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Commentary on Deuteronomy 32 verses 26–38
After many terrible threatenings of deserved wrath and vengeance, we have here surprising intimations of mercy, undeserved mercy, which rejoices against judgment, and by which it appears that God has no pleasure in the death of sinners, but would rather they should turn and live.
I. In jealousy for his own honour, he will not make a full end of them, Deu 32:26-28. 1. It cannot be denied but that they deserved to be utterly ruined, and that their remembrance should be made to cease from among men, so that the name of an Israelite should never be known but in history; for they were a nation void of counsel (v, 28), the most sottish inconsiderate people that ever were, that would not believe the gory of God, though they saw it, nor understand his loving kindness, though they tasted it and lived upon it. Of those who could cast off such a God, such a law, such a covenant, for vain and dunghill-deities, it might truly be said, There is no understanding in them. 2. It would have been an easy thing with God to ruin them and blot out the remembrance of them; when the greatest part of them were cut off by the sword, it was but scattering the remnant into some remote obscure corners of the earth, where they should never have been heard of any more, and the thing had been done. See Eze 5:12. God can destroy those that are most strongly fortified, disperse those that are most closely united, and bury those names in perpetual oblivion that have been most celebrated. 3. Justice demanded it: I said I would scatter them. It is fit those should be cut off from the earth that have cut themselves off from their God; why should they not be dealt with according to their deserts? 4. Wisdom considered the pride and insolence of the enemy, which would take occasion from the ruin of a people that had been so dear to God, and for whom he had done such great things, to reflect upon God and to imagine that because they had got the better of Israel they had carried the day against the God of Israel: The adversaries will say, Our hand is high, high indeed, when it has been too high for those whom God himself fought for; nor will they consider that the Lord has done all this, but will dream that they have done it in despite of him, as if the God of Israel were as weak and impotent, and as easily run down, as the pretended deities of other nations. 5. In consideration of this, Mercy prevails for the sparing of a remnant and the saving of that unworthy people from utter ruin: I feared the wrath of the enemy. It is an expression after the manner of men; it is certain that God fears no man's wrath, but he acted in this matter as if he had feared it. Those few good people in Israel that had a concern for the honour of God's name feared the wrath of the enemy in this instance more than in any other, as Joshua (Jos 7:9), and David often; and, because they feared it, God himself is said to fear it. He needed not Moses to plead it with him, but reminded himself of it: What will the Egyptians say? Let all those whose hearts tremble for the ark of God and his Israel comfort themselves with this, that God will work for his own name, and will not suffer it to be profaned and polluted: how much soever we deserve to be disgraced, God will never disgrace the throne of his glory.
II. In concern for their welfare, he earnestly desires their conversion; and, in order to that, their serious consideration of their latter end, Deu 32:29. Observe, 1. Though God had pronounced them a foolish people and of no understanding, yet he wishes they were wise, as Deu 5:29, O that there were such a heart in them! and Psa 94:8, You fools, when will you be wise? God delights not to see sinners ruin themselves, but desires they will help themselves; and, if they will, he is ready to help them. 2. It is a great piece of wisdom, and will contribute much to the return of sinners to God, seriously to consider the latter end, or the future state. It is here meant particularly of that which God by Moses had foretold concerning this people in the latter days: but it may be applied more generally. We ought to understand and consider, (1.) The latter end of life, and the future state of the soul. To think of death as our removal from a world of sense to a world of spirits, the final period of our state of trial and probation, and our entrance upon an unchangeable state of recompence and retribution. (2.) The latter end of sin, and the future state of those that live and die in it. O that men would consider the happiness they will lose, and the misery they will certainly plunge themselves into, if they go on still in their trespasses, what will be in the end thereof, Jer 5:31. Jerusalem forgot this, and therefore came down wonderfully, Lam 1:9.
