limitation and divine power. Furthermore, Symbolism is profoundly evident, as Leviathan itself functions as a powerful symbol of untamable cosmic chaos, primeval forces, or the most formidable aspects of creation that are utterly beyond human control. The specific imagery of the "hook" and "thorn" also employs Synecdoche, where a part (the taming implement) stands for the whole concept of human mastery over nature. The overall effect is one of profound Irony, as the very methods humans use to assert their dominion over the animal kingdom are presented as utterly useless against this particular creature, thereby highlighting the unique and unchallengeable dominion of God alone. This creates a powerful Contrast between human weakness and divine might.

THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS

Job 41:2, in its vivid portrayal of human inability to control Leviathan, serves as a profound theological statement on God's absolute sovereignty over all creation, including its most terrifying and chaotic elements. It reinforces the biblical truth that while humanity is given dominion over the earth (as seen in Genesis 1:28), this dominion is always subordinate to God's ultimate authority. The verse challenges any anthropocentric view that places human wisdom or power at the center, redirecting focus to the Creator whose ways are inscrutable and whose might is boundless. It teaches humility before the divine and encourages a deep trust in the God who alone can tame the "Leviathans" of life—the overwhelming circumstances, the forces of evil, and the chaos that humans cannot master. This divine control provides a foundation for peace and security, knowing that the God who reigns over the untamable also cares for His creation and orchestrates all things according to His perfect will.

  • Psalm 147:5: "Great is our Lord, and of great power: his understanding is infinite."
  • Isaiah 27:1: "In that day the Lord with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish leviathan the piercing serpent, even leviathan that crooked serpent; and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea."
  • Romans 11:33-36: "O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! how unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out! For who hath known the mind of the Lord? or who hath been his counsellor? Or who hath first given to him, and it shall be recompensed unto him again? For of him, and through him, and to him, are all things: to whom be glory for ever. Amen."

REFLECTION AND APPLICATION

Job 41:2 offers a timeless lesson in humility and trust for believers today. In a world that often exalts human ingenuity and control, this verse reminds us that there are forces, both natural and spiritual, that lie utterly beyond our capacity to manage or comprehend. Just as Job could not tame Leviathan, we often face "Leviathans" in our own lives—uncontrollable circumstances, overwhelming anxieties, deeply entrenched sins, or societal chaos—that defy our best efforts and strategies. This verse invites us to release our illusion of self-sufficiency and embrace a posture of absolute dependence on God. It encourages us to find peace not in our ability to control, but in the profound knowledge that the God who created and effortlessly controls the most formidable elements of the universe is also the God who holds our lives in His hands. Our true wisdom begins when we acknowledge His infinite power and surrender our limited understanding to His boundless wisdom, trusting that He is sovereign even over the chaos we cannot tame. This surrender frees us to live with greater peace, knowing that our ultimate security rests not in our grip on life, but in His unshakeable grip on us.

Questions for Reflection

  • What "Leviathans" in your life currently feel untamable or beyond your control, causing you anxiety or frustration?
  • How does acknowledging God's absolute sovereignty over such forces bring you comfort, and how might it challenge your perspective on personal control?
  • In what specific ways might you be trying to "put a hook in the nose" of something only God can manage, and what practical steps can you take to release that control to Him?

FAQ

Is Leviathan a literal animal or a symbolic representation?

Answer: While the exact identity of Leviathan has been debated among scholars (some suggest a massive crocodile, whale, or even a creature from a prehistoric era), the detailed description in Job 41, particularly its imperviousness to human taming methods and its terrifying power, strongly suggests it functions primarily as a symbolic representation of the most formidable, untamable, and chaotic forces within creation. It embodies the limits of human power and the sheer, overwhelming might of God. In other biblical texts (e.g., Psalm 74:14 and Isaiah 27:1), Leviathan is depicted as a mythical, chaotic sea monster that only God can ultimately subdue, reinforcing its symbolic role as an embodiment of primeval disorder that is utterly subject to divine authority.

CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT

While Job 41:2 directly showcases God the Father's untamable power and sovereignty over creation, its themes find their ultimate fulfillment and most profound revelation in the person and work of Jesus Christ. As the eternal Son of God, Christ is not merely a witness to divine power but its very embodiment. The God who alone can "put a hook into Leviathan's nose" is the same God who, in Christ, entered creation to bring order out of chaos and subdue all rebellious forces. We see this in His absolute authority over nature, as when He commanded the wind and waves, and they obeyed Him, causing His disciples to marvel, "Who then is this, that even the wind and the sea obey him?" (Mark 4:39-41). Just as no human could master Leviathan, no earthly power or spiritual force could master Christ; instead, He demonstrated absolute dominion over sickness, demons, sin, and even death itself, triumphing over "principalities and powers" through His cross (Colossians 2:15). The untamable forces of chaos and evil, symbolized by Leviathan, are ultimately subject to the Lamb of God who was slain and is now glorified. Through His atoning work and resurrection, Christ has disarmed the "Leviathans" of spiritual darkness, offering humanity the victory and peace that Job, in his limited understanding, could only glimpse in God's overwhelming power. He is the one through whom all things were created and by whom all things are sustained (Colossians 1:16-17), and ultimately, He will cast all forces of rebellion and chaos into eternal subjection (Revelation 20:10). In Christ, we find the one who truly tames the untamable.

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Commentary on Job 41 verses 1–10

Whether this leviathan be a whale or a crocodile is a great dispute among the learned, which I will not undertake to determine; some of the particulars agree more easily to the one, others to the other; both are very strong and fierce, and the power of the Creator appears in them. The ingenious Sir Richard Blackmore, though he admits the more received opinion concerning the behemoth, that it must be meant of the elephant, yet agrees with the learned Bochart's notion of the leviathan, that it is the crocodile, which was so well known in the river of Egypt. I confess that that which inclines me rather to understand it of the whale is not only because it is much larger and a nobler animal, but because, in the history of the Creation, there is such an express notice taken of it as is not of any other species of animals whatsoever (Gen 1:21, God created great whales), by which it appears, not only that whales were well known in those parts in the time of Moses, who lived a little after Job, but that the creation of whales was generally looked upon as a most illustrious proof of the eternal power and godhead of the Creator; and we may conjecture that this was the reason (for otherwise it seems unaccountable) why Moses there so particularly mentions the creation of the whales, because God had so lately insisted upon the bulk and strength of that creature than of any other, as the proof of his power; and the leviathan is here spoken of as an inhabitant of the sea (Job 41:31), which the crocodile is not; and Psa 104:25, Psa 104:26, there in the great and wide sea, is that leviathan. Here in these verses,

I. He shows how unable Job was to master the leviathan. 1. That he could not catch him, as a little fish, with angling, Job 41:1, Job 41:2. He had no bait wherewith to deceive him, no hook wherewith to catch him, no fish-line wherewith to draw him out of the water, nor a thorn to run through his gills, on which to carry him home. 2. That he could not make him his prisoner, nor force him to cry for quarter, or surrender himself at discretion, Job 41:3, Job 41:4. "He knows his own strength too well to make many supplications to thee, and to make a covenant with thee to be thy servant on condition thou wilt save his life." 3. That he could not entice him into a cage, and keep him there as a bird for the children to play with, Job 41:5. There are creatures so little, so weak, as to be easily restrained thus, and triumphed over; but the leviathan is not one of these: he is made to be the terror, not the sport and diversion, of mankind. 4. That he could not have him served up to his table; he and his companions could not make a banquet of him; his flesh is too strong to be fit for food, and, if it were not, he is not easily caught. 5. That they could not enrich themselves with the spoil of him: Shall they part him among the merchants, the bones to one, the oil to another? If they can catch him, they will; but it is probable that the art of fishing for whales was not brought to perfection then, as it has been since. 6. That they could not destroy him, could not fill his head with fish-spears, Job 41:7. He kept out of the reach of their instruments of slaughter, or, if they touched him, they could not touch him to the quick. 7. That it was to no purpose to attempt it: The hope of taking him is in vain, Job 41:9. If men go about to seize him, so formidable is he that the very sight of him will appal them, and make a stout man ready to faint away: Shall not one be cast down even at the sight of him? and will not that deter the pursuers from their attempt? Job is told, at his peril, to lay his hand upon him, Job 41:8. "Touch him if thou dare; remember the battle, how unable thou art to encounter such a force, and what is therefore likely to be the issue of the battle, and do no more, but desist from the attempt." It is good to remember the battle before we engage in a war, and put off the harness in time if we foresee it will be to no purpose to gird it on. Job is hereby admonished not to proceed in his controversy with God, but to make his peace with him, remembering what the battle will certainly end in if he come to an engagement. See Isa 27:4, Isa 27:5.

