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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers 1 Chronicles 11:1–9. His two-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
David is here brought to the possession.
I.Of the throne of Israel, after he had reigned seven years in Hebron, over Judah only.
In consideration of his relation to them (Ch1 11:1), his former good services, and especially the divine designation (Ch1 11:2), they anointed him their king: he covenanted to protect them, and they to bear faith and true allegiance to him, Ch1 11:3. Observe,
1.God's counsels will be fulfilled at last, whatever difficulties lie in the way. If God had said, David shall rule, it is in vain to oppose it.
2.Men that have long stood in their own light, when they have long wearied themselves with their lying vanities, it is to be hoped, will understand the things that belong to their peace and return to their own mercies.
3.Between prince and people there is an original contract, which both ought religiously to observe. If ever any prince might have claimed an absolute despotic power, David might, and might as safely as any have been entrusted with it; and yet he made a covenant with the people, took the coronation-oath, to rule by law.
II.Of the strong-hold of Zion, which was held by the Jebusites till David's time.
Whether David had a particular eye upon it as a place fit to make a royal city, or whether he had a promise of it from God, it seems that one of his first exploits was to make himself master of that fort; and, when he had it, he called it the city of David, Ch1 11:7. To this reference is had, Psa 2:6. I have set my king upon my holy hill of Zion. See here what quickens and engages resolution in great undertakings.
1.Opposition. When the Jebusites set David at defiance, and said, Thou shalt not come hither. he resolved to force it, whatever it cost him.
2.Prospect of preferment. When David proposed to give the general's place to him that would lead the attack upon the castle of Zion, Joab was fired with the proposal, and he went up first, and was chief. It has been said, "Take away honour out of the soldier's eye and you cut off the spurs from his heels."
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Summary
1 Chronicles 11:6 encapsulates a pivotal moment in the consolidation of David's reign, detailing his strategic challenge to capture the formidable Jebusite stronghold of Jerusalem. This verse vividly portrays David's astute leadership in offering the highest military command to the first warrior who could breach the city's defenses. It then records the immediate and decisive initiative of Joab, son of Zeruiah, who courageously led the charge and was subsequently appointed as David's chief military commander, thereby solidifying his crucial role in the nascent kingdom and establishing Jerusalem as its capital.
Context
Literary Context
This verse is strategically positioned within the Chronicler's narrative of David's ascent to power, immediately following his anointing as king over all Israel in Hebron (1 Chronicles 11:1-3) and the initial description of the Jebusite occupation of Jerusalem (1 Chronicles 11:4-5). The capture of Jerusalem and Joab's subsequent appointment are presented as foundational acts that not only solidify David's kingship but also establish his central capital, the "City of David." This event sets the stage for the subsequent enumeration of David's mighty men (1 Chronicles 11:10-47), with Joab prominently featured as their commander, emphasizing the legitimacy and strength of David's newly unified kingdom. The Chronicler, writing for a post-exilic audience, underscores David's divinely sanctioned authority and the enduring importance of Jerusalem as the chosen city.
Historical & Cultural Context
At the time of David's anointing, Jerusalem (then known as Jebus) was a heavily fortified city, situated on a defensible ridge, and had remained unconquered by the Israelites since the initial conquest of Canaan (Joshua 15:63). Its strategic location, nestled between the northern and southern tribes, made it an ideal neutral capital for a unified Israel, free from existing tribal loyalties that might favor one region over another. David's challenge to "smite the Jebusites first" reflects a common ancient Near Eastern practice of military incentives, designed to inspire valor and identify elite warriors. The parallel account in 2 Samuel 5:6-9 provides additional details, including the reference to the "water shaft" (or "gutter"), which Joab likely exploited to gain clandestine entry. The appointment of a chief commander based on merit and daring initiative, rather than solely on lineage, signifies David's pragmatic and effective leadership style, valuing demonstrable capability in critical moments.
