TRV
Translation
King James Version
And their brethren the sons of Merari stood on the left hand: Ethan the son of Kishi, the son of Abdi, the son of Malluch,
Complete Jewish Bible
On the left were their kinsmen the descendants of M'rari: Eitan the son of Kishi, the son of 'Avdi, the son of Malukh,
American Standard Version
And on the left hand their brethren the sons of Merari: Ethan the son of Kishi, the son of Abdi, the son of Malluch,
World English Bible Messianic
On the left hand their brothers the sons of Merari: Ethan the son of Kishi, the son of Abdi, the son of Malluch,
Geneva Bible (1599)
And their brethren the sonnes of Merari were on the left hand, euen Ethan the sonne of Kishi, the sonne of Abdi, the sonne of Malluch,
Young's Literal Translation
And sons of Merari, their brethren, are on the left. Ethan son of Kishi, son of Abdi, son of Malluch,
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Commentary on 1 Chronicles 6 verses 31–53
31 ¶ And these are they whom David set over the service of song in the house of the LORD, after that the ark had rest.
32 And they ministered before the dwelling place of the tabernacle of the congregation with singing, until Solomon had built the house of the LORD in Jerusalem: and then they waited on their office according to their order.
33 And these are they that waited with their children. Of the sons of the Kohathites: Heman a singer, the son of Joel, the son of Shemuel,
34 The son of Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Eliel, the son of Toah,
35 The son of Zuph, the son of Elkanah, the son of Mahath, the son of Amasai,
36 The son of Elkanah, the son of Joel, the son of Azariah, the son of Zephaniah,
37 The son of Tahath, the son of Assir, the son of Ebiasaph, the son of Korah,
38 The son of Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi, the son of Israel.
39 And his brother Asaph, who stood on his right hand, even Asaph the son of Berachiah, the son of Shimea,
40 The son of Michael, the son of Baaseiah, the son of Malchiah,
41 The son of Ethni, the son of Zerah, the son of Adaiah,
42 The son of Ethan, the son of Zimmah, the son of Shimei,
43 The son of Jahath, the son of Gershom, the son of Levi.
44 And their brethren the sons of Merari stood on the left hand: Ethan the son of Kishi, the son of Abdi, the son of Malluch,
45 The son of Hashabiah, the son of Amaziah, the son of Hilkiah,
46 The son of Amzi, the son of Bani, the son of Shamer,
47 The son of Mahli, the son of Mushi, the son of Merari, the son of Levi.
48 Their brethren also the Levites were appointed unto all manner of service of the tabernacle of the house of God.
49 But Aaron and his sons offered upon the altar of the burnt offering, and on the altar of incense, and were appointed for all the work of the place most holy, and to make an atonement for Israel, according to all that Moses the servant of God had commanded.
50 And these are the sons of Aaron; Eleazar his son, Phinehas his son, Abishua his son,
51 Bukki his son, Uzzi his son, Zerahiah his son,
52 Meraioth his son, Amariah his son, Ahitub his son,
53 Zadok his son, Ahimaaz his son.
When the Levites were first ordained in the wilderness much of the work then appointed them lay in carrying and taking care of the tabernacle and the utensils of it, while they were in their march through the wilderness. In David's time their number was increased; and, though the greater part of them was dispersed all the nation over, to teach the people the good knowledge of the Lord, yet those that attended the house of God were so numerous that there was not constant work for them all; and therefore David, by special commission and direction from God, new-modelled the Levites, as we shall find in the latter part of this book. Here we are told what the work was which he assigned them.
