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Commentary on Exodus 29 verses 1–37
Here is, I. The law concerning the consecration of Aaron and his sons to the priest's office, which was to be done with a great deal of ceremony and solemnity, that they themselves might be duly affected with the greatness of the work to which they were called, and that the people also might learn to magnify the office and none might dare to invade it.
1.The ceremonies wherewith it was to be done were very fully and particularly appointed, because nothing of this kind had been done before, and because it was to be a statute for ever that the high priest should be thus inaugurated. Now,
(1.)The work to be done was the consecrating of the persons whom God had chosen to be priests, by which they devoted and gave up themselves to the service of God and God declared his acceptance of them; and the people were made to know that they glorified not themselves to be made priests, but were called of God, Heb 5:4, Heb 5:5. They were thus distinguished from common men, sequestered from common services, and set apart for God and an immediate attendance on him. Note, All that are to be employed for God are to be sanctified to him. The person must first be accepted, and then the performance. The Hebrew phrase for consecrating is filling the hand (Exo 29:9): Thou shalt fill the hand of Aaron and his sons, and the ram of consecration is the ram of fillings, Exo 29:22, Exo 29:26. The consecrating of them was the perfecting of them; Christ is said to be perfect or consecrated for evermore, Heb 7:28. Probably the phrase here is borrowed from the putting of the sacrifice into their hand, to be waved before the Lord, Exo 29:24. But it intimates, [1.] That ministers have their hands full; they have no time to trifle, so great, so copious, so constant is their work. [2.] That they must have their hands filled. Of necessity they must have something to offer, and they cannot find it in themselves, it must be given them from above. They cannot fill the people's hearts unless God fill their hands; to him therefore they must go, and receive from his fulness.
(2.)The person to do it was Moses, by God's appointment. Though he was ordained for men, yet the people were not to consecrate him; Moses the servant of the Lord, and his agent herein, must do it. By God's special appointment he now did the priest's work, and therefore that which was the priest's part of the sacrifice was here ordered to be his, Exo 29:26.
(3.)The place was at the door of the tabernacle of meeting, Exo 29:4. God was pleased to dwell in the tabernacle, the people attending in the courts, so that the door between the court and the tabernacle was the fittest place for those to be consecrated in who were to mediate between God and man, and to stand between both, and lay their hands (as it were) upon both. They were consecrated at the door, for they were to be door-keepers.
(4.)It was done with many ceremonies.
[1.]They were to be washed (Exo 29:4), signifying that those must be clean who bear the vessels of the Lord, Isa 52:11. Those that would perfect holiness must cleanse themselves from all filthiness of flesh and spirit, Co2 7:1; Isa 1:16-18. They were now washed all over; but afterwards, when they went in to minister, they washed only their hands and feet (Exo 30:19); for he that is washed needs no more, Joh 13:10.
[2.]They were to be clothed with the holy garments (Exo 29:5, Exo 29:6, Exo 29:8, Exo 29:9), to signify that it was not sufficient for them to put away the pollutions of sin, but they must put on the graces of the Spirit, be clothed with righteousness, Psa 132:9. They must be girded, as men prepared and strengthened for their work; and they must be robed and crowned, as men that counted their work and office their true honour.
[3.]The high priest was to be anointed with the holy anointing oil (Exo 29:7), that the church might be filled and delighted with the sweet savour of his administrations (for ointment and perfume rejoice the heart), and in token of the pouring out of the Spirit upon him, to qualify him for his work. Brotherly love is compared to this oil with which Aaron was anointed, Psa 133:2. The inferior priests are said to be anointed (Exo 30:30), not on their heads, as the high priest (Lev 21:10), the oil was only mingled with the blood that was sprinkled upon their garments.
[4.]Sacrifices were to be offered for them. The covenant of priesthood, as all other covenants, must be made by sacrifice.