Key Themes
This verse powerfully illustrates several key themes central to the narrative of David's reign and the broader book of Chronicles. Firstly, it highlights Strategic Leadership, as David identifies and acts decisively to secure a unified capital, demonstrating both military acumen and political foresight in choosing a neutral, defensible location. Secondly, Courage and Initiative are prominently displayed by Joab, whose willingness to undertake a perilous and seemingly impossible task earns him the highest military honor. This act exemplifies the principle of Merit-Based Promotion, where demonstrated valor and capability lead to positions of authority, a recurring theme in biblical leadership that contrasts with purely hereditary systems. Finally, the conquest of Jebus marks the Founding of the City of David, transforming a pagan stronghold into the political and spiritual heart of Israel, a place destined to house the Ark of the Covenant and later the Temple, fulfilling God's plan for a central sanctuary and a chosen king (see Psalm 78:68-72).
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
This verb (H5221) is a primitive root meaning "to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively)." In a military context, it often denotes a decisive, impactful blow, implying a successful conquest or defeat. Here, it signifies the act of breaking through the formidable Jebusite defenses and overcoming their entrenched resistance, leading to the capture of the city. It's not merely a "hit" but a conquering blow that incapacitates the enemy.
This noun (H7218) literally means "head" and is derived from an unused root apparently meaning "to shake." Figuratively, it signifies the primary or leading position, whether of place, time, or rank. In this context, when combined with "captain," it emphasizes the supreme authority and preeminence of the appointed individual within the military hierarchy, indicating the highest possible leadership role.
This noun (H8269) denotes a "head person (of any rank or class)," derived from a root meaning "to rule." It refers to a prince, commander, or high-ranking official. Paired with rôʼsh, it unequivocally establishes Joab as the commander-in-chief, the undisputed head of David's army, wielding significant power and influence.
Verse Breakdown
"And David said, Whosoever smiteth the Jebusites first shall be chief and captain."
This opening clause reveals David's strategic genius and his ability to motivate his troops through a direct, high-stakes challenge. By offering the ultimate military authority ("chief and captain") to the first warrior who could breach the formidable Jebusite defenses, David not only identifies the most courageous and capable individual but also galvanizes his entire army, inspiring a competitive spirit. This demonstrates a pragmatic and meritocratic approach to leadership, valuing initiative and bravery above all else for this critical task of securing a unified capital.
"So Joab the son of Zeruiah went first up, and was chief."
This clause details the immediate and successful response to David's challenge. Joab, David's nephew and a seasoned warrior, demonstrates remarkable courage, military prowess, and decisive initiative by being the first to breach the formidable Jebusite defenses. His swift and effective action secures the city for David and, in turn, earns him the promised position. The brevity of the statement underscores the swiftness and effectiveness of his initiative, solidifying his role as David's loyal, albeit sometimes ruthless, commander-in-chief—a position he would hold with significant influence and authority for decades.
Literary Devices
The verse employs several effective Literary Devices to convey its message with impact. Direct Speech is prominently used to present David's challenge, lending immediacy and authenticity to the narrative and highlighting David's active, decisive role in shaping events. The concise Narrative Action ("So Joab... went first up, and was chief") provides a clear cause-and-effect sequence, demonstrating the direct consequence of David's challenge and Joab's swift, successful response. This directness also emphasizes Joab's decisive and bold character. Furthermore, the event serves as a form of Foreshadowing, establishing Joab's prominent and enduring, though often controversial, role as David's military commander throughout the rest of David's reign, a position that would be crucial for the kingdom's stability and expansion. The narrative also implicitly uses Meritocracy as a thematic device, showcasing a system where leadership is earned through demonstrated valor and achievement, rather than solely by birthright.