I. Singing-work, Ch1 6:31. David was raised up on high to be the sweet psalmist of Israel (Sa2 23:1), not only to pen psalms, but to appoint the singing of them in the house of the Lord (not so much because he was musical as because he was devout), and this he did after that the ark had rest. While that was in captivity, obscure, and unsettled, the harps were hung upon the willow-trees: singing was then thought unseasonable (when the bridegroom is taken away they shall fast); but the harps being resumed, and the songs revived, at the bringing up of the ark, they were continued afterwards. For we should rejoice as much in the prolonging of our spiritual privileges as in the restoring of them. When the service of the ark was much superseded by its rest they had other work cut out for them (for Levites should never be idle) and were employed in the service of song. Thus when the people of God come to the rest which remains for them above they shall take leave of all their burdens and be employed in everlasting songs. These singers kept up that service in the tabernacle till the temple was built, and then they waited on their office there, Ch1 6:32. When they came to that stately magnificent house they kept as close both to their office and to their order as they had done in the tabernacle. It is a pity that the preferment of the Levites should ever make them remiss in their business. We have here an account of the three great masters who were employed in the service of the sacred song, with their respective families; for they waited with their children, that is, such as descended from them or were allied to them, Ch1 6:33. Heman, Asaph, and Ethan, were the three that were appointed to this service, one of each of the three houses of the Levites, that there might be an equality in the distribution of this work and honour, and that every one might know his post, such an admirable order was there in this choir service. 1. Of the house of Kohath was Heman with his family (Ch1 6:33), a man of a sorrowful spirit, if it be the same Heman that penned the 88th psalm, and yet a singer. He was the grandson of Samuel the prophet, the son of Joel, of whom it is said that he walked not in the ways of Samuel (Sa1 8:2, Sa1 8:3); but it seems, though the son did not, the grandson did. Thus does the blessing entailed on the seed of the upright sometimes pass over one generation and fasten upon the next. And this Heman, though the grandson of that mighty prince, did not think it below him to be a precentor in the house of God. David himself was willing to be a door-keeper. Rather we may look upon this preferment of the grandson in the church as a recompense for the humble modest resignation which the grandfather made of his authority in the state. Many such ways God has of making up his people's losses and balancing their disgraces. Perhaps David, in making Heman the chief, had some respect to his old friend Samuel. 2. Of the house of Gershom was Asaph, called his brother, because in the same office and of the same tribe, though of another family. He was posted on Heman's right hand in the choir, Ch1 6:39. Several of the psalms bear his name, being either penned by him or tuned by him as the chief musician. It is plain that he was the penman of some psalms; for we read of those that praised the Lord in the words of David and of Asaph. He was a seer as well as a singer, Ch2 29:30. His pedigree is traced up here, through names utterly unknown, as high as Levi, Ch1 6:39-43. 3. Of the house of Merari was Ethan (Ch1 6:44), who was appointed to Heman's left hand. His pedigree is also traced up to Levi, Ch1 6:47. If these were the Heman and Ethan that penned the 88th and 89th psalms, there appears no reason here why they should be called Ezrahites (see the titles of those psalms), as there does why those should be called so who are mentioned Ch1 2:6, and who were the sons of Zerah.
II. There was serving-work, abundance of service to be done in the tabernacle of the house of God (Ch1 6:48), to provide water and fuel, - to wash and sweep, and carry out ashes, - to kill, and flay, and boil the sacrifices; and to all such services there were Levites appointed, those of other families, or perhaps those that were not fit to be singers, that had either no good voice or no good ear. As every one has received the gift, so let him minister. Those that could not sing must not therefore be laid aside as good for nothing; though they were not fit for that service, there was other service they might be useful in.
III. There was sacrificing-work, and that was to be done by the priests only, Ch1 6:49. They only were to sprinkle the blood and burn the incense; as for the work of the most holy place, that was to be done by the high priest only. Each had his work, and they both needed one another and both helped one another in it. Concerning the work of the priests we are here told, 1. What was the end they were to have in their eye. They were to make an atonement for Israel, to mediate between the people and God; not to magnify and enrich themselves, but to serve the public. They were ordained for men. 2. What was the rule they were to have in their eye. They presided in God's house, yet must do as they were bidden, according to all that God commanded. That law the highest are subject to.
Matthew Henry (1662–1714) — Commentary on the Whole Bible. This section covers verses 31–53. Public domain.
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Theodoret of CyrusAD 458
QUESTIONS ON FIRST CHRONICLES, PROLOGUE
The Chronicles also speak about the tabernacle because a temple of the Lord had not yet been built by either Samuel or David. The text also adds that that the holy services were held in the tabernacle. Worship was observed at that time according to the number of the days of the week. For it also says, “and their kindred who were in their villages were obliged to come in every seven days, in turn, to be with them.” With regard to the holy utensils it says, “Some of them had charge of the utensils of service, for they were required to count them when they were brought in and taken out. Others of them were appointed over the furniture, and over all the holy utensils, also over the choice flour, the wine, the oil, the incense and the spices.” And about the priests it says, “Others, of the sons of the priests, prepared the mixing of the spices.” With regard to the tomb of Saul the Chronicles gives us much information, and in the Book of Kings itself we read that his bones were gathered and buried in the land of Jabesh.