III. He calls to mind the great things he had done for them formerly, as a reason why he should not quite cast them off. This seems to be the meaning of that (Deu 32:30, Deu 32:31), "How should one Israelite have been too hard for a thousand Canaanites, as they have been many a time, but that God, who is greater than all gods, fought for them!" And so it corresponds with that, Isa 63:10, Isa 63:11. When he was turned to be their enemy, as here, and fought against them for their sins, then he remembered the days of old, saying, Where is he that brought them out of the sea? So here, his arm begins to awake as in the days of old against the wrath of the enemy, Psa 138:7. there was a time when the enemies of Israel were sold by their own rock, that is, their own idol-gods, who could not help them, but betrayed them, because Jehovah, the God of Israel, had shut them up as sheep for the slaughter. For the enemies themselves must own that their gods were a very unequal match for the God of Israel. For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, Deu 32:32, Deu 32:33. This must be meant of the enemies of Israel, who fell so easily before the sword of Israel because they were ripe for ruin, and the measure of their iniquity was full. Yet these verses may be understood of the strange prevalency of the enemies of Israel against them, when God made use of them as the rod of his anger, Isa 10:5, Isa 10:6. "How should one Canaanite chase a thousand Israelites" (as it is threatened against those that trust to Egypt for help, Isa 30:17, One thousand shall flee at the rebuke of one) "unless Israel's rock had deserted them and given them up." For otherwise, however they may impute their power to their gods (Hab 1:11), as the Philistines imputed their victory to Dagon, it is certain the enemies' rock could not have prevailed against the rock of Israel; God would soon have subdued their enemies (Psa 81:14), but that the wickedness of Israel delivered them into their hands. For their vine, that is, Israel's, is of the vine of Sodom, Deu 32:32, Deu 32:33. They were planted a choice vine, wholly a right seed, but by sin had become the degenerate plant of a strange vine (Jer 2:21), and not only transcribed the iniquity of Sodom, but outdid it, Eze 16:48. God called them his vineyard, his pleasant plant, Isa 5:7. But their fruits were, 1. Very offensive, and displeasing to God, bitter as gall. 2 Very malignant, and pernicious one to another, like the cruel venom of asps. Some understand this of their punishment; their sin would be bitterness in the latter end (Sa2 2:26), it would bite like a serpent and sting like an adder, Job 20:14, Pro 23:32.
IV. He resolves upon the destruction of those at last that had been their persecutors and oppressors. When the cup of trembling goes round, the king of Babel shall pledge it at last, Jer 25:26, and see Isa 51:22, Isa 51:23. The day is coming when the judgment that began at the house of God shall end with the sinner and ungodly, Pe1 4:17, Pe1 4:18. God will in due time bring down the church's enemies.
1.In displeasure against their wickedness, which he takes notice of, and keeps an account of, Deu 32:34, Deu 32:35. "Is not this implacable fury of theirs against Israel laid up in store with me, to be reckoned for hereafter, when it shall be made to appear that to me belongs vengeance?" Some understand it of the sin of Israel, especially their persecuting the prophets, which was laid up in store against them from the blood of righteous Abel, Mat 23:35. However it teaches us that the wickedness of the wicked is all laid up in store with God. (1.) He observes it, Psa 90:8. He knows both what the vine is and what the grapes are, what is the temper of the mind and what are the actions of life. (21.) He keeps a record of it both in his own omniscience and in the sinner's conscience; and this is sealed up among his treasures, which denotes both safety and secresy: these books cannot be lost, nor will they be opened till the great day. See Hos 13:12. (3.) He often delays the punishment of sin for a great while; it is laid up in store, till the measure be full, and the day of divine patience has expired. See Job 21:28-30. (4.) There is a day of reckoning coming, when all the treasures of guilt and wrath will be broken up, and the sin of sinners shall surely find them out. [1.] The thing itself will certainly be done, for the Lord is a God to whom vengeance belongs, and therefore he will repay, Isa 59:18. This is quoted by the apostle to show the severity of God's wrath against those that revolt from the faith of Christ, Heb 10:30. [2.] It will be done in due time, in the best time; nay, it will be done in a short time. The day of their calamity is at hand; and, though it may seem to tarry, it lingers not, it slumbers not, but makes haste. In one hour, shall the judgment of Babylon come.