First, There must be a sin-offering, to make atonement for them, Exo 29:10-14. The law made those priests that had infirmity, and therefore they must first offer for their own sin, before they could make atonement for the people, Heb 7:27, Heb 7:28. They were to put their hand on the head of their sacrifice (Exo 29:10), confessing that they deserved to die for their own sin, and desiring that the killing of the beast might expiate their guilt, and be accepted as a vicarious satisfaction. It was used as other sin-offerings were; only, whereas the flesh of other sin-offerings was eaten by the priests (Lev 10:18), in token of the priest's taking away the sin of the people, this was appointed to be all burnt without the camp (Exo 29:14), to signify the imperfection of the legal dispensation (as the learned bishop Patrick notes); for the sins of the priests themselves could not be taken away by those sacrifices, but they must expect a better high priest and a better sacrifice.
Secondly, There must be a burnt-offering, a ram wholly burnt, to the honour of God, in token of the dedication of themselves wholly to God and to his service, as living sacrifices, kindled with the fire and ascending in the flame of holy love, Exo 29:15-18. The sin-offering must first be offered and then the burnt-offering; for, till guilt be removed, no acceptable service can be performed, Isa 6:7.
Thirdly, There must be a peace-offering; it is called the ram of consecration, because there was more in this peculiar to the occasion than in the other two. In the burnt-offering God had the glory of their priesthood, in this they had the comfort of it; and, in token of a mutual covenant between God and them, 1. The blood of the sacrifice was divided between God and them (Exo 29:20, Exo 29:21); part of the blood was sprinkled upon the altar round about, and part put upon them, upon their bodies (Exo 29:20), and upon their garments, Exo 29:21. Thus the benefit of the expiation made by the sacrifice was applied and assured to them, and their whole selves from head to foot sanctified to the service of God. The blood was put upon the extreme parts of the body, to signify that it was all, as it were, enclosed and taken in for God, the tip of the ear and the great toe not excepted. We reckon that the blood and oil sprinkled upon garments spot and stain them; yet the holy oil, and the blood of the sacrifice, sprinkled upon their garments, must be looked upon as the greatest adorning imaginable to them, for they signified the blood of Christ, and the graces of the Spirit, which constitute and complete the beauty of holiness, and recommend us to God; we read of robes made white with the blood of the Lamb. 2. The flesh of the sacrifice, with the meat-offering annexed to it, was likewise divided between God and them, that (to speak with reverence) God and they might feast together, in token of friendship and fellowship. (1.) Part of it was to be first waved before the Lord, and then burnt upon the altar; part of the flesh (Exo 29:22), part of the bread, for bread and flesh must go together (Exo 29:23); these were first put into the hands of Aaron to be waved to and fro, in token of their being offered to God (who, though unseen, yet compasses us round on every side), and then they were to be burnt upon the altar (Exo 29:24, Exo 29:25), for the altar was to devour God's part of the sacrifice. Thus God admitted Aaron and his sons to be his servants, and wait at his table, taking the mat of his altar from their hands. Here, in a parenthesis, as it were, comes in the law concerning the priests' part of the peace-offerings afterwards, the breast and shoulder, which were now divided; Moses had the breast, and the shoulder was burnt on the altar with God's part, Exo 29:26-28. (2.) The other part, both of the flesh of the ram and of the bread, Aaron and his sons were to eat at the door of the tabernacle (Exo 29:31-33), to signify that he called them not only servants but friends, Joh 15:15. He supped with them, and they with him. Their eating of the things wherewith the atonement was made signified their receiving the atonement, as the expression is (Rom 5:11), their thankful acceptance of the benefit of it, and their joyful communion with God thereupon, which was the true intent and meaning of a feast upon a sacrifice. If any of it was left, it must be burnt, that it might not be in any danger of putrefying, and to show that it was an extraordinary peace-offering.
2.The time that was to be spent in this consecration: Seven days shalt thou consecrate them, Exo 29:35. Though all the ceremonies were performed on the first day, yet, (1.) They were not to look upon their consecration as completed till the seven days' end, which put a solemnity upon their admission, and a distance between this and their former state, and obliged them to enter upon their work with a pause, giving them time to consider the weight and seriousness of it. This was to be observed in after-ages, Exo 29:30. He that was to succeed Aaron in the high-priesthood must put on the holy garments seven days together, in token of a deliberate and gradual advance into his office, and that one sabbath might pass over him in his consecration. (2.) Every day of the seven, in this first consecration, a bullock was to be offered for a sin-offering (Exo 29:36), which was to intimate to them, [1.] That it was of very great concern to them to get their sins pardoned, and that though atonement was made, and they had the comfort of it, yet they must still keep up a penitent sense of sin and often repeat the confession of it. [2.] That those sacrifices which were thus offered day by day to make atonement could not make the comers thereunto perfect, for then they would have ceased to be offered, as the apostle argues, Heb 10:1, Heb 10:2. They must therefore expect the bringing in of a better hope.
