Daniel 11:13

Translation
King James Version
For the king of the north shall return, and shall set forth a multitude greater than the former, and shall certainly come after certain years with a great army and with much riches.
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KJV (with Strong's)
For the king H4428 of the north H6828 shall return H7725, and shall set forth H5975 a multitude H1995 greater H7227 than the former H7223, and shall certainly H935 come H935 after H7093 certain H6256 years H8141 with a great H1419 army H2428 and with much H7227 riches H7399.
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Complete Jewish Bible
Rather, the king of the north will again muster an army, larger than the first one, at the end of this period, after a number of years; it will be a large, well-supplied army.
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Berean Standard Bible
For the king of the North will raise another army, larger than the first, and after some years he will advance with a great army and many supplies.
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American Standard Version
And the king of the north shall return, and shall set forth a multitude greater than the former; and he shall come on at the end of the times, even of years, with a great army and with much substance.
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World English Bible Messianic
The king of the north shall return, and shall send out a multitude greater than the former; and he shall come on at the end of the times, even of years, with a great army and with much substance.
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Geneva Bible (1599)
For the King of the North shall returne, and shall set foorth a greater multitude then afore, and shall come foorth (after certeine yeeres) with a mightie armie, and great riches.
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Young's Literal Translation
`And the king of the north hath turned back, and hath caused a multitude to stand, greater than the first, and at the end of the times a second time he doth certainly come in with a great force, and with much substance;
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See also
Daniel 4:16Daniel 12:7Daniel 11:6Daniel 11:7
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In the KJVVerse 22,050 of 31,102

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SUMMARY

Daniel 11:13 continues the highly precise prophetic narrative concerning the geopolitical struggles between the "King of the North" (Seleucid Empire) and the "King of the South" (Ptolemaic Egypt), forecasting a formidable resurgence by the northern monarch. This verse specifically predicts the return of the King of the North with an even larger and more powerful army and vast resources, after a period of preparation following a previous setback, setting the stage for a renewed and decisive campaign against his southern rival.

CONTEXT

  • Literary Context: Daniel 11 provides an unparalleled level of historical detail, outlining the conflicts between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic dynasties following the death of Alexander the Great. Verses 11-12 describe a significant defeat for the King of the North (historically Antiochus III at the Battle of Raphia against Ptolemy IV Philopator). Daniel 11:13 directly follows this setback, prophesying not the end of the conflict, but a strategic withdrawal and a subsequent, even more powerful return. This verse signals a new phase in the ongoing power struggle, emphasizing the cyclical nature of these ancient wars and the relentless ambition of the northern king. The precision of the prophecy here underscores the divine foreknowledge that permeates the entire chapter.
  • Historical & Cultural Context: The "King of the North" is widely identified as Antiochus III the Great, and the "King of the South" as the Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt. Following his defeat at Raphia (217 BC), Antiochus III spent several years consolidating his power in the eastern satrapies of his vast Seleucid Empire, engaging in campaigns that stretched as far as India. This period of re-establishment and expansion, lasting approximately a decade, allowed him to amass immense wealth and a formidable fighting force. Daniel 11:13 accurately foretells this historical interval and his subsequent return to challenge Ptolemaic control over Coele-Syria. The cultural context is that of Hellenistic monarchies, characterized by constant warfare, shifting alliances, and the relentless pursuit of territorial expansion and dynastic power.
  • Key Themes: This verse significantly contributes to several overarching themes within Daniel and biblical prophecy. Foremost is the theme of Divine Sovereignty, demonstrating God's absolute control over the rise and fall of empires and the destinies of kings, even in the minutiae of their military campaigns. The remarkable Accuracy of Prophecy is also a central theme, as the specific details of the King of the North's return, the scale of his forces, and the timing ("after certain years") align precisely with historical events, validating the divine origin of Daniel's visions. Furthermore, the verse highlights the Persistence of Evil and Human Ambition, as the defeated king does not abandon his objectives but returns with renewed vigor, illustrating the relentless nature of earthly power struggles that persist until God's ultimate kingdom is established, as seen in Daniel 2:44. The detailed nature of these prophecies serves to bolster faith in God's ultimate plan and His ability to bring about His purposes through, and despite, human actions, a truth echoed in Isaiah 46:10.

EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

Key Word Analysis

  • return (Hebrew, shûwb', H7725): This primitive root signifies "to turn back" or "to retreat," often implying a return to a former state or place. In Daniel 11:13, it denotes the King of the North's strategic withdrawal and subsequent re-engagement in conflict, not merely a physical return but a resumption of his aggressive policies after a period of recovery and preparation. It underscores the cyclical nature of the conflict and the king's persistent ambition.
  • multitude (Hebrew, hâmôwn', H1995): This term refers to a "noise, tumult, crowd," or a "vast army." Its usage here emphasizes the overwhelming numerical superiority and formidable nature of the forces the King of the North would assemble. It conveys a sense of a massive, perhaps even chaotic, gathering of people, specifically a military host, highlighting the sheer scale of the impending invasion.
  • army (Hebrew, chayil', H2428): This word denotes "force," whether of men, means, or other resources, encompassing an "army," "wealth," "valor," or "strength." In this context, combined with "great," it underscores the military might and comprehensive resources—both personnel and materiel—that the King of the North would bring to bear. It speaks to the overall power and capability of his assembled forces, not just their numbers but their quality and preparedness.

Verse Breakdown

  • "For the king of the north shall return,": This clause establishes the central action, predicting the re-engagement of the Seleucid ruler (Antiochus III) in the conflict with the Ptolemaic kingdom. The word "return" implies a previous withdrawal or setback, which aligns with his defeat at Raphia. It signifies a renewed offensive after a period of absence from the immediate theater of war.
  • "and shall set forth a multitude greater than the former,": This phrase emphasizes the unprecedented scale of the King of the North's second invasion. "Set forth" (Hebrew: ʻâmad) implies establishing or raising up, indicating a deliberate and massive mobilization of forces. The "multitude greater than the former" highlights that this new army would surpass the size and perhaps even the quality of his previous forces, signifying a significant increase in his military power and resources.
  • "and shall certainly come after certain years with a great army and with much riches.": This final clause provides crucial details about the timing and nature of the return. "After certain years" indicates a specific, though unspecified, period of preparation and recovery, which historically corresponds to the time Antiochus III spent consolidating his eastern empire. The description "with a great army and with much riches" reiterates and expands upon the previous clause, emphasizing not only the immense size of his military (chayil - force, including strength and resources) but also the vast financial wealth (rᵉkûwsh - property, substance) he would have accumulated to sustain such a massive campaign. The certainty of his coming ("shall certainly come") underscores the prophetic inevitability of these events.

Literary Devices

Daniel 11:13 employs several literary devices to convey its prophetic message with precision and impact. Foreshadowing is paramount, as the verse anticipates a future military campaign with remarkable accuracy, detailing its scale and timing long before its historical unfolding. The phrase "multitude greater than the former" serves as a form of Hyperbole, emphasizing the overwhelming size and power of the King of the North's renewed forces, though historically accurate in its general implication of a much larger army. The meticulous detail regarding the "certain years" and the mention of "great army and with much riches" exemplifies Prophetic Detail, a hallmark of Daniel's prophecies, which lends credibility to the divine origin of the message by providing specific, verifiable elements that would later be fulfilled in history. This level of specificity is designed to impress upon the reader the absolute sovereignty and foreknowledge of God over human affairs.

THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS

Daniel 11:13, with its astonishingly precise forecast of historical events, serves as a profound testament to God's omniscience and His sovereign control over the course of human history. The detailed unfolding of earthly kingdoms, their conflicts, and their leaders, as meticulously laid out in this prophecy, underscores that no human power, no matter how great or ambitious, operates outside the purview of God's divine plan. This passage reinforces the theological truth that God is actively involved in the affairs of nations, orchestrating events to fulfill His ultimate purposes, even when human actors are pursuing their own agendas. It assures believers that amidst the chaos and shifting tides of global power, there is an unchanging divine hand at work, guiding history towards its appointed end.

REFLECTION AND APPLICATION

The detailed prophecy of Daniel 11:13, though rooted in ancient geopolitical conflicts, offers profound insights for contemporary believers. It reminds us that God's meticulous oversight extends to every sphere of human existence, including the most powerful political and military movements. In a world often characterized by instability, conflict, and the rise and fall of nations, this passage provides an anchor of hope and assurance. We are called to trust in a God who not only knows the end from the beginning but actively works all things according to the counsel of His will. This understanding should cultivate a deep sense of peace, knowing that even when earthly powers seem overwhelming or chaotic, they are ultimately constrained and directed by the divine hand. It encourages us to pray for our leaders, to seek justice, and to live faithfully, recognizing that our ultimate allegiance is to the King of Kings whose kingdom will never pass away.