II. Thence he infers how unable he was to contend with the Almighty. None is so fierce, none so fool-hardy, that he dares to stir up the leviathan (Job 41:10), it being known that he will certainly be too hard for them; and who then is able to stand before God, either to impeach and arraign his proceedings or to out-face the power of his wrath? If the inferior creatures that are put under the feet of man, and over whom he has dominion, keep us in awe thus, how terrible must the majesty of our great Lord be, who has a sovereign dominion over us and against whom man has been so long in rebellion! Who can stand before him when once he is angry?

Matthew Henry (1662–1714) — Commentary on the Whole Bible. This section covers verses 1–10. Public domain.
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Gregory the DialogistAD 604
Forty Gospel Homilies, Homily 25
Hence it is that this very Mary of whom we speak lives, because He who owed nothing to death lay down for the human race. Hence it is that we daily return to life after our sins, because our Creator descended without guilt to our punishment. Behold, the ancient enemy has now lost the spoils he had begun to take from the human race; he has lost the victory of his supplanting. Daily sinners return to life; daily they are snatched from his jaws by the hand of the Redeemer.

Wherefore it is also well said again to blessed Job by the voice of the Lord: "Or will you pierce his jaw with a bracelet?" Where a bracelet is placed, it constrains by encircling. What then is designated by the bracelet, if not the divine mercy embracing us? Which pierces the jaw of this Leviathan, when it still shows us the remedy of repentance after we have committed what it forbade. The Lord pierces the jaw of Leviathan with a bracelet, because by the ineffable power of His mercy He so opposes the malice of the ancient enemy that sometimes he loses even those whom he had already seized. And they fall as if from his mouth, who return to innocence after committing sins.

For who, once seized by his mouth, would escape his jaw, if it had not been pierced? Did he not hold Peter in his mouth when he denied? Did he not hold David in his mouth when he plunged himself into such a pit of lust? But when each returned to life through repentance, this Leviathan in a certain way lost them as if through the hole in his jaw. Therefore through the hole in his jaw those were withdrawn from his mouth who returned through repenting after committing such great wickedness.