3.This consecration of the priests was a shadow of good things to come. (1.) Our Lord Jesus is the great high-priest of our profession, called of God to be so, consecrated for evermore, anointed with the Spirit above his fellows (whence he is called Messiah, the Christ), clothed with the holy garments, even with glory and beauty, sanctified by his own blood, not that of bullocks and rams (Heb 9:12), made perfect, or consecrated, through sufferings, Heb 2:10. Thus in him this was a perpetual statute, Exo 29:9. (2.) All believers are spiritual priests, to offer spiritual sacrifices (Pe1 2:5), washed in the blood of Christ, and so made to our God priests, Rev 1:5, Rev 1:6. They also are clothed with the beauty of holiness, and have received the anointing, Jo1 2:27. Their hands are filled with work, to which they must continually attend; and it is through Christ, the great sacrifice, that they are dedicated to this service. His blood sprinkled upon the conscience purges it from dead works, that they may, as priests, serve the living God. The Spirit of God (as Ainsworth notes) is called the finger of God (Luk 11:20, compared with Mat 12:28), and by him the merit of Christ is effectually applied to our souls, as here Moses with his finger was to put the blood upon Aaron. It is likewise intimated that gospel ministers are to be solemnly set apart to the work of the ministry with great deliberation and seriousness both in the ordainers and in the ordained, as those that are to be employed in a great work and entrusted with a great charge.
II. The consecration of the altar, which seems to have been coincident with that of the priests, and the sin-offerings which were offered every day for seven days together had reference to the altar as well as the priests, Exo 29:36, Exo 29:37. An atonement was made for the altar. Though that was not a subject capable of sin, nor, having never yet been used, could it be said to be polluted with the sins of the people, yet, since the fall, there can be no sanctification to God but there must first be an atonement for sin, which renders us both unworthy and unfit to be employed for God. The altar was also sanctified, not only set apart itself to a sacred use, but made so holy as to sanctify the gifts that were offered upon it, Mat 23:19. Christ is our altar; for our sakes he sanctified himself, that we and our performances might be sanctified and recommended to God, Joh 17:19.
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SUMMARY
Exodus 29:10 initiates the elaborate consecration ceremony for Aaron and his sons, marking their divine appointment as priests. This pivotal verse details the initial step of presenting a bullock for a sin offering and the crucial act of Aaron and his sons laying their hands upon its head, symbolizing identification with the sacrifice and the transfer of their unworthiness, thereby setting the stage for their purification and sanctification for sacred service within the Tabernacle.