Questions for Reflection

  • How does the precision of Daniel's prophecy in this verse strengthen your faith in the reliability of God's Word?
  • In what ways does knowing God's sovereignty over historical events, even military campaigns, bring comfort or challenge to your perspective on current global affairs?
  • How might the King of the North's persistent ambition, even after setback, serve as a cautionary tale about the human pursuit of power?

FAQ

Who is the "King of the North" in Daniel 11:13, and what is the significance of his "return"?

Answer: In the historical interpretation widely accepted by scholars, the "King of the North" in Daniel 11 refers to the Seleucid rulers based in Syria, specifically Antiochus III the Great in the context of Daniel 11:13. His "return" signifies his re-engagement in conflict with the Ptolemaic kingdom (the "King of the South") after a period of strategic withdrawal and consolidation of power. Historically, this refers to Antiochus III's campaigns after his defeat at the Battle of Raphia (217 BC), during which he spent several years re-establishing his authority in the eastern parts of his empire and amassing a formidable new army and resources before launching a renewed invasion of Coele-Syria around 200 BC. This return marks a pivotal moment in the ongoing Syrian Wars, demonstrating his relentless ambition and the accuracy of Daniel's prophecy.

What is the meaning of "after certain years" in this prophecy?

Answer: The phrase "after certain years" (KJV) or "at the end of some years" (ESV) indicates a significant but unspecified period of time between the King of the North's previous defeat (Daniel 11:11-12) and his predicted return in Daniel 11:13. This detail is crucial for historical correlation. Historically, Antiochus III's defeat at Raphia occurred in 217 BC. He then embarked on extensive campaigns in the eastern satrapies, known as his "Anabasis," which lasted for several years (approximately 10 years, from 212-205 BC). During this time, he consolidated his power and amassed the "great army and much riches" mentioned in the verse. His return to engage the Ptolemies in the Fifth Syrian War occurred around 200 BC, precisely "after certain years" of preparation. This specific detail highlights the remarkable precision of Daniel's prophecy, demonstrating God's foreknowledge of the exact timing and circumstances of future events.

CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT

While Daniel 11:13 details the earthly machinations of kings and empires, its ultimate theological trajectory points beyond these transient powers to the eternal reign of Jesus Christ. The relentless ambition of the "King of the North" to amass a "multitude greater than the former" and conquer territory serves as a stark contrast to the kingdom of God, which is not built by human might or earthly riches, but by divine power and grace. The rise and fall of these powerful earthly rulers, meticulously foretold, ultimately underscore the truth that all earthly authority is temporary and subject to a higher power. This prophetic narrative, therefore, foreshadows the coming of a King whose dominion is not limited by geography or time, and whose kingdom will never be defeated or replaced. Jesus, the true King of Kings and Lord of Lords, came not with a great army to conquer nations by force, but as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world, establishing a spiritual kingdom that transcends all earthly empires. His authority, given to Him by the Father, is all authority in heaven and on earth, and He reigns eternally, upholding the universe by the word of His power (Hebrews 1:3). Thus, the detailed prophecies of Daniel, while fulfilled in ancient history, ultimately serve to magnify the sovereign rule of Christ, who will one day fully establish His kingdom, and the kingdom of the world will become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ.

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Commentary on Daniel 11 verses 5–20

Here are foretold,

I. The rise and power of two great kingdoms out of the remains of Alexander's conquests, Dan 11:5. 1. The kingdom of Egypt, which was made considerable by Ptolemaeus Lagus, one of Alexander's captains, whose successors were, from him, called the Lagidae. He is called the king of the south, that is, Egypt, named here, Dan 11:8, Dan 11:42, Dan 11:43. The countries that at first belonged to Ptolemy are reckoned to be Egypt, Phoenicia, Arabia, Libya, Ethiopia, etc. Theocr. Idyl. 17. 2. The kingdom of Syria, which was set up by Seleucus Nicanor, or the conqueror; he was one of Alexander's princes, and became stronger than the other, and had the greatest dominion of all, was the most powerful of all Alexander's successors. It was said that he had no fewer than seventy-two kingdoms under him. Both these were strong against Judah (the affairs of which are particularly eyed in this prediction); Ptolemy, soon after he gained Egypt, invaded Judea, and took Jerusalem on a sabbath, pretending a friendly visit. Seleucus also gave disturbance to Judea.