Theodoret of CyrusAD 458
QUESTIONS ON 1 CHRONICLES, PROLOGUE
There is abundant information in the books of Chronicles which were written to continue the books of the Kings and to preserve the memory of such important events. The first book begins with a genealogy that sets out to demonstrate how the human race came from a single man. Since it focuses only on the single kingdom of Judah, it can tell us about its cities and the villages, and from where they took their names. Here we come to know Nathan, from whom the blessed Luke constructed the beginning of his genealogy of our Lord and Savior, Son of David and Solomon’s brother4 on his mother’s side: “The following children were born to him in Jerusalem: Shimeah, Shobab, Nathan and Solomon, that is, the four children he fathered with Bersabea, daughter of Ammiel.” And Rechab6 herself, who is mentioned in many books of Scripture, is said to have come from the tribe of Judah.It also clearly explains why Reuben lost his birthright and Joseph gained it and also, finally, the reason why the tribe of Judah obtained the highest honor: “The sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel. He was the firstborn, but because he defiled his father’s bed his birthright was given to the sons of Joseph son of Israel, so that he is not enrolled in the genealogy according to the birthright; though Judah became prominent among his brothers and a ruler came from him, yet the birthright belonged to Joseph.” It also explains the reason why such a great honor was conceded to Joseph. By the will of God Judah had the dignity of receiving the Lord who was born from him according to the flesh. This is the sense tacitly expressed with the words “a leader from him.” Indeed the passage seems to assert that not only the kings of the earth derived from Judah, but also the eternal king himself who had no beginning and will never end.
It also describes the situation of the tribes beyond the Jordan, those of Reuben and Gad, and even the tribes of Manasseh which later were received into those of the Hagarites and the Itureans, and talks about the tribes of the Naphiseans, and all those peoples who entered into conflict with them. In addition the text relates how they fought and won, and made the Hagarites flee. And it also reports the reason for the victory: “When they received help against them, the Hagarites and all who were with them were given into their hands, for they cried to God in the battle, and he granted their entreaty because they trusted in him.” It also describes the amount of the spoils of war: “They captured their livestock: 50, of their camels, 250, sheep, 2, donkeys and 100, captives. Many were slain because the war was from God. And they lived in their territory until the exile.”
Theodoret of CyrusAD 458
QUESTIONS ON 1 CHRONICLES, PROLOGUE
The genealogy of the priests and the Levites comes after this. It relates that Zadok, who was high priest at the time of David, had been the eleventh from Aaron; that Azariah, nephew of Zadok, had been the first to receive the priestly anointing in the temple built by Solomon. Among them there was also Jehozadak, who was brought to Babylon as a war prisoner. Jesus9 was his son, a high priest as well, who delivered the people from bondage together with Zerubbabel, and built a temple for the Lord. Here we also learn that Korah, who revolted against the great Moses, was a nephew of Isaar, son of Caath and brother of Amram, Aaron’s and Moses’ father. According to this lineage he was related to the first legislator. But he himself paid in the desert for his errors, although his children did not share the punishment of their father. From here Samuel13 came and then Aeman, who intoned Psalms and was a nephew of the prophet Samuel. In fact he was the son of Joel, son of Samuel. On the other hand, Asaph, one of the singers, came from the lineage of Gerson, son of Levi and brother of Caath. Aetham, who also belonged to the group of the singers, had Merari, the third son of Levi, as great-grandfather.The text also explains the difference between the priests and the Levites. It relates that the Levites were initiated into all the ministries of the holy altar of God: “But Aaron and his sons made offerings on the altar of burnt offering and on the altar of incense, doing all the work of the most holy place, to make atonement for Israel, according to all that Moses the servant of God had commanded.” It seems to me, in fact, that this book was written after the return from Babylon. For this reason it also talks about the bondage and explains its cause: “So all Israel was enrolled by genealogies; and these are written in the book of the Kings of Israel. And Judah was taken into exile in Babylon because of their unfaithfulness. Now the first to live again in their possessions in their towns were Israelites, priests, Levites, and temple servants.” These accounts show that the book was begun after the captivity. Indeed no historian ever relates facts that happened afterwards, but what happened before or during his times. And actually only the prophets have the power to foretell the future. In addition it says that also those who had inhabited that land before them had been enslaved. And actually many of them still live with them: the Canaanites, Chettites, Jebusites, who had been their companions in such a misfortune. Also the priests and the Levites were brought into captivity with the Israelites. I believe that those who were called “the