### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **tâmahh**, represented by `{{H8539}}`, is a primitive root meaning **to be in consternation; be amazed, be astonished, marvel(-lously), wonder**. It appears 9 times across 8 unique verses, consistently describing a profound reaction of shock or awe in response to an unexpected or incomprehensible event.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In biblical usage, `{{H8539}}` captures a range of intense emotional states. It describes the dumbfounded reaction of Joseph's brothers when they were seated according to their birth order, causing them to **marvel** at one another in disbelief [[Genesis 43:33]]. It is also used to portray the terror and confusion that will accompany judgment, where people will be **amazed** at each other in pain and fear [[Isaiah 13:8]]. The prophet Habakkuk uses the word twice in succession to command the people to **wonder marvellously** at a divine work so incredible that they would not believe it even if told [[Habakkuk 1:5]]. In each case, the word signifies a state of being utterly taken aback by circumstances.
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words help define the scope of astonishment and consternation:
* `{{H8074}}` **shâmêm** (make amazed, be astonied, desolate, wonder): This word is closely linked to `{{H8539}}` and often appears in parallel. In a prophecy of coming judgment, the priests are said to be **astonished** `{{H8074}}` while the prophets **wonder** `{{H8539}}`, indicating a shared state of shock and desolation among the leadership [[Jeremiah 4:9]].
* `{{H926}}` **bâhal** (to tremble inwardly, be alarmed or agitated, amazed): This term emphasizes the inner turmoil and fear associated with a shocking event. When the enemies of God saw His power, they **marvelled** `{{H8539}}`, were **troubled** `{{H926}}`, and fled in haste [[Psalms 48:5]].
* `{{H7200}}` **râʼâh** (to see, behold, gaze, perceive): Seeing is often the direct cause of the amazement described by `{{H8539}}`. The psalmist notes that the kings **saw** `{{H7200}}` God's city and, as a direct result, they **marvelled** `{{H8539}}` [[Psalms 48:5]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H8539}}` is tied to its function as a human response to divine power and judgment.
* **Reaction to God's Power:** The word is used to describe an appropriate response to the majesty of God's creation and might. Even the "pillars of heaven" are said to tremble and be **astonished** `{{H8539}}` at His reproof, illustrating a cosmic-level awe [[Job 26:11]].
* **A Sign of Divine Judgment:** Astonishment and wondering are frequently associated with the onset of God's judgment. Both prophets and priests are depicted as reacting with consternation, signifying a complete upending of their expectations and security [[Jeremiah 4:9]].
* **A Response to Unbelievable Works:** The term highlights the gap between human expectation and divine action. God calls on His people to **wonder** at a work they will find unbelievable, underscoring His ability to operate beyond human comprehension [[Habakkuk 1:5]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{H8539}}` is a powerful word that conveys more than simple surprise. It describes a deep state of consternation, amazement, or wonder that arises when individuals are confronted with something inexplicable, terrifying, or divinely orchestrated. Whether it is the shock of brothers at a mysterious feast, the fear of nations facing judgment, or the awe commanded by God Himself, **tâmahh** captures the moment when the mind is overwhelmed by what it perceives.
TRV