The Hebrew word çârar, represented by H5637, is a primitive root meaning to turn away or, morally, to be refractory. Appearing 17 times across 16 unique verses, it carries strong connotations of stubbornness and defiance. Its definitions include being rebellious, a revolter, backsliding, and to have withdrew.
Biblically, H5637 describes a deliberate turning away from God's authority and guidance. It is used to characterize a "stubborn and rebellious son" who will not obey his parents (Deuteronomy 21:18, Deuteronomy 21:20). On a national level, it depicts Israel as a "backsliding heifer" Hosea 4:16 and its leaders as "rebellious princes" who are companions of thieves Isaiah 1:23. The term is also used to describe a physical act of defiance, as seen in the phrase "withdrew the shoulder" Nehemiah 9:29 or "pulled away the shoulder" Zechariah 7:11, signifying a refusal to bear a commanded responsibility.
Several related words clarify the nature of rebellion:
- H4784 mârâh (rebellious): Frequently paired with H5637, this term emphasizes a bitter and disobedient resistance to authority, as seen in the description of a "stubborn and rebellious son" Deuteronomy 21:18.
- H5493 çûwr (turn off): This word describes the action of turning away or departing. In Jeremiah 5:23, the people are described as having a "revolting and a rebellious heart" and have "revolted and gone."
- H3802 kâthêph (shoulder): This word is used metaphorically to illustrate the physical act of rebellion. Those who refuse God's law are described as having "withdrew the shoulder" Nehemiah 9:29.
The theological weight of H5637 is significant, highlighting the moral choice to reject divine order.
- Rejection of Divine Counsel: Rebellion is characterized as taking counsel, but not from the LORD, and seeking a covering, but not of His spirit Isaiah 30:1. This indicates a preference for human thoughts over God's ways Isaiah 65:2.
- A Stubborn Heart and Spirit: The word is linked to a heart that is not set aright and a spirit that is not steadfast with God Psalms 78:8. In Jeremiah, the people have a "revolting and a rebellious heart" Jeremiah 5:23.
- Consequences of Rebellion: Those who are rebellious face negative consequences. God pronounces "Woe to the rebellious children" Isaiah 30:1, and the rebellious are said to "dwell in a dry land" Psalms 68:6, while God's power is shown in not letting the rebellious exalt themselves Psalms 66:7.
In summary, H5637 denotes more than simple disobedience; it captures a profound state of moral refusal and turning away. It is used to describe the stubbornness of individuals, the corruption of leaders, and the backsliding of an entire nation. From the defiant son to the "backsliding heifer" Hosea 4:16, the word illustrates a deliberate and hardened rejection of God's authority, which invariably leads to judgment and desolation.
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