Jeremiah 49:23

KJV

¶ Concerning Damascus. Hamath is confounded, and Arpad: for they have heard evil tidings: they are fainthearted; [there is] sorrow on the sea; it cannot be quiet.

KJV (with Strong's)

Concerning Damascus {H1834}. Hamath {H2574} is confounded {H954}, and Arpad {H774}: for they have heard {H8085} evil {H7451} tidings {H8052}: they are fainthearted {H4127}; there is sorrow {H1674} on the sea {H3220}; it cannot {H3201} be quiet {H8252}.

Complete Jewish Bible

Concerning Dammesek: "Hamat and Arpad are confused; having heard bad news, they dissolve in fear, like the churning sea, which cannot calm itself.

Berean Standard Bible

Concerning Damascus: “Hamath and Arpad are put to shame, for they have heard a bad report; they are agitated like the sea; their anxiety cannot be calmed.

American Standard Version

Of Damascus. Hamath is confounded, and Arpad; for they have heard evil tidings, they are melted away: there is sorrow on the sea; it cannot be quiet.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Jeremiah 49:23 delivers a stark prophetic oracle against Damascus, the powerful capital of Aram, and its allied cities, Hamath and Arpad. The verse vividly portrays the overwhelming panic, confusion, and despair that will seize these regions upon receiving news of an impending, devastating catastrophe, likely the advance of the formidable Babylonian army. This divine pronouncement underscores God's absolute sovereignty over all nations, demonstrating His power to bring even the most secure and proud kingdoms to a state of utter disquiet and dissolution.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is situated within a significant prophetic section of Jeremiah (chapters 46-51), which comprises a series of oracles against foreign nations. Following prophecies concerning Egypt ([Jeremiah 46](/jeremiah/46 "Jeremiah 46 - Prophecy Against Egypt")), the Philistines ([Jeremiah 47](/jeremiah/47 "Jeremiah 47 - Prophecy Against the Philistines")), Moab ([Jeremiah 48](/jeremiah/48 "Jeremiah 48 - Prophecy Against Moab")), Ammon, and Edom ([Jeremiah 49:1-22](/jeremiah/49-1 "Jeremiah 49:1-22 - Prophecies Against Ammon and Edom")), Jeremiah's prophetic gaze shifts to Damascus and its sphere of influence. This arrangement highlights the universal scope of Yahweh's judgment, demonstrating that His authority extends far beyond Israel to encompass all the kingdoms of the ancient Near East, culminating in the lengthy oracle against Babylon itself in [Jeremiah 50-51](/jeremiah/50 "Jeremiah 50-51 - Prophecy Against Babylon").
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** Damascus was an ancient and strategically vital city, serving as the capital of Aram (Syria) and a major trade hub. Throughout its history, it frequently clashed with Israel and Judah, often posing a significant military threat. Hamath and Arpad were important Aramean city-states to the north of Damascus, indicating that the judgment would encompass the broader Syrian region. The "evil tidings" almost certainly refer to the impending invasion by the Neo-Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar II, which was the dominant superpower of the late 7th and early 6th centuries BCE. Babylon served as God's instrument of judgment, bringing divine wrath upon nations that had grown arrogant, idolatrous, or hostile to His purposes, as seen in [Habakkuk 1:6-11](/habakkuk/1-6 "Habakkuk 1:6-11 - God Raises Up the Babylonians").
* **Key Themes:** The prophecy against Damascus reinforces several overarching themes found throughout Jeremiah's book. Firstly, it powerfully asserts the **Divine Sovereignty** of Yahweh over all nations, demonstrating that no kingdom, however powerful or secure, is beyond His reach or judgment. Secondly, it highlights the **Inevitability of Judgment** for pride, idolatry, and wickedness, showing that God holds all peoples accountable for their actions. The fear and despair described in the verse underscore the theme of **Overwhelming Terror in the Face of Divine Wrath**, a common motif in prophetic literature when describing the consequences of defying God. Finally, the inclusion of Damascus in this series of oracles emphasizes the **Universality of God's Justice**, reminding both Israel and the surrounding nations that Yahweh is the Lord of history, orchestrating events to fulfill His righteous purposes, as [Isaiah 10:5-7](/isaiah/10-5 "Isaiah 10:5-7 - Assyria as God's Instrument") also illustrates.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **confounded (Hebrew, _bûwsh'_):** From H954, meaning "to pale, i.e. by implication to be ashamed; also (by implication) to be disappointed or delayed." In this context, it signifies a profound sense of shame, dismay, and humiliation. The once-proud cities of Hamath and Arpad will experience a sudden and complete collapse of their confidence and security, leaving them utterly disgraced and disheartened in the face of the approaching calamity.
* **fainthearted (Hebrew, _mûwg'_):** From H4127, a primitive root meaning "to melt, i.e. literally (to soften, flow down, disappear), or figuratively (to fear, faint)." This word vividly portrays the psychological state of the people. Their courage and resolve will literally "melt away" or "dissolve," leaving them weak, terrified, and utterly devoid of spirit or ability to resist the overwhelming "evil tidings."
* **sorrow (Hebrew, _dᵉʼâgâh'_):** From H1674, meaning "anxiety; care(-fulness), fear, heaviness, sorrow." This term captures the deep emotional distress, anguish, and pervasive anxiety that will grip the region. It speaks to a profound and unsettling inner turmoil, a heavy burden of grief and apprehension that leaves no room for peace or comfort.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"Concerning Damascus. Hamath is confounded, and Arpad:"** The oracle begins by explicitly naming its subject, Damascus, the capital of Aram, immediately followed by two key allied cities, Hamath and Arpad. The declaration that they are "confounded" (ashamed, dismayed) sets the tone, indicating a state of utter humiliation and disarray. This is not just a military defeat but a profound psychological and social collapse.
* **"for they have heard evil tidings:"** This clause provides the direct cause of their consternation. The "evil tidings" (news, report) are not just rumors but concrete, terrifying intelligence about an imminent and overwhelming threat, most likely the advance of the Babylonian army. The mere hearing of this news is enough to shatter their composure and security, demonstrating the destructive power of fear.
* **"they are fainthearted;"** This phrase further elaborates on the psychological impact of the news. Their hearts "melt" or "dissolve" within them, signifying a complete loss of courage, resolve, and spirit. This state of being "fainthearted" renders them incapable of effective resistance or even rational thought, leaving them paralyzed by terror.
* **"[there is] sorrow on the sea; it cannot be quiet."** This powerful metaphorical image describes the pervasive and uncontrollable nature of the distress. "The sea" here likely represents the vast populace or the overwhelming, turbulent state of trouble and anguish that engulfs the region. Just as a stormy sea cannot be calmed, so the sorrow and anxiety among the people are so widespread and intense that they cannot find peace, rest, or quietude. The turmoil is relentless and all-consuming.

