### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **timmâhôwn**, represented by `{{H8541}}`, is defined as **consternation; astonishment**. It appears **2 times** across **2 unique verses** in the Bible. This rare term describes a profound state of shock and confusion brought about by a sudden, overwhelming event.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In its biblical usage, `{{H8541}}` is exclusively presented as an affliction from God. In [[Deuteronomy 28:28]], it is listed as a curse for disobedience, where the LORD promises to "smite thee with madness, and blindness, and **astonishment** of heart." Similarly, in a prophetic context, [[Zechariah 12:4]] states that the LORD will "smite every horse with **astonishment**" as a means of defending Judah. In both instances, it is a divinely inflicted state of disabling panic.
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words appear alongside `{{H8541}}`, clarifying its meaning as a severe mental and emotional assault:
* `{{H7697}}` **shiggâʻôwn** (craziness; furiously, madness): This term is paired with `{{H8541}}` in both of its occurrences, highlighting a state of mental chaos and frenzy as part of the divine punishment ([[Deuteronomy 28:28]], [[Zechariah 12:4]]).
* `{{H5788}}` **ʻivvârôwn** (blindness; blind(-ness)): Also appearing with `{{H8541}}` in both verses, it completes a trio of afflictions, suggesting a complete sensory and mental shutdown inflicted by God ([[Deuteronomy 28:28]], [[Zechariah 12:4]]).
* `{{H3824}}` **lêbâb** (the heart... mind, ... understanding): This word specifies the affliction in [[Deuteronomy 28:28]] as an "astonishment of **heart**," indicating that the consternation is an internal collapse of one's mind and courage.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of `{{H8541}}` is concentrated in its role as an instrument of divine power.
* **Divine Judgment:** The word is used solely to describe a punishment or strategic action originating directly from the LORD. It is a tool for enacting His will, whether as a curse for sin or as a method of defeating enemies [[Deuteronomy 28:28]].
* **Psychological Warfare:** The astonishment described is not mere surprise but a debilitating mental state. When God inflicts `{{H8541}}`, He targets the mind and spirit, causing confusion and terror that renders the recipient helpless [[Zechariah 12:4]].
* **Loss of Control:** To be smitten with `{{H8541}}` is to lose one's faculties. It represents a complete overpowering of human reason and strength by a divine force, demonstrating God's ultimate sovereignty.
### Summary
In summary, `{{H8541}}` is a powerful and specific term for a divinely inflicted state of consternation. Though used only twice, its context alongside madness and blindness paints a vivid picture of a judgment that assaults the very heart and mind. It serves as a stark reminder of God's power to bring about confusion and panic as a means of executing His judgment and purpose.
TRV