Theological and Thematic Connections
This pivotal moment in 1 Chronicles 11:6 underscores God's providential hand in establishing David's kingdom and preparing Jerusalem as its spiritual and political center. While human courage, strategic leadership, and military prowess are evident, the narrative implicitly points to the divine enablement that allows such feats to occur. David's challenge and Joab's successful initiative are instruments in God's larger plan to consolidate His chosen king's rule and establish the city from which the Davidic covenant would unfold and the Temple would eventually rise. It teaches us that God often works through the bold and decisive actions of His people, rewarding those who step forward in faith and courage to accomplish His purposes. The conquest of Jerusalem was not merely a military victory but a theological necessity for the fulfillment of God's promises regarding a permanent dwelling place for His presence among His people and the establishment of a righteous kingdom.
Reflection and Application
1 Chronicles 11:6 offers profound insights into leadership, initiative, and the pursuit of God-given objectives. David's challenge to his men exemplifies the kind of visionary leadership that inspires courage and rewards excellence. He identified a critical stronghold (Jerusalem) and presented a clear, high-stakes incentive for its capture, demonstrating the importance of setting ambitious, yet attainable, goals. Joab's immediate and successful response serves as a powerful reminder of the value of initiative and daring in the face of daunting challenges. In our spiritual lives, there are often "Jebusites"—spiritual strongholds, entrenched sins, or seemingly insurmountable obstacles—that God calls us to confront. This passage encourages us to step forward with courage, not waiting for others, but taking decisive action in faith, trusting in God's power to enable us. Just as Joab earned his position through valor, so too are believers called to demonstrate zeal and commitment in serving God's kingdom, understanding that true spiritual leadership often requires a willingness to be "first" in sacrifice and service, for the glory of God and the advancement of His purposes.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why was Jerusalem so strategically important for David to capture?
Jerusalem, then known as Jebus, was strategically crucial for several reasons. Geographically, it was situated on a defensible hill, making it a formidable stronghold that had resisted Israelite conquest for centuries. Politically, it was a neutral city, not belonging to either the northern or southern tribes, making it an ideal capital to unite a fractured Israel. Its central location allowed David to govern both Judah and the other tribes effectively. Spiritually, its capture paved the way for Jerusalem to become the "City of David" and later the religious center of Israel, where the Ark of the Covenant would reside and the Temple would eventually be built, fulfilling God's plan for a centralized place of worship and a permanent dwelling for His presence (see 2 Samuel 7:1-17).
What is the significance of Joab's promotion to "chief and captain"?
Joab's promotion to "chief and captain" (commander-in-chief) was highly significant. It established him as the supreme military authority under David, a position he would hold throughout much of David's reign, as seen in passages like 2 Samuel 8:16. This appointment demonstrated David's meritocratic approach to leadership, rewarding courage and initiative rather than solely lineage. Joab's role was vital in consolidating David's kingdom, leading military campaigns, and maintaining order. While Joab's character was complex and at times ruthless, his unwavering loyalty and military effectiveness were indispensable to David's success and the stability of the kingdom.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
The conquest of Jerusalem and Joab's decisive action in 1 Chronicles 11:6 foreshadow a greater spiritual conquest achieved by the ultimate Son of David, Jesus Christ. Just as David established his earthly kingdom's capital by overcoming the Jebusite stronghold, Christ, through His life, death, and resurrection, established His eternal spiritual kingdom by decisively conquering the strongholds of sin, death, and the devil. The "Jebusites" of this world represent the spiritual enemies and fortresses of darkness that hold humanity captive. Christ's victory on the cross was the ultimate "smiting" of these enemies, disarming the powers and authorities and putting them to open shame (see Colossians 2:15). He is the true "chief and captain" of our salvation, the pioneer who leads us into glory and victory (see Hebrews 2:10). The heavenly Jerusalem, which is our ultimate destination, is established not by human might or military strategy but by Christ's finished work and His triumphant resurrection (see Hebrews 12:22-24). Believers are called to participate in this ongoing spiritual battle, not by physical warfare, but by proclaiming the Gospel and living out Christ's victory, empowered by the Spirit, as His "captains" in spreading His kingdom, knowing that the ultimate triumph belongs to the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world.