II. The fruitless attempt to unite these two kingdoms as iron and clay in Nebuchadnezzar's image (Dan 11:6): "At the end of certain years, about seventy after Alexander's death, the Lagidae and the Seleucidae shall associate, but not in sincerity. Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, shall marry his daughter Berenice to Antiochus Theos, king of Syria," who had already a wife called Laodice. "Berenice shall come to the king of the north, to make an agreement, but it shall not hold: She shall not retain the power of the arm; neither she nor her posterity shall establish themselves in the kingdom of the north, neither shall Ptolemy her father, nor Antiochus her husband (between whom there was to be a great alliance), stand, nor their arm, but she shall be given up and those that brought her," all that projected that unhappy marriage between her and Antiochus, which occasioned so much mischief, instead of producing a coalition between the northern and southern crowns, as was hoped. Antiochus divorced Berenice, took his former wife Laodice again, who soon after poisoned him, procured Berenice and her son to be murdered, and set up her own son by Antiochus to be king, who was called Seleucus Callinicus.

III. A war between the two kingdoms, Dan 11:7, Dan 11:8. A branch from the same root with Berenice shall stand up in his estate. Ptolemaeus Euergetes, the son and successor of Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, shall come with an army against Seleucus Callinicus, king of Syria, to avenge his sister's quarrel, and shall prevail; and he shall carry away a rich booty both of persons and goods into Egypt, and shall continue more years than the king of the north. This Ptolemy reigned forty-six years; and Justin says that if his own affairs had not called him home he would, in this war, have made himself master of the whole kingdom of Syria. But (Dan 11:9) he shall be forced to come into his kingdom and return into his own land, to keep peace there, so that he can no longer carry on the war abroad. Note, It is very common for a treacherous peace to end in a bloody war.