2.He will do it in compassion to his own people, who, though they had greatly provoked him, yet stood in relation to him, and their misery appealed to his mercy (Deu 32:36): The Lord shall judge his people,. that is, judge for them against their enemies, plead their cause, and break the yoke of oppression under which they had long groaned, repenting himself for his servants; not changing his mind, but changing his way, and fighting for them, as he had fought against them, when he sees that their power is gone. This plainly points at the deliverances God wrought for Israel by the judges out of the hands of those to whom he had sold them for their sins (see Jdg 2:11-18), and how his soul was grieved for the misery of Israel (Jdg 10:16), and this when they were reduced to the last extremity. God helped them when they could not help themselves; for there was none shut up or left; that is, none that dwelt either in cities or walled towns, in which they were shut up, nor any that dwelt in scattered houses in the country, in which they were left at a distance from neighbours. Note, God's time to appear for the deliverance of his people is when things are at the worst with them. God tries his people's faith, and stirs up prayer, by letting things go to the worst, and then magnifies his own power, and fills the faces of his enemies with shame and the hearts of his people with so much the greater joy, by rescuing them out of extremity as brands out of the burning.
3.He will do it in contempt and to the reproach of idol-gods, Deu 32:37, Deu 32:38. Where are their gods? Two ways it may be understood: (1.) That God would do that for his people which the idols they had served could not do for them. They had forsaken God, and been very liberal in their sacrifices to idols, had brought to their altars the fat of their sacrifices and the wine of their drink-offerings, which they supposed their deities to feed upon and on which they feasted with them. "Now," says God, "will these gods you have made your court to, at so great an expense, help you in your distress, and so repay you for all your charges in their service? Go get you to the gods you have served, and let them deliver you, Jdg 10:14. This is intended to convince them of their folly in forsaking a God that could help them for gods that could not, and so to bring them to repentance and qualify them for deliverance. When the adulteress shall follow after her lovers and not overtake them, pray to her idols and receive no kindness from them, then she shall say, I will go and return to my first husband, Hos 2:7. See Isa 16:12; Jer 2:27, Jer 2:28. Or, (2.) That God would do that against his enemies which the idols they had served could not save them from, Sennacherib and Nebuchadnezzar boldly challenged the God of Israel to deliver his worshippers (Isa 37:10; Dan 3:15), and he did deliver them, to the confusion of their enemies. But the God of Israel challenged Bel and Nebo to deliver their worshippers, to rise up and help them, and to be their protection (Isa 47:12, Isa 47:13); but they were so far from helping them that they themselves, that is, their images, which was all that was of them, went into captivity, Isa 46:1, Isa 46:2. Note, Those who trust to any rock but God will find it sand in the day of their distress; it will fail them when they most need it.
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SUMMARY
Deuteronomy 32:30, embedded within the "Song of Moses," poses a profound rhetorical question concerning Israel's military fortunes: how could one Israelite warrior chase a thousand enemies, or two put ten thousand to flight, unless God was actively empowering them? Conversely, the verse asserts that if they suffered overwhelming defeat, it was because their divine Protector, metaphorically called "their Rock," had, in righteous judgment, "sold them" and "shut them up" into the hands of their adversaries. This passage powerfully underscores God's absolute sovereignty over the destiny of His people, directly linking their success or failure to their covenant faithfulness and His responsive, just judgment.
CONTEXT
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
The verse primarily employs Rhetorical Question to emphasize the extraordinary nature of God's power and the direct link between Israel's fortunes and their covenant relationship. The opening question ("How should one chase a thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight") is not meant to be answered literally by human means, but to compel the listener to acknowledge a divine cause for such disproportionate victories. Hyperbole is evident in the numbers "a thousand" and "ten thousand," exaggerating the scale of victory to underscore the miraculous, supernatural nature of God's intervention. The most prominent device is Metaphor, with God being referred to as "their Rock." This metaphor powerfully conveys His steadfastness, strength, immutability, and His role as a secure foundation and refuge. Finally, Anthropomorphism is used in the phrases "sold them" and "shut them up," attributing human actions (selling, shutting) to God to describe His active, judicial judgment and the withdrawal of His protective hand.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Deuteronomy 32:30 profoundly illustrates the principle of divine retribution and the conditional nature of God's covenant blessings. It teaches that Israel's military success was never a function of their own might or superior strategy but a direct consequence of their covenant fidelity and God's empowering presence. Conversely, their defeats were not due to the inherent superiority of their enemies but to God's righteous judgment, where He "sold them" or "shut them up" as a consequence of their apostasy. This highlights God's absolute sovereignty over the nations and His unwavering commitment to the terms of His covenant, even when it involves severe disciplinary action. It serves as a stark warning against spiritual complacency and idolatry, emphasizing that true security, victory, and national well-being come only from an obedient walk with the Lord.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Deuteronomy 32:30 offers a timeless and sobering lesson for believers today. It calls us to recognize that our strength, success, and security in life's spiritual battles and personal challenges are not derived from our own abilities, resources, or numbers, but entirely from our faithful reliance on God. When we walk in obedience and trust in His boundless power, He can enable us to overcome seemingly insurmountable odds, turning "one" into "a thousand" and "two" into "ten thousand" in our spiritual victories. Conversely, this verse serves as a powerful warning against spiritual apathy, disobedience, or compromising our faith. Just as God, in His righteous judgment, withdrew His protective hand from Israel due to their unfaithfulness, so too can our spiritual vitality, effectiveness, and experience of His blessing be diminished when we drift from Him. It compels us to examine our hearts, ensuring our trust is firmly placed in "our Rock" and that our lives reflect a vibrant, obedient relationship with Him, recognizing that true victory is always a gift of His grace, contingent upon our faithfulness.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What does "their Rock had sold them" mean?
