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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers 2 Chronicles 9:13–31. His two-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
We have here Solomon in his throne, and Solomon in his grave; for the throne would not secure him from the grave. Mors sceptra ligonibus aequat - Death wrenches from the hand the sceptre as well as the spade.
I.Here is Solomon reigning in wealth and power, in ease and fulness, such as, for aught I know, could never since be paralleled by any king whatsoever. In cannot pretend to be critical in comparing the grandeur of Solomon with that of some of the great princes of the earth. But I may observe that the most illustrious of them were famed for their wars, whereas Solomon reigned forty years in profound peace. Some of those that might be thought to vie with Solomon affected retirement, kept people in awe by keeping them at a great distance; nobody must see them, or come near him, upon pain of death: but Solomon went much abroad, and appeared in public business. So that, all things considered, the promise was fulfilled, that God would give him riches, and wealth, and honour, such as no kings have had, or shall have, Ch2 1:12.
1.Never any prince appeared in public with great splendour than Solomon did, which to those that judge by the sight of the eye, as most people do, would very much recommend him. He had 200 targets and 300 shields, all of beaten gold, carried before him (Ch2 9:15, Ch2 9:16), and sat upon a most stately throne, Ch2 9:17-19. There was not the like in any kingdom. The lustre wherein he appeared was typical of the spiritual glory of the kingdom of the Messiah and but a faint representation of his throne, which is above every throne. Solomon's pomp was all artificial; and therefore our Saviour prefers the natural beauty of the lilies of the field before it. Mat 6:29, Solomon, in all his glory, was not arrayed like one of these.
2.Never any prince had greater plenty of gold and silver, though there were no gold or silver mines in his own kingdom. Either he made himself master of the mines in other countries, and, having a populous country, sent hands to dig out those rich metals, or, having a fruitful country, he exported the commodities of it and with them fetched home all this gold that is here spoken of, Ch2 9:13, Ch2 9:14-21.
3.Never any prince had such presents brought him by all his neighbours as Solomon had: All the kings of Arabia, and governors of the country, brought him gold and silver (Ch2 9:14), not as tribute which he extorted from them, but as freewill offerings to procure his favour, or in a way of exchange for some of the productions of his husbandry, corn or cattle. All the kings of the earth brought him presents, that is, all in those parts of the world (Ch2 9:24, Ch2 9:28), because they coveted his acquaintance and friendship. Herein he was a type of Christ, to whom, as soon as he was born, the wise men of the east brought presents, gold, frankincense, and myrrh (Mat 2:11), and to whom all that are about him must bring presents, Psa 76:11; Rom 12:1.
4.Never any prince was so renowned for wisdom, so courted, so consulted, so admired (Ch2 9:23): The kings of the earth (for it was too great a favour for common persons to pretend to) sought to hear his wisdom - his natural philosophy, or his skill in physic, or his state policy, or his rules of prudence for the conduct of human life, or perhaps the principles of his religion, and the reasons of it. The application which they then made to Solomon to hear his wisdom will aggravate, shame, and condemn, men's general contempt of Christ and his gospel. Though in them are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge, yet none of the princes of this world desire to know them, for they are foolishness to them, Co1 2:8, Co1 2:14.
II.Here is Solomon dying, stripped of his pomp, and leaving all his wealth and power, not to one concerning whom he knew not whether he would be a wise man or a fool (Ecc 2:19), but who he knew would be a fool. This was not only vanity but vexation of spirit, Ch2 9:29-31. It is very observable that no mention is here made of Solomon's departure from God in his latter days, not the least hint given of it,
1.Because the Holy Ghost would teach us not to take delight in repeating the faults and follies of others. If those that have been in reputation for wisdom and honour misbehave, though it may be of use to take notice of their misconduct for warning to ourselves and others, yet we must not be forward to mention it, once the speaking of it is enough; why should that unpleasing string be again struck upon? Why can we not do as the sacred historian here does, speak largely of that in others which is praise-worthy, without saying any thing of their blemishes, yea, though they have been gross and obvious? This is but doing as we would be done by.