But what man escapes the mouth of this Leviathan so as to commit no unlawful thing? But from this we know how much we are debtors to the Redeemer of the human race, who not only forbade us to go into the mouth of Leviathan, but also granted us to return from his mouth. He did not take away hope from the sinner, because He pierced his jaw to provide a way of escape, so that he who incautiously refused beforehand to beware lest he be bitten might at least flee after the bite. Therefore heavenly medicine meets us everywhere, because He both gave man precepts lest he sin, and yet gave remedies to the sinner lest he despair. Wherefore it must be most carefully guarded against that anyone be seized by the mouth of this Leviathan through delight in sin; and yet if he has been seized, let him not despair, because if he perfectly mourns his sin, he still finds a hole in his jaw through which he may escape.
Gregory the DialogistAD 604
21. As stratagems are signified by ‘nostrils,’ so by a ‘ring’ is designated the omnipotence of Divine Power. For when it keeps us from being seized by temptations, it encircles around and holds firm in wondrous ways the snares of the ancient enemy. A ring is, therefore, put into his nostrils, when by the strength of heavenly protection drawn around us, his cunning is so restrained, as not to prevail so far against the weakness of man, as far as it secretly searches out its fatal arguments. But by the name ‘ring’ can be designated also the aid of the secret judgments, which is put into the nostrils of this Behemoth when he is restrained from his artful cruelty. Whence it is well said by the Prophet to the King of Babylon, when he is kept from injuring the Israelites; I will put a ring in thy nostrils. [Is. 37, 29] As if it were plainly said; Thou breathest hard with thoughts of guile; but from being unable to fulfil thy desires, thou bearest in thy nostrils the ring of My omnipotence, in order that when thou pantest more eagerly for the death of the righteous, thou mayest return unsatisfied from their life. But that which Holy Scripture calls in this place a ‘ring,’ it calls a ‘sickle’ by John in the Apocalypse. For he says, I looked, and behold a white cloud, and upon the cloud one sitting like the Son of Man, having on His head a golden crown, and in His hand a sharp sickle. [Rev. 14, 14] For the power of Divine judgment is called a ‘ring,’ because it binds on every side; but because in its cutting it embraces all things within it, it is marked out by the term ‘sickle.’ For whatever is cut by a sickle falls within it, in whatsoever direction it is turned. And because the power of the heavenly judgment cannot be in any way avoided, (for we are in truth within it, wherever we may endeavour to escape,) when the Judge Who is to come is represented, He is rightly said to hold a sickle. Because when He comes to meet all things in His might, He surrounds them in cutting them off. The Prophet saw that he was within the sickle of judgment, when he said, If I ascend into heaven. Thou art there: if I descend into hell, Thou art present. If I take my wings before the light, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea, even there also shall Thy hand lead me, and Thy right hand shall hold me. [Ps. 139, 8. 9.] He saw himself to be within a kind of sickle, when he knew that there was no way of escape open to him from any place, saying, For neither from the east, nor from the west, nor from the desert mountains, [Ps. 75, 6] thou understandest, ‘a way of escape is open.’ And he proceeded immediately to speak of this all-embracing comprehension of the Divine power, saying, For God is the Judge. [ib. 7] As if he were saying, A way of escape is wanting on every side, because He judges Who is every where. Therefore as the Divine judgments are signified by a sickle, because they encircle and cut down, so are they expressed by a ring, because they bind on every side. A ring is, therefore, put by the Lord in the nostrils of Leviathan, because he is restrained by the power of His judgment from prevailing as much as he wishes in his stratagems. Let it be said then, Wilt thou put a ring into his nostrils? Thou understandest, As I, Who restrain by Almighty judgment his crafty stratagems, so that he neither attempts as much as he wishes, nor succeeds as far as he attempts. It follows,
Or wilt thou bore through his jaw with a bracelet?
22. A ‘bracelet’ differs not in meaning from a ‘ring,’ because this also binds and encircles the spot where it is placed. But because a bracelet extends wider, by a bracelet is designated the more careful protection of His secret judgment over us. The Lord, therefore, bores through the jaw of this Leviathan with a bracelet, because by the ineffable power of His mercy He so thwarts the malice of the ancient enemy, that he sometimes loses even those whom he has seized, and they, as it were, fall from his mouth, who after the commission of sin return to innocence. For who that had once been seized by his mouth would escape his jaw, if it were not bored through? Had he not seized Peter in his mouth, when he denied? Had he not seized David in his mouth, when he plunged himself into such a gulph of lust? But when they returned each of them through penitence to life, this Leviathan let them escape, as it were, through the holes of his jaws. Those, therefore, are withdrawn from his mouth through the hole of his jaw, who after the perpetration of such great wickednesses have come back with penitence. But what man can escape the mouth of this Leviathan, so as not commit any thing unlawful? But hence we know how much we are indebted to the Redeemer of mankind, Who not only restrained us from falling into the mouth of Leviathan, but granted us also to return from his mouth; Who bereft not the sinner of hope, because He pierced his jaw that He might make a way to escape, so that he, who at first was incautious and not afraid of being bitten, might at least escape after the bite. The heavenly remedy, therefore, every where comes to our aid, because He both gave man precepts, that he should not sin, and yet furnished him with remedies when in sin, that he should not despair. There must, therefore, be exercised the greatest caution; that no one through pleasure in sin be seized by the mouth of this Leviathan. And yet, if he has been seized, let him not despair, because if he thoroughly bewails his sin, he finds a hole in his jaw, by which to escape. He is even now being crushed with his teeth; but if a way of escape is still sought for, a hole is found in his jaw. He who would not keep a look out, so as not to be taken, has, even when taken, a place to escape at. Let every one then who is not yet taken, avoid his jaw; but let every one who has been already taken, seek for a hole in his jaw. For our Creator is merciful and just.