saints’ servants” were then called Nathinim. Many of them, in fact, consecrated themselves to the ministries of the priests and the Levites. There were among them also those who were entrusted with the carrying of the water, the gathering of wood and other necessary duties. Indeed, if it was imposed to the Gabaonites, who were foreigners, to follow Joshua in the praises and to perform some works as porters or carpenters, this task was even more the duty of the Israelites. As a proof of this I have found in the interpretation of Hebrew names that this name means “house of Iaō,” that is, “of the God who is.” The text, in fact, mentions the children of Israel and among them Judah and Benjamin, and Ephraim18 and Manasseh. It also mentions the priests and the Levites, who inhabited those cities. About the Korēnites it says that they derived from Korah. It also says that among them there had been the guardians of the temple of God as well, and it seems that this custom had been introduced by Samuel and David. “All these, who were chosen as gatekeepers at the thresholds, were two hundred twelve. They were enrolled by genealogies in their villages. David and the prophet Samuel established them in their office of trust. So they and their descendants were in charge of the gates of the house of the Lord, that is, the house of the tent, as guards. The gatekeepers were on the four sides, east, west, north, and south.”
Source: Quotations drawn from early Church Fathers and historical Christian theologians (AD 100–1500). Some quotes address the surrounding passage context rather than this verse alone.
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SUMMARY
1 Chronicles 6:44 meticulously chronicles a segment of the Levitical lineage, specifically detailing Ethan, a prominent Merarite, and his ancestral line. This verse, embedded within a broader genealogical record of those appointed for sacred service, underscores the divine blueprint for order, designated roles, and the enduring nature of worship within ancient Israel, particularly highlighting the Merarite clan's assigned position "on the left hand" during sacred duties in the tabernacle, anticipating the future Temple.
CONTEXT
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
The primary literary device at play in 1 Chronicles 6:44, and indeed throughout much of Chronicles, is Genealogy. This meticulous tracing of lineage serves multiple purposes: it establishes the legitimacy and authority of individuals like Ethan for their sacred roles, it emphasizes the continuity of God's covenant faithfulness through specific families, and it provides a historical framework for the post-exilic community to understand their heritage and identity. The detailed Enumeration of names and the precise Specificity of Ethan's ancestry (Kishi, Abdi, Malluch) underscore the Chronicler's concern for historical accuracy and the divine order in worship. Furthermore, the mention of "on the left hand" employs Spatial Arrangement as a means of conveying order and hierarchy, illustrating the meticulous planning and execution of Israelite worship. The very structure of the verse, with its clear identification of clan, position, and individual lineage, reflects a deep concern for Order and Structure, mirroring the divine attributes of a God who is not a God of confusion but of peace and order.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
1 Chronicles 6:44, though seemingly a dry genealogical entry, pulses with profound theological significance. It reveals God's meticulous care for order in worship and His valuing of every specific role within His service. The detailed listing of Ethan's lineage and his designated position "on the left hand" underscores that divine service is not chaotic but structured, purposeful, and rooted in an established heritage. This commitment to order ensures that worship is offered with reverence and excellence, reflecting the character of God Himself. It also highlights the importance of faithfulness across generations, as Ethan's service is a continuation of his family's dedication, reinforcing the idea that our contributions to God's kingdom are often built upon the legacy of those who came before us.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The seemingly mundane details of 1 Chronicles 6:44 offer profound insights for contemporary believers. Ethan's precise lineage and assigned position remind us that God delights in order, intentionality, and excellence in our corporate worship and individual service. Just as every Merarite had a place, so too does every member of the body of Christ have a unique, divinely appointed role. This verse challenges us to consider our own "position" in God's work—whether prominent or seemingly "on the left hand"—and to fulfill it with faithfulness and dedication, recognizing that every contribution, no matter how small, is vital to the harmonious functioning of the whole. It encourages us to appreciate the spiritual legacy passed down through generations and to consider how we might contribute to that legacy for those who follow. Ultimately, it calls us to serve God not out of obligation, but out of a deep reverence for His order and a joyful commitment to His purposes, understanding that our service, like Ethan's, is part of a grand, divine symphony of praise that brings glory to His name.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why are genealogies so important in the book of 1 Chronicles?