2.Because, though he fell, yet he was not utterly cast down. His sin is not again recorded, because it was repented of, and pardoned, and became as if it had never been. Scripture-silence sometimes speaks. I am willing to believe that its silence here concerning the sin of Solomon is an intimation that none of the sins he committed were mentioned against him, Eze 33:16. When God pardons sin he casts it behind his back and remembers it no more.
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Summary
2 Chronicles 9:27 powerfully illustrates the unprecedented prosperity of King Solomon's reign, depicting a golden age when silver, typically a precious metal, was so abundant in Jerusalem it was regarded as common as stones, and valuable cedar wood was as plentiful as the ubiquitous sycomore trees found in the low plains. This hyperbolic description underscores the extraordinary material blessings bestowed upon Israel, signifying a period of immense wealth and resources under Solomon's divinely favored and wise leadership, a testament to God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises to His people.
Context
Literary Context
This verse is strategically placed within the Chronicler's detailed account of Solomon's reign, specifically after the momentous dedication of the Temple and God's subsequent covenant renewal with Solomon (2 Chronicles 7:1-22). Chapters 8 and 9 meticulously chronicle Solomon's administrative achievements, his extensive building projects, and, most prominently, his unparalleled wealth and wisdom, which are consistently presented as divine blessings. This particular verse (2 Chronicles 9:27) serves as a climactic summary statement, immediately following the description of Solomon's vast annual gold revenue, his magnificent throne, and his impressive military might (2 Chronicles 9:22-26). It functions as a hyperbolic declaration of the sheer scale of his material prosperity, which is a recurring emphasis throughout 2 Chronicles 9, reinforcing the idea that God's favor resulted in an overflowing abundance. The preceding verses, such as 2 Chronicles 9:20-21, already set the stage by detailing the opulence of his palace and the sheer quantity of gold and silver.
Historical & Cultural Context
Solomon's reign (c. 970-931 BC) marked the zenith of the united monarchy in ancient Israel, a period characterized by remarkable peace, prosperity, and significant international influence. Under Solomon, Jerusalem transformed into a major commercial hub, strategically positioned to leverage trade routes connecting Egypt, Arabia, and Mesopotamia. Silver was a crucial medium of exchange and a primary indicator of wealth across the ancient Near East, often imported from distant regions like Tarshish (1 Kings 10:22). Cedar wood, specifically from the majestic Cedrus libani of Lebanon, was the most highly prized timber for construction due to its exceptional durability, aromatic qualities, and natural resistance to decay. It was reserved for monumental structures such as the Temple and royal palaces (1 Kings 5:6). In contrast, sycomore fig trees (Ficus sycomorus) were indigenous and common in the low-lying plains of Israel, their softer wood typically used for more mundane purposes like common construction or agricultural implements. The comparison in the verse, therefore, highlights not merely the abundance of these materials but the extraordinary transformation of luxury items into common commodities, reflecting a society operating at an unparalleled economic level, largely facilitated by Solomon's divinely granted wisdom and extensive trade networks.
Key Themes
This verse powerfully contributes to several overarching themes within 2 Chronicles and the broader biblical narrative. Firstly, it vividly illustrates the theme of Unparalleled Prosperity, showcasing the peak of Israel's material wealth and geopolitical influence during Solomon's reign, often regarded as the nation's "golden age." This abundance is consistently presented not merely as a result of human ingenuity or economic prowess but as a direct manifestation of Divine Blessing and Fulfillment of God's covenant promises. Specifically, it echoes the promises of prosperity and security contingent upon obedience, as outlined in the Mosaic Covenant (e.g., Deuteronomy 28:1-14). Solomon's immense wealth is intimately linked to his divinely granted wisdom (2 Chronicles 1:11-12), emphasizing the theological principle that true, lasting prosperity flows from God's hand. Finally, the verse highlights the Abundance of Resources, painting a picture of a nation so overflowing with precious metals and valuable timber that luxury items were effectively transformed into commonplace commodities, demonstrating God's capacity to provide beyond measure when His people walk in His ways and honor His covenant.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
Meaning "silver (from its pale color); by implication, money." In the ancient world, silver was a primary form of wealth and currency, often weighed rather than coined. Its abundance was a direct indicator of national prosperity and trade success. The comparison to "stones" (H68, ʼeben) signifies not just quantity but a reduction in its perceived value due to its sheer omnipresence, making it seem as common as the most ubiquitous material. This is a hyperbolic expression emphasizing the extraordinary wealth of Solomon's kingdom, where a precious metal became virtually worthless due to its overwhelming supply.