23. But let no one say, Because He is merciful, I sin venially. And let no one who has sinned say, Because He is just, I despair of the remission of my sin. For God looses the sin which is bewailed; but let every one be afraid of sinning, because he knows not whether he can worthily bewail it. Before sinning then, let him fear His justice; but after sinning, let him presume on His mercy; and let him not so fear His justice, as not to be strengthened by any consolation of hope, nor be so confident of His mercy, as to neglect to apply to his wounds the medicine of worthy penitence. But let him always think also, that He Who he ventures to hope spares him in mercy, judges also with severity. Let the hope of the sinner then rejoice in His mercy, but let the correction of the penitent tremble under His severity. Let the hope, therefore, of our confidence have also a sting of fear, in order that the justice of the Judge may frighten into the correction of his sins him whom the grace of the Forgiver invites to the confidence of pardon. For hence it is said by a certain wise man; Say not, the mercies of the Lord are many, He will not be mindful of my sins. [Ecclus. 5, 6] For he immediately speaks of His mercy and justice, saying, For mercy and wrath are from Him. [ib. 7] The Divine clemency, therefore, by piercing the jaw of this Behemoth, comes to the aid of mankind on every side, both mercifully and powerfully, because it did not abstain from giving them caution and admonition when free, nor took from them the remedy of escape when they had been captured. For the sins of such persons, that is, of David and Peter, are recorded in Scripture for this end, that the fall of their betters may be a caution to inferiors. But the penitence and the pardon of both are alike inserted to this end, that the recovery of the lost may be the hope of the perishing. Let no one boast then of standing firm himself, when David falls. Let no one also despair of his own fall, when David rises. Behold how marvellously Holy Scripture humbles the proud with the same word with which it raises up the humble. For it recorded but one circumstance, and recalled, by a different effect, the proud to the fearfulness of humility, and the humble to the confidence of hope. O the surpassing value of this new kind of remedy! which applied in one and the same manner, dries up the swollen by pressing on it, and restores the withered by upraising it. For it alarmed us at the fall of our superiors, but strengthened us by their restoration.
24. For thus, in truth, thus does the mercy of the Divine dispensation ever check us when proud, and support us from sinking into despair. Whence He also warns us by Moses, saying, Thou shalt not take either the upper or the nether millstone to pledge. [Deut. 24, 6] For by ‘take’ we sometimes mean ‘take away.’ Whence also those birds which are eager in seizing other birds are called hawks [accipitres, ab accipio]. Whence the Apostle Paul says, For ye suffer, if a man devour you, if a man take. [2 Cor. 11, 20] As if he said, If any one takes away. But the pledge of the debtor is the confession of a sinner. For a pledge is taken from a debtor, when a confession of sin is obtained from a sinner. But the upper and nether millstone are hope and fear. For hope raises up the heart, but fear weighs it down lower. But the upper and the nether millstone are so necessarily joined together, that one is possessed in vain without the other. Hope and fear, therefore, ought to be unceasingly united in the breast of a sinner, because he hopes in vain for mercy, if he does not also fear justice; he in vain fears justice, if he does not also rely on mercy. The upper or the nether millstone is, therefore, ordered not to be taken as a pledge; because he who preaches to a sinner, ought to order his preaching with such management, as not in leaving hope to remove fear, nor yet in withdrawing hope, to leave him in fear only. For the upper or the nether millstone is removed, if by the tongue of the preacher, either fear is severed from hope, or hope from fear, in the breast of the sinner.
25. But since on having brought forward David, as the case demanded, we have made mention of so great a sin, the mind of our reader is perhaps moved to enquire, why Almighty God does not keep uninjured by bodily sins, those whom He has elected for ever, and has also taken up to the height of spiritual gifts. To which, because we believe they will be speedily satisfied, we give a brief reply. For some through the gifts of virtues they have received, through the grace of good works bestowed on them, fall into the sin of pride, but yet know not whither they have fallen. Accordingly, the ancient enemy, because he already rules over them within, is permitted also to rage against them from without, in order that they who are elated in thought, may be brought down by the lust of the flesh. But we know that it is sometimes much less to fall into corruption of body, than to sin in our silent thought from deliberate pride. But when pride is believed to be less disgraceful, it is less avoided. But men are more ashamed of lust, the more they all alike know it to be disgraceful. It is hence frequently the case that some persons on falling into lust after pride, are, from their