CONTEXT
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
Exodus 29:10 employs several significant literary devices to convey its profound theological meaning. Symbolism is paramount, with the "bullock" serving as a powerful symbol of the costly and necessary sacrifice for sin, representing an innocent life offered in place of the guilty. The "Tabernacle of the congregation" symbolizes God's holy presence, His dwelling among His people, and the designated space for communion and reconciliation. The act of "laying on of hands" (Hebrew: semikhah) is a deeply significant symbolic gesture, representing identification, the transfer of guilt or defilement, and dedication. The entire verse functions as a precise ritual instruction, detailing a specific, divinely ordained action within a larger ceremonial sequence. This emphasis on ritual highlights the importance of order, obedience, and the performative nature of their consecration, emphasizing that access to God is through prescribed means. Furthermore, the meticulous detail in the divine command serves as foreshadowing, subtly pointing to a greater, ultimate sacrifice that would perfectly fulfill the need for atonement and priestly mediation, transcending the temporary nature of these animal offerings.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Exodus 29:10 profoundly illustrates several core theological truths: the absolute holiness of God, the pervasive nature of human sin, and the divine provision for atonement through substitutionary sacrifice. The meticulous ritual underscores that no one, not even those chosen for sacred service, can approach a holy God without prior purification. The bullock's sacrifice and the laying on of hands establish the principle of identification with a sin-bearer and the transfer of guilt, a foundational concept for understanding God's pathway to reconciliation. This act of divine ordination and purification was essential for the priests to mediate effectively between God and His people, foreshadowing the perfect mediator to come.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Exodus 29:10, though describing an ancient ritual, offers profound spiritual insights for believers today. It starkly reminds us of the infinite holiness of God and the utter seriousness of sin, which necessitates such a costly and precise act of atonement even for those called to His service. This verse compels us to recognize that our approach to God is never on our own merit or by our own strength, but always through a divinely provided means of purification and reconciliation. For us, this means through the perfect sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who perfectly fulfilled all these Old Testament types. As a "royal priesthood" (1 Peter 2:9), we are called to live lives set apart for God, understanding that our access to Him is not earned but gifted through Christ's finished work. This should inspire both deep gratitude for His provision and a profound reverence for His holiness, motivating us to live in a manner worthy of our calling, reflecting His character in our daily lives and serving as His ambassadors in the world.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why was a bullock specifically chosen for this sacrifice?
Answer: A bullock was chosen primarily because it represented a significant and valuable offering. In the Israelite sacrificial system, larger, more valuable animals like bullocks were typically required for sin offerings, especially for the high priest or for the entire community, as seen in Leviticus 4. Its high value underscored the gravity of the sin being atoned for and the immense cost of purification required for those entering such a holy office. It also signified the serious nature of the consecration itself, demanding a substantial sacrifice that reflected the weight of the priestly office and the holiness of God.
What is the significance of "laying on of hands" in this context?
Answer: The act of "laying on of hands" (Hebrew: semikhah) was a crucial symbolic gesture. In this context, it signified the identification of Aaron and his sons with the sacrificial animal. More profoundly, it represented the symbolic transfer of their sins, impurities, and unworthiness onto the innocent bullock. This act was essential for the bullock to become a substitutionary sacrifice, bearing the defilement of the priests so that they could be purified and consecrated for their sacred duties before God in the Tabernacle. It visually and ritually conveyed the principle of vicarious atonement.
How does this Old Testament ritual relate to New Testament believers?
Answer: While the specific rituals of the Old Testament priesthood are no longer practiced, this verse and the entire sacrificial system serve as a profound foreshadowing of Jesus Christ. The need for atonement, symbolized by the bullock's sacrifice and the laying on of hands, points directly to the ultimate, perfect sacrifice of Jesus Christ. New Testament believers are purified not by animal sacrifices, but by Christ's blood, which was shed "once for all" (Hebrews 10:10). We are called a "royal priesthood" (1 Peter 2:9), meaning we have direct access to God through Christ's finished work, fulfilling the need for a mediator that the Old Testament priesthood represented and providing a perfect, permanent cleansing from sin.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Exodus 29:10, with its meticulous instructions for the consecration of Aaron and his sons, finds its ultimate and perfect fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ. The bullock, brought before the Tabernacle and having the sins of the priests symbolically laid upon its head, powerfully foreshadows Jesus, the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world. Just as the bullock was an innocent substitute, Jesus, "who knew no sin, became sin for us" (2 Corinthians 5:21), bearing the full weight of humanity's transgressions upon Himself on the cross. The act of semikhah, the laying on of hands, finds its ultimate expression in Christ's vicarious suffering, where our sins were truly "laid on him" (Isaiah 53:6). Unlike the Levitical priests who had to offer sacrifices daily for their own sins and the sins of the people (Hebrews 7:27), Jesus, our perfect High Priest, offered Himself "once for all" (Hebrews 10:10), securing eternal redemption (Hebrews 9:12) and granting all believers direct access to God's holy presence without the need for animal sacrifices or human mediation. He is the substance to which all these shadows pointed, the perfect sacrifice and the eternal priest who lives to intercede for us (Hebrews 7:25).