Answer: Genealogies are crucial in 1 Chronicles for several reasons. Firstly, for the post-exilic community to whom the book was addressed, genealogies provided a vital link to their past, establishing their identity and continuity with the covenant people of Israel. They served as a historical anchor, affirming that God's promises and covenant faithfulness endured despite the exile. Secondly, they legitimized claims to land, tribal inheritance, and, most importantly, sacred offices like the priesthood and Levitical service. Only those with verifiable lineage could serve in the Temple. Thirdly, the genealogies in Chronicles often highlight significant individuals or lines through whom God's purposes were advanced, such as the Davidic line, which points to the coming Messiah. They underscore God's sovereign hand in history, meticulously preserving a people through whom His redemptive plan would unfold, leading ultimately to Christ, as seen in the genealogy of Jesus.
What was the primary role of the Merarites, and how did it evolve?
Answer: The Merarites were one of the three main divisions of the Levites, descended from Merari, the third son of Levi. Their initial and primary responsibility during the wilderness wanderings was the transportation of the heavier, structural components of the tabernacle, including the frames, bars, pillars, and bases (Numbers 3:36-37). They were assigned specific carts and oxen for this task (Numbers 7:8). By the time of King David, with the establishment of a fixed tabernacle in Jerusalem and the anticipation of the Temple, their role evolved significantly. While some duties related to the Temple structure likely remained, a large number of Merarites, like Ethan, were appointed to serve as musicians, gatekeepers, and other administrative roles within the highly organized Temple service (1 Chronicles 23:4-5). This evolution highlights the adaptability of Levitical service to the changing needs of Israel's worship, always under divine direction and for the glory of God.
What does "on the left hand" signify in the context of Israelite worship?
Answer: In 1 Chronicles 6:44, "on the left hand" signifies a specific, assigned physical position within the highly organized structure of Israelite worship, particularly concerning the chief musicians appointed by King David. There were three main divisions of Levitical musicians: Heman's group (Kohathites) was positioned "on the right hand" (1 Chronicles 6:39), Asaph's group (Gershonites) was "in the middle" or "on his right hand" (referring to Heman, 1 Chronicles 6:39), and Ethan's group (Merarites) was "on the left hand." This precise spatial arrangement was not about superiority or inferiority but about order, functionality, and harmony within the sacred space. It ensured that each group knew its place and contributed effectively to the overall worship experience, reflecting the divine desire for everything to be done "decently and in order" (1 Corinthians 14:40).
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
While 1 Chronicles 6:44 details the specific, earthly, and temporary roles of Levitical musicians in ancient Israel, it subtly points forward to the ultimate and eternal worship established through Jesus Christ. The meticulous order and designated roles within the Old Covenant system foreshadow the perfect order and harmony found in Christ, who is not merely a chief musician but the very Conductor of the New Covenant symphony. The Levites, including the Merarites, served as mediators and facilitators of worship, but Christ is the ultimate Mediator between God and humanity (1 Timothy 2:5). The detailed genealogies, which established legitimacy for service, find their perfect culmination in Jesus, whose own genealogy establishes Him as the rightful King and High Priest, fulfilling all the promises made to David and Abraham. No longer do we need specific tribes or physical positions to approach God; through Christ's sacrifice, all believers are made a "royal priesthood" (1 Peter 2:9), able to offer spiritual sacrifices of praise and worship directly to God (Hebrews 13:15). The music of Ethan and the Levites, though beautiful, was but a shadow of the "new song" sung in heaven around the throne of the Lamb who was slain, a song that echoes the redemption accomplished by Christ and invites all nations to join in eternal worship (Revelation 7:9-10). Thus, the order and dedication seen in 1 Chronicles 6:44 find their ultimate purpose and fulfillment in the spiritual, Christ-centered worship of the church, empowered by the Holy Spirit.