open fall, ashamed of the guilt of their latent sin. And they then also correct their greater faults, when they are more sorely confounded from having been overcome in those that are less. For they who believed that they were free when living in greater sins, behold that they are guilty even amid smaller ones. This Behemoth then, when let loose by the merciful dispensation of God, leads on from sin to sin, and while he strikes the more heavily, loses thereby him whom he has seized, and is conquered by the very means by which he seems to have triumphed. It is pleasing to consider within the well guarded bosom of grace, with what great favour of compassion God surrounds us. Behold! he who prides himself on his virtue, through sin comes back to humility. But he who is puffed up by the virtues he has received, is wounded not with a sword, but, so to say, with a remedy. For what is virtue but a remedy, and what is vice but a wound? Because, therefore, we make a wound of our remedy, He makes a remedy of our wound; in order that we who are wounded by our virtue, may be healed by our sin. For we pervert the gifts of virtues to the practice of vice; He applies the allurements of vices to promote virtues [‘in artem virtutem’], and wounds our healthy state in order to preserve it, and that we who fly from humility when we run, may cling to it at least when falling. But it should be understood in these matters, that the more the greater number of men fall in many things, the more firmly are they bound; and that when this Behemoth smites them with one sin to make them fall, he binds them also with another to keep them from rising. Let a man, therefore, consider with what an enemy he is waging war; and if he perceives that he has already offended in any matter, let him at least be afraid of being drawn from sin to sin, in order that the wounds may be carefully avoided, with which he frequently destroys. For it is very seldom that our enemy subserves the salvation of the Elect by actual wounds.
26. But the perforated jaw of this Behemoth can be understood in another sense also; so that he may be said to hold in his mouth not those whom he has already completely entangled in sin, but those whom he is still tempting by the persuasions of sin: so as that his chewing any one may be his tempting him with the pleasure of sin. He had received Paul to be chewed, but not swallowed, when he was harassing him, after so many sublime revelations, with thorns of the flesh. [2 Cor. 12, 7] For when he received permission to practise temptation against him, he then held him in his jaw, which yet had been pierced through. But he who could perish through pride, was tempted, that he might not perish. That temptation was, therefore, not an abyss of vices, but a protection of his merits; because this Leviathan by wearying him crushed him with affliction, but did not devour by involving him in sin. But he would not lose men who were elated by their sanctity, unless he tempted them. For they would not be holy, if they boasted of the glory of their sanctity, and would fall the more under his power, the more they extolled themselves for their virtues. But by the wonderful course of the dispensation, when they are tempted, they are humbled; when they are humbled, they cease at once to be his. The jaw of this Behemoth is, therefore, well said to have been pierced through, because he loses the Elect of God by crushing them, by attempting to destroy, he keeps them from perishing. The ancient enemy, therefore, subserving the secret dispensations of God, willingly tempts the souls of the holy to their ruin, but, by tempting, unwillingly preserves them for the kingdom. His jaw is, therefore, pierced through, because those whom he crushes by tempting, that is, by chewing them, he loses as it were, when he goes to swallow. But since it is the work not of human, but divine, forethought, that the very craft of the ancient enemy promotes ['suffragetur'] the benefit of the just, (so that when he tempts the Elect he protects them the more by his temptation,) it is well said to blessed Job; Or wilt thou bore through his jaw with a bracelet? Thou understandest, As I; Who providently disposing all things, preserve My Elect more firmly in their integrity, by permitting them to be moved ['labefactari'] in a measure from their integrity by the jaw of this Leviathan.
Gregory the DialogistAD 604
MORALS ON THE BOOK OF JOB 33.21-22
“Can you put a ring in its nose?” As stratagems are signified by “nostrils,” so by a “ring” is designated the omnipotence of divine power. For when it keeps us from being seized by temptations, it encircles around and holds firm in wondrous ways the snares of the ancient enemy. A ring is therefore put into its nostrils when by the strength of heavenly protection drawn around us, its cunning is restrained so as not to prevail against the weakness of humanity, as far as it secretly searches out its fatal arguments.… “Or can you pierce its jaw with a bracelet?” … The Lord therefore bores through the jaw of this Leviathan with a bracelet, because by the ineffable power of his mercy he so thwarts the malice of the ancient enemy that he sometimes loses even those whom it has seized, and they, as it were, fall from its mouth, who, after the commission of sin, return to innocence. Who, once seized by its mouth, would escape his jaw, if it were not bored through? Did it not seize Peter in his mouth when he denied? Did it not seize David in its mouth when he plunged himself into such a gulf of lust? But when they returned, each of them through penitence to life, this Leviathan let them escape, as it were, through the holes of his jaws. Those therefore are withdrawn from its mouth through the hole of its jaw who after the perpetration of such great wickedness have come back with penitence.
Source: Quotations drawn from early Church Fathers and historical Christian theologians (AD 100–1500). Some quotes address the surrounding passage context rather than this verse alone.
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