#### Literary Devices
Jeremiah 49:23 employs several potent **Literary Devices** to convey the depth of the impending judgment. **Personification** is evident as Damascus, Hamath, and Arpad are described as experiencing human emotions like being "confounded" and "fainthearted," giving the cities themselves a sense of dread and despair. The phrase "sorrow on the sea" is a striking **Metaphor**, comparing the widespread and overwhelming distress among the people to the restless, unceasable churning of a turbulent ocean. This imagery powerfully conveys the pervasive and uncontrollable nature of their anguish. The description of their reaction—being "confounded," "fainthearted," and unable to find "quiet"—also contains elements of **Hyperbole**, emphasizing the extreme and all-encompassing nature of the terror that will grip the region, leaving no one untouched by the overwhelming news. As part of a larger collection, this verse functions as a **Prophetic Oracle**, a divine pronouncement of judgment, characterized by its direct address and declarative tone, asserting God's absolute authority over the nations.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
This oracle against Damascus powerfully articulates the theological truth that God's sovereignty is not limited to His covenant people, Israel, but extends over all nations and the entire course of human history. The "evil tidings" that cause such widespread terror serve as a stark reminder that all earthly powers, no matter how formidable, are ultimately subject to the divine will and judgment of Yahweh. The fear and disquiet described in the verse highlight the precariousness of human security built on military might or political alliances, contrasting it with the enduring peace found in trusting the Lord. This passage underscores that God uses even pagan empires, like Babylon, as instruments of His righteous judgment against the pride, idolatry, and injustice prevalent among nations.

* [Isaiah 13:6-8](/isaiah/13-6 "Isaiah 13:6-8 - The Day of the Lord and Terror") – Describes similar terror and anguish among those facing God's judgment.
* [Daniel 4:17](/daniel/4-17 "Daniel 4:17 - God's Sovereignty Over Kingdoms") – Affirms that "the Most High is sovereign over all kingdoms on earth and gives them to anyone he wishes."
* [Psalm 2:1-5](/psalms/2-1 "Psalm 2:1-5 - The Nations Rage, God Laughs") – Illustrates God's derision of earthly rulers who conspire against Him, emphasizing His ultimate control.