IV. The long and busy reign of Antiochus the Great, king of Syria. Seleucus Callinicus, that king of the north that was overcome (Dan 11:7) and died miserably, left two sons, Seleucus and Antiochus; these are his sons, the sons of the king of the north, that shall be stirred up, and shall assemble a multitude of great forces, to recover what their father had lost, Dan 11:10. But Seleucus the elder, being weak, and unable to rule his army, was poisoned by his friends, and reigned only two years; and his brother Antiochus succeeded him, who reigned thirty-seven years, and was called the Great. And therefore the angel, though he speaks of sons at first, goes on with the account of one only, who was but fifteen years old when he began to reign, and he shall certainly come, and overflow, and over-run, and shall be restored at length to what his father lost. 1. The king of the south, in this war, shall at first have very great success. Ptolemaeus Philopater, moved with indignation at the indignities done by Antiochus the Great, shall (though otherwise a slothful prince) come forth, and fight with him, and shall bring a vast army into the field of 70,000 foot, and 5000 horse, and seventy-three elephants. And the other multitude (the army of Antiochus, consisting of 62,000 foot, and 6000 horse, and 102 elephants) shall be given into his hand. Polybius, who lived with Scipio, has given a particular account of this battle of Raphia. Ptolemaeus Philopater, having gained this victory, grew very insolent; his heart was lifted up; then he went into the temple of God at Jerusalem, and, in defiance of the law, entered the most holy place, for which God has a controversy with him, so that, though he shall cast down many myriads, yet he shall not be strengthened by it, so as to secure his interest. For, 2. The king of the north, Antiochus the Great, shall return with a greater army than the former; and, at the end of times (that is, years) he shall come with a mighty army, and great riches, against the king of the south, that is, Ptolemaeus Epiphanes, who succeeded Ptolemaeus Philopater his father, when he was a child, which gave advantage to Antiochus the Great. In this expedition he had some powerful allies (Dan 11:14): Many shall stand up against the king of the south. Philip of Macedon was confederate with Antiochus against the king of Egypt, and Scopas his general, whom he sent into Syria; Antiochus routed him, destroyed a great part of his army; whereupon the Jews willingly yielded to Antiochus, joined with him, helped him to besiege Ptolemaeus's garrisons. They the robbers of thy people shall exalt themselves to establish the vision, to help forward the accomplishment of this prophecy; but they shall fall, and shall come to nothing, Dan 11:14. Hereupon (Dan 11:15) the king of the north, this same Antiochus Magnus, shall carry on his design against the king of the south another way. (1.) He shall surprise his strong-holds; all that he has got in Syria and Samaria, and the arms of the south, all the power of the king of Egypt, shall not be able to withstand him. See how dubious and variable the turns of the scale of war are; like buying and selling, it is winning and losing; sometimes one side gets the better and sometimes the other; yet neither by chance; it is not, as they call it, the fortune of war, but according to the will and counsel of God, who brings some low and raises others up. (2.) He shall make himself master of the land of Judea (Dan 11:16): He that comes against him (that is, the king of the north) shall carry all before him and do what he pleases, and he shall stand and get footing in the glorious land; so the land of Israel was, and by his hand it was wasted and consumed, for with the spoil of that good land he victualled his vast army. The land of Judea lay between these two potent kingdoms of Egypt and Syria, so that in all the struggles between them that was sure to suffer, for to it they both bore ill will. Yet some read this, By his hand it shall be perfected; as if it intimated that the land of Judea, being taken under the protection of this Antiochus, shall flourish, and be in better condition than it had been. (3.) He shall still push on his war against the king of Egypt, and set his face to enter with the strength of his whole kingdom, taking advantage of the infancy of Ptolemy Epiphanes, and the upright ones, many of the pious Israelites, siding with him, Dan 11:17. In prosecution of his design, he shall give him his daughter Cleopatra to wife, designing, as Saul in giving his daughter Cleopatra to David, that she should be a snare to him, and do him a mischief; but she shall not stand on her father's side, nor be for him, but for her husband, and so that plot failed him. (4.) His war with the Romans is here foretold (Dan 11:18): He shall turn his face to the isles (Dan 11:18), the isles of the Gentiles (Gen 10:5), Greece and Italy. He took many of the isles about the Hellespont-Rhodes, Samos, Delos, etc., which by war or treaty he made himself master of; but a prince, or state (so some), even the Roman senate, or a leader, even the Roman general, shall return his reproach with which he abused the Romans upon himself, or shall make his shame rest on himself, and without his own shame, or any disgrace to himself, shall pay him again. This was fulfilled when the two Scipios were sent with an army against Antiochus. Hannibal was then with him, and advised him to invade Italy and waste it as he had done; but he did not take hid advice; and Scipio joined battle with him, and gave him a total defeat, though Antiochus had 70,000 men and the Romans but 30,000. Thus he caused the reproach offered by him to cease. (5.) His fall. When he was totally routed by the Romans, and was forced to abandon to them all he had in Europe, and had a very heavy tribute exacted from him, he turned to his own land, and, not knowing which way to raise money to pay his tribute, he plundered a temple of Jupiter, which so incensed his own subjects against him that they set upon him, and killed him; so he was overthrown, and fell, and was no more found, Dan 11:19. (6.) His next successor, Dan 11:20. There rose up one in his place, a raiser of taxes, a sender forth of the extortioner, or extorter. This character was remarkably answered in Seleucus Philopater, the elder son of Antiochus the Great, who was a great oppressor of his own subjects, and exacted abundance of money from them; and, when he was told he would thereby lose his friends, he said he knew no better friend he had then money. He likewise attempted to rob the temple at Jerusalem, which this seems especially to refer to. But within a few days he shall be destroyed, neither in anger nor in battle, but poisoned by Heliodorus, one of his own servants, when he had reigned but twelve years, and done nothing remarkable.

V. From all this let us learn, 1. That God in his providence sets up one, and pulls down another, as he pleases, advances some from low beginnings and depresses others that were very high. Some have called great men the foot-balls of fortune; or, rather, they are the tools of Providence. 2. This world is full of wars and fightings, which come from men's lusts, and make it a theatre of sin and misery. 3. All the changes and revolutions of states and kingdoms, and every event, even the most minute and contingent, were plainly and perfectly foreseen by the God of heaven, and to him nothing is new. 4. No word of God shall fall to the ground; but what he has designed, what he has declared, shall infallibly come to pass; and even the sins of men shall be made to serve his purpose, and contribute to the b ringing of his counsels to birth in their season; and yet God is not the author of sin. 5. That, for the right understanding of some parts of scripture, it is necessary that heathen authors be consulted, which give light to the scripture, and show the accomplishment of what is there foretold; we have therefore reason to bless God for the human learning with which many have done great service to divine truths.