Meaning "a cedar tree (from the tenacity of its roots)." This refers to the majestic Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani), highly prized throughout the ancient Near East for its strength, durability, aromatic quality, and resistance to decay. It was the preferred timber for monumental architecture, including temples and palaces. Its acquisition required significant resources, skilled labor, and extensive trade networks, making its abundance a clear sign of immense national wealth and power. The comparison to sycomore trees underscores the extraordinary availability of this valuable and typically rare commodity.
Meaning "a sycamore (usually the tree)." Specifically the sycamore-fig tree (Ficus sycomorus), common in the low-lying plains (H8219, shᵉphêlâh) and Shephelah region of Israel. Its wood was softer, less durable, and more prone to decay than cedar, making it suitable for common construction, agricultural tools, or even firewood. The stark contrast between the highly valued, imported cedar and the common, indigenous sycomore powerfully illustrates the unprecedented availability of cedar under Solomon, elevating a luxury item to the status of a common utility due to its sheer quantity.
Verse Breakdown
"And the king made silver in Jerusalem as stones"
This initial clause vividly portrays the unprecedented abundance of silver within the capital city during Solomon's reign. The verb "made" (H5414, nâthan) here implies not creation but the king's active role in accumulating, managing, and making silver so plentiful that it lost its rarity. The simile "as stones" is a powerful hyperbole, suggesting that silver, typically a precious and highly valued commodity, was so common in Jerusalem that it was regarded with the same disregard as ordinary pebbles found on the ground. This indicates not only vast quantities but also a transformed economic reality where the perceived value of silver was significantly diminished due to its overwhelming supply.
"and cedar trees made he as the sycomore trees"
This second part of the verse extends the hyperbolic comparison to timber. "Cedar trees," representing the most esteemed and expensive building material, are depicted as being as common and readily available as "sycomore trees." The verb "made" again highlights Solomon's agency in facilitating this abundance, likely through extensive trade, tribute, and perhaps even cultivation efforts. This comparison underscores the extraordinary access Solomon had to valuable resources, making a luxury item as accessible as a common one for his vast building projects and daily use.
"that [are] in the low plains in abundance"
This final phrase grounds the comparison in a specific geographical and botanical reality. Sycomore trees were indeed common and grew "in abundance" (H7230, rôb) in the Shephelah, or "low plains," of Israel. By explicitly stating the commonality of sycomore, the text emphasizes the shocking and almost unbelievable level of cedar abundance, elevating it to the status of a ubiquitous, easily acquired material. This detail reinforces the hyperbolic nature of the description, painting a picture of unparalleled material prosperity that would have been astounding to the original audience.
Literary Devices
The verse employs several potent literary devices to convey the extraordinary wealth of Solomon's kingdom. The most prominent is Hyperbole, an intentional exaggeration for emphasis. The declarations that silver was "as stones" and cedar trees were "as the sycomore trees" are not meant to be taken literally, but rather to impress upon the reader the astonishing scale of abundance. This exaggeration vividly communicates that precious commodities were so plentiful they had lost their rarity and were treated with the commonness of mundane items. Closely related is Simile, which uses "as" or "like" to compare two unlike things. The comparisons of silver to stones and cedar to sycomore trees are direct similes that make the abstract concept of immense wealth tangible and relatable. Furthermore, the verse utilizes Contrast by juxtaposing highly valuable and rare commodities (silver, cedar) with common and less valuable ones (stones, sycomore trees). This stark contrast highlights the unprecedented nature of Solomon's prosperity, where the usual order of value was inverted due to the sheer quantity of precious goods. The mention of "low plains" for sycomore trees also provides a specific geographical detail that grounds the hyperbolic claim in a relatable context, making the extraordinary abundance even more impactful.