Answer: The phrase "their Rock had sold them" is a powerful anthropomorphism, meaning that God, who is Israel's steadfast and protective foundation ("their Rock"), actively delivered them over to their enemies. It signifies a divine act of judgment, where God, in His righteousness, withdrew His protection and allowed or even caused their defeat as a direct consequence of their unfaithfulness and idolatry. It emphasizes that Israel's defeats were not due to the inherent strength of their adversaries but to God's deliberate decision to abandon them to the consequences of their sin, as vividly seen in the repeated cycles of judgment and oppression described in the book of Judges.
Does this verse imply God is weak or abandons His people arbitrarily?
Answer: No, quite the opposite. The verse explicitly states that God is "their Rock," a profound metaphor for His unwavering strength, reliability, and protective nature. The actions of "selling" and "shutting up" are presented as deliberate, judicial acts of a sovereign God who is responding to Israel's profound unfaithfulness and breach of covenant. It underscores God's holiness and justice, demonstrating that His covenant relationship with Israel, while gracious, also carried serious consequences for disobedience. It's a testament to His justice and sovereignty, not His weakness or arbitrary nature. Indeed, even in judgment, God's ultimate purpose is often redemptive, aiming to bring His people back to Himself, as illustrated in Lamentations 3:31-33.
How does this verse relate to the concept of spiritual warfare for believers today?
Answer: This verse provides a foundational principle for understanding spiritual warfare: ultimate victory or defeat rests with God, not human strength or strategy. Just as Israel's physical battles were contingent on God's presence and favor, so too are our spiritual battles against sin, temptation, and demonic forces. We cannot overcome these adversaries by our own might or willpower. Our ability to "chase a thousand" (i.e., experience victory and fruitfulness) is entirely dependent on God empowering us through His Spirit. Conversely, if we are "sold" or "shut up" to spiritual defeat, it is often a consequence of spiritual compromise, disobedience, or a lack of faithful reliance on God, rather than the inherent power of the enemy. It calls us to rely on the armor of God and the power of the Holy Spirit, recognizing that our strength and victory come from Him alone.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Deuteronomy 32:30 finds its ultimate Christ-centered fulfillment in the person and redemptive work of Jesus, who is the true and eternal "Rock" of our salvation. While the Old Testament "Rock" would, in righteous judgment, "sell" or "shut up" His people due to their sin, Jesus, the perfect Son, became the one who was "sold" and "shut up" for us. He was betrayed for thirty pieces of silver (Matthew 26:15), a direct fulfillment of prophetic imagery, and delivered into the hands of His enemies, ultimately "shut up" in the tomb. Yet, through His glorious resurrection, the ultimate and decisive victory over sin, death, and the grave was secured. He is the one in whom believers find their true strength, enabling us to overcome "a thousand" spiritual adversaries, for "greater is he that is in you, than he that is in the world" (1 John 4:4). Our spiritual victories are not a result of our own faithfulness or strength, but of His perfect obedience, His finished work on the cross, and the indwelling power of His Spirit. Jesus is the steadfast foundation upon whom the church is built, against which "the gates of hell shall not prevail" (Matthew 16:18). In Christ, we are never "sold" or "shut up" to ultimate defeat or eternal separation, for He has secured our eternal victory and promises His abiding presence, ensuring that "neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord" (Romans 8:38-39).