Matthew Henry (1662–1714) — Commentary on the Whole Bible. This section covers verses 5–20. Public domain.
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JeromeAD 420
St. Jerome, Commentary on Daniel, CHAPTER ELEVEN
Verses 13, 14. "And the king of the North shall return and shall prepare a much greater multitude than before, and in the end of times and years he shall come in haste with a large army and great resources. And in those times many shall rise up against the king of the South." This indicates that Antiochus the Great, who despised the worthlessness of Ptolemy Philopator (for he had fallen desperately in love with a lute-player named Agathoclea and also her brother, retaining Agatho-cles himself as his concubine and afterwards appointing him as general of Egypt), assembled a huge army from the upper regions of Babylon. And since Ptolemy Philopator was now dead, Antiochus broke his treaty and set his army in motion against Philopator's four-year-old son, who was called Epiphanes. For so great was the dissoluteness and arrogancy of Agathoclea, that those provinces which had previously been subjected to Egypt rose up in rebellion, and even Egypt itself was troubled with seditions. Moreover Philip, King of Macedon, and Antiochus the Great made peace with each other and engaged in a common struggle against Agathocles and Ptolemy Eprphanes, on the understanding that each of them should annex to his own dominion those cities of Ptolemy which lay nearest to them. And so this is what is referred to in this passage, which says that many shall rise up against the king of the South, that is, Ptolemy Epiphanes, who was then a mere child.

"Moreover the children of the transgressors of thy people shall lift themselves up, that they may fulfil the vision, and then fall to ruin (Vulgate: and they shall fall to ruin)." During the conflict between Antiochus the Great and the generals of Ptolemy, Judaea, which lay between them, was rent into contrary factions, the one group favoring Antiochus, and the other favoring Ptolemy. Finally the high priest, Onias, fled to Egypt, taking a large number of Jews along with him, and was given by Ptolemy an honorable reception. He then received the region known as Heliopolis, and by a grant of the king, he erected a temple in Egypt like the temple of the Jews, and it remained standing up until the reign of Vespasian, over a period of two hundred and fifty years. But then the city itself, which was known as the City of Onias, was destroyed to the very ground because of the war which the Jews had subsequently waged against the Romans. There is consequently no trace of either city or temple now remaining. But as we were saying, countless multitudes of Jews fled to Egypt on the occasion of Onias's pontificate, and the land was filled with a large number from Cyrene as well. For Onias affirmed that he was fulfilling the prophecy written by Isaiah: "There shall be an altar of the Lord in Egypt, and the name of the Lord shall be found in their territories" (Isaiah 19:19). And so this is the matter referred to in this passage: "The sons of the transgressors of thy people," who forsook the law of the Lord and wished to offer blood-sacrifices to God in another place than what He had commanded. They would be lifted up in pride and would boast that they were fulfilling the vision, that is, the thing which the Lord had enjoined. But they shall fall to ruin, for both temple and city shall be afterwards destroyed. And while Antiochus held Judaea, a leader of the Ptolemaic party called Scopas Aetholus was sent against Antiochus, and after a bold campaign he took Judaea and took the aristocrats of Ptolemy's party back to Egypt with him on his return.
Theodoret of CyrusAD 458
COMMENTARY ON DANIEL 11:13
He will lead again an army greater than the earlier one and will set out against Egypt, and he will do this near the end of his own reign. That is what is meant by the sentence “at the end of the seasons he will make his entrance with great power and with much wealth.” This doubling is a Hebraism; he wished to say that he would make a great entrance. This is the idiom of both the Hebrews and the Arameans, for they are accustomed to say, “entering he entered” and “departing he departed” and “eating he eats,” and so forth. The translators were rather accurate and followed Hebrew usage.
Source: Quotations drawn from early Church Fathers and historical Christian theologians (AD 100–1500). Some quotes address the surrounding passage context rather than this verse alone.
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