Theological and Thematic Connections
This verse is more than a mere economic report; it is a profound theological statement about God's faithfulness and the lavish blessings poured out upon a kingdom that, for a time, walked in wisdom and obedience. Solomon's unprecedented wealth and the abundance of resources are presented as a direct fulfillment of God's promises, particularly those made to David and Solomon concerning a prosperous and secure kingdom (2 Samuel 7:11-16). It demonstrably showcases God's capacity to provide beyond human imagination when His people honor Him. The material prosperity of Solomon's reign serves as a tangible sign of God's favor and a prefigurement of the ultimate, spiritual abundance found in His eternal kingdom. However, it also subtly foreshadows the transient nature of earthly glory, as this peak of prosperity would eventually decline due to Solomon's later disobedience and the subsequent division of the kingdom.
Reflection and Application
The astounding abundance described in 2 Chronicles 9:27 challenges our contemporary perspectives on wealth, resources, and divine blessing. While the New Covenant shifts our primary focus from material prosperity as the sole or ultimate sign of God's favor to spiritual riches in Christ, this verse still offers valuable insights. It reminds us that God is a God of super-abundance, capable of providing far beyond our needs or expectations. Solomon's reign, at its peak, reflects a kingdom where God's blessings flowed freely due to a measure of obedience and wisdom. This passage invites us to consider our own relationship with material possessions: Do we recognize all blessings as ultimately coming from God? Are we good stewards of the resources entrusted to us, using them not merely for personal gain but for God's glory and the good of others, particularly in advancing His kingdom? It also prompts us to trust in God's provision, understanding that His resources are limitless, and His desire is to bless His people, not always materially, but always spiritually and eternally. The true "stones" and "cedars" of our lives should be the spiritual treasures laid up in heaven, which are imperishable and eternal.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Was the silver truly as common as stones, and cedar as sycomore?
No, the descriptions in 2 Chronicles 9:27 are best understood as hyperbole, a literary device used to emphasize the extraordinary and unprecedented nature of Solomon's wealth. While Jerusalem certainly possessed immense quantities of silver and cedar, the text is not suggesting that these valuable commodities literally lost all their monetary value or were as ubiquitous as common pebbles or trees. Instead, it vividly conveys that they were available in such staggering abundance that they seemed to be as common as the most ordinary items. This hyperbolic language is also found in the parallel account in 1 Kings 10:27 and serves to underscore the peak of Israel's prosperity under Solomon's reign, a direct result of God's blessing and wisdom (2 Chronicles 1:12).
Why is so much emphasis placed on Solomon's material wealth in 2 Chronicles?
The Chronicler's primary purpose in highlighting Solomon's material wealth is theological, not merely historical. It serves to demonstrate the tangible blessings of God upon a king and a nation that, at least initially, sought God's wisdom and built His Temple. Solomon's prosperity is a direct fulfillment of God's covenant promises to David and a visible sign of God's favor and presence among His people (2 Chronicles 7:11-12). This emphasis reinforces the Chronicler's overarching theme: obedience to God leads to blessing, while disobedience leads to decline. The unparalleled abundance under Solomon represents the ideal state of the kingdom when it was aligned with God's will, serving as a benchmark against which later reigns would be measured.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
While 2 Chronicles 9:27 describes the unparalleled material glory of Solomon's earthly kingdom, it ultimately serves as a shadow pointing to the far greater and eternal glory of Jesus Christ. Solomon's wisdom and wealth, though divinely granted, were finite and ultimately diminished by his own failings and idolatry (1 Kings 11:1-8). In stark contrast, Jesus is the true and perfect King, possessing an infinite and unchanging wisdom, in whom "are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge" (Colossians 2:3). He offers an eternal, spiritual abundance that far surpasses any earthly treasure. The "silver as stones" and "cedar as sycomore" in Solomon's reign prefigure the immeasurable riches available to believers in Christ: spiritual blessings "in heavenly places" (Ephesians 1:3), an "inheritance that is imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven" (1 Peter 1:4), a "kingdom that cannot be shaken" (Hebrews 12:28), and the "unsearchable riches of Christ" (Ephesians 3:8). Solomon's reign was a temporary, earthly glimpse of divine favor; Christ's reign is the eternal reality of God's ultimate blessing, where true and lasting abundance is found not in perishable material possessions, but in reconciliation with God, forgiveness of sins, and eternal life through Him, as He came that we "may have life and have it abundantly" (John 10:10). He is the greater Solomon, whose glory is not merely external but transforms the heart and grants access to inexhaustible spiritual wealth that endures forever.