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Jeremiah 49:23 serves as a profound reminder that human pride and self-reliance, whether in individuals or nations, are ultimately futile when confronted with the sovereign will of God. The "evil tidings" that shattered the peace of Damascus prompt us to consider what "tidings" dominate our own hearts and minds. Are we easily "confounded" or "fainthearted" by global events, economic uncertainties, or personal trials? This passage calls us to place our ultimate trust not in fleeting worldly powers or circumstances that can be so easily disrupted, but in the unshakeable character and promises of God. True peace and quietude, unlike the restless "sorrow on the sea" experienced by Damascus, are found in a deep and abiding relationship with the Lord, who remains steadfast amidst all turmoil. It challenges us to discern God's hand in history, even in events that seem chaotic or destructive, recognizing that He is always working to fulfill His purposes.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **What "evil tidings" in today's world cause widespread fear and anxiety, and how do these compare to the "good news" of the Gospel?**
* **In what areas of my life do I tend to rely on my own strength or worldly security, rather than fully trusting in God's sovereignty?**
* **How can understanding God's judgment on nations like Damascus deepen my appreciation for His justice and mercy?**
* **What does it mean for my heart to be "quiet" in a world filled with "sorrow on the sea," and how can I cultivate that spiritual repose?**

### FAQ
**What does "sorrow on the sea; it cannot be quiet" mean metaphorically?**

Answer: This powerful phrase is a vivid metaphor describing an overwhelming and pervasive state of distress and turmoil among the people of Damascus and its surrounding region. "The sea" here does not refer to a literal body of water, but rather symbolizes a vast, uncontrollable, and restless force. Just as a stormy sea is in constant motion and cannot find calm, so the sorrow, anxiety, and panic gripping the inhabitants are so profound and widespread that they offer no respite or peace. It signifies a complete absence of quietude, both outwardly in their circumstances and inwardly in their hearts, due to the terrifying "evil tidings" they have received. This imagery underscores the complete disruption and despair that will engulf the region as a result of God's impending judgment.

**Why was God pronouncing judgment on Damascus?**

Answer: God's judgment on Damascus, like that on other foreign nations in Jeremiah 46-51, stemmed from a combination of factors common to many ancient Near Eastern kingdoms. Historically, Damascus, as the capital of Aram, had often been an adversary of Israel, engaging in conflicts and oppressive actions against God's people (e.g., [2 Kings 13:7](/2_kings/13-7 "2 Kings 13:7 - Aramean Oppression of Israel")). More broadly, these judgments were pronounced due to their pride, idolatry, injustice, and general wickedness, which defied the moral order established by God. The prophecies against foreign nations demonstrate God's universal sovereignty, reminding all peoples that He is the ultimate judge of the earth, holding all accountable for their actions, as seen in [Amos 1:3-5](/amos/1-3 "Amos 1:3-5 - Prophecy Against Damascus"). Damascus, like other powerful nations, had likely grown arrogant in its strength and forgotten that its existence and prosperity were ultimately dependent on the Most High.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
While Jeremiah 49:23 speaks of a specific historical judgment on Damascus, its themes resonate deeply with the overarching narrative of Christ's ultimate sovereignty and the nature of true peace. The "evil tidings" that bring terror to Damascus stand in stark contrast to the "good news" (Gospel) of Jesus Christ, which brings peace to those who believe. The world, like the "sea" of Damascus, remains restless and filled with "sorrow," constantly shaken by the tidings of war, disaster, and human depravity. Yet, Christ is the one who ultimately stills the storms, both literal and metaphorical. He is the [Prince of Peace](/isaiah/9-6 "Isaiah 9:6 - The Prince of Peace"), whose kingdom will have no end, and who offers a peace that the world cannot give ([John 14:27](/john/14-27 "John 14:27 - Jesus Gives Peace")). The "faintheartedness" and "confusion" experienced by Damascus foreshadow the ultimate judgment that awaits all who reject God's rule, yet Christ, through His atoning sacrifice, offers refuge from that wrath ([Romans 5:9](/romans/5-9 "Romans 5:9 - Saved from God's Wrath")). He is the one who will ultimately bring all earthly powers to account, not with "evil tidings" but with the just and righteous judgment of the [King of kings and Lord of lords](/revelation/19-16 "Revelation 19:16 - King of Kings and Lord of Lords"), establishing a new heavens and new earth where there will be no more sorrow or crying, and the sea itself will be no more ([Revelation 21:1-4](/revelation/21-1 "Revelation 21:1-4 - A New Heaven and a New Earth")).

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

2 Kings 18:34

Where [are] the gods of Hamath, and of Arpad? where [are] the gods of Sepharvaim, Hena, and Ivah? have they delivered Samaria out of mine hand?

Isaiah 10:9

[Is] not Calno as Carchemish? [is] not Hamath as Arpad? [is] not Samaria as Damascus?

Isaiah 57:20

But the wicked [are] like the troubled sea, when it cannot rest, whose waters cast up mire and dirt.

Genesis 14:15

And he divided himself against them, he and his servants, by night, and smote them, and pursued them unto Hobah, which [is] on the left hand of Damascus.

2 Kings 19:13

Where [is] the king of Hamath, and the king of Arpad, and the king of the city of Sepharvaim, of Hena, and Ivah?

Numbers 13:21

¶ So they went up, and searched the land from the wilderness of Zin unto Rehob, as men come to Hamath.

Nahum 2:10

She is empty, and void, and waste: and the heart melteth, and the knees smite together, and much pain [is] in all loins, and the faces of them all gather blackness.