1 Chronicles 4:42

KJV

And [some] of them, [even] of the sons of Simeon, five hundred men, went to mount Seir, having for their captains Pelatiah, and Neariah, and Rephaiah, and Uzziel, the sons of Ishi.

KJV (with Strong's)

And some of them, even of the sons {H1121} of Simeon {H8095}, five {H2568} hundred {H3967} men {H582}, went {H1980} to mount {H2022} Seir {H8165}, having for their captains {H7218} Pelatiah {H6410}, and Neariah {H5294}, and Rephaiah {H7509}, and Uzziel {H5816}, the sons {H1121} of Ishi {H3469}.

Complete Jewish Bible

Some 500 of them who were descendants of Shim'on went to Mount Se'ir under the leadership of P'latyah, Ne'aryah, Refayah and Uzi'el the sons of Yish'i.

Berean Standard Bible

And five hundred of these Simeonites led by Pelatiah, Neariah, Rephaiah, and Uzziel, the sons of Ishi, went to Mount Seir

American Standard Version

And some of them, even of the sons of Simeon, five hundred men, went to mount Seir, having for their captains Pelatiah, and Neariah, and Rephaiah, and Uzziel, the sons of Ishi.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
1 Chronicles 4:42 records a significant historical expedition of five hundred men from the tribe of Simeon, led by four named captains, to Mount Seir. This concise narrative, strategically placed within the extensive genealogies, illuminates the Simeonites' persistent and organized efforts to secure additional territory and resources. It underscores their resilience and strategic initiative in expanding their tribal interests, likely long after the initial conquest of Canaan, demonstrating God's ongoing providence in the life of His covenant people.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is intricately woven into the expansive genealogical records that comprise the first nine chapters of 1 Chronicles. The Chronicler, writing for a post-exilic audience, meticulously traces Israel's lineage not merely as a dry list of names but as a theological statement affirming the continuity of God's covenant with His people, their rightful claim to the land, and the importance of proper leadership. Following the broad sweep of humanity and Israel's patriarchs (chapters 1-3), chapter 4 delves into the descendants of Judah, then Simeon ([1_chronicles/4-24-43](/1_chronicles/4-24-43 "1 Chronicles 4:24-43 - Genealogy of Simeon")). The inclusion of narrative interruptions, such as the account in [1 Chronicles 4:42](/1_chronicles/4-42 "1 Chronicles 4:42 - Simeon's Expedition to Mount Seir"), is a deliberate literary choice. It follows [1 Chronicles 4:41](/1_chronicles/4-41 "1 Chronicles 4:41 - Simeonites Dispossess Hamites"), which describes another successful military action by the Simeonites against the Hamites, establishing a pattern of active territorial expansion and consolidation. These narrative moments within the genealogies serve to illustrate the ongoing vitality, significant historical movements, and divine providence at work within the tribes, providing concrete examples of their historical existence and faithfulness.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The tribe of Simeon faced unique challenges, as their initial inheritance was allotted within the larger territory of Judah ([Joshua 19:1-9](/joshua/19-1 "Joshua 19:1-9 - Simeon's Inheritance")). This often led to their gradual absorption into Judah or necessitated aggressive measures to secure their own land and resources. Mount Seir, the destination of this expedition, was the traditional homeland of the Edomites, descendants of Esau, situated to the southeast of the Dead Sea ([Genesis 36:8](/genesis/36-8 "Genesis 36:8 - Esau Settles in Mount Seir")). The Simeonites' venture into Mount Seir therefore represents a significant territorial expansion beyond their original, limited boundaries, likely into foreign or even hostile territory. This event probably occurred much later than the initial conquest, possibly during the period of the United Monarchy or even later, as tribes continued to vie for land, influence, and security in the dynamic ancient Near East. Culturally, such organized military expeditions were essential for tribal survival and prosperity, driven by factors such as population growth, resource scarcity, and the imperative for self-preservation and security in a volatile region.
* **Key Themes:** Several significant themes resonate from this verse and its immediate context. Firstly, **Tribal Perseverance and Expansion** is a prominent theme; despite being a smaller tribe with a limited initial inheritance, the Simeonites demonstrated remarkable initiative and strength in actively seeking and securing additional land. This reflects a persistent effort to thrive and expand their influence, underscoring the dynamic and often challenging nature of tribal life in ancient Israel. Secondly, the explicit mention of specific "captains" highlights the theme of **Leadership and Organization**. Effective, named leadership was paramount for the success of such military endeavors, showcasing the structured and disciplined nature of their tribal society. Finally, the Chronicler's inclusion of such specific, albeit brief, historical details within the genealogies emphasizes the **Preservation of Historical Record and God's Providence**. It underscores the importance of remembering and recounting the movements and achievements of each tribe, affirming God's ongoing dealings with His people throughout their history, even in seemingly minor or overlooked events, demonstrating His faithfulness to His covenant.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **Mount Seir (Hebrew, _har Se'ir_):** This geographical designation refers to the rugged, mountainous region situated south and east of the Dead Sea, traditionally associated with the Edomites, descendants of Esau. The name _Se'ir_ itself, meaning "rough" or "hairy," is descriptive of its often forested and craggy terrain. The Simeonites' journey to this region signifies an expansion beyond their traditional, limited inheritance into foreign territory, highlighting their aggressive pursuit of new lands and resources.
* **Captains (Hebrew, _ro'sh_):** The term _ro'sh_ literally means "head" and is used in a wide variety of applications, including "captain," "chief," or "ruler." The explicit naming of Pelatiah, Neariah, Rephaiah, and Uzziel as _ro'sh_ underscores the organized and strategic nature of this expedition. It signifies that this was not a spontaneous raid but a planned military operation under designated authority, crucial for its success and the cohesion of the five hundred men involved.
* **Sons of Ishi (Hebrew, _bên Yish'iy_):** The term _bên_ signifies "son" (as a builder of the family name) and is used broadly for descendants or members of a group. _Yish'iy_ is a proper name meaning "saving." This phrase identifies the familial lineage of the four captains, indicating that they belonged to the same clan or family within the tribe of Simeon. This detail emphasizes the importance of kinship and familial ties in leadership roles within ancient Israelite society, suggesting a shared heritage of leadership qualities or influence within their specific segment of the tribe, perhaps even linking their leadership to a "saving" quality or purpose.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"And [some] of them, [even] of the sons of Simeon, five hundred men":** This clause precisely specifies the contingent involved in the expedition. It indicates that this was a significant, yet particular, force drawn from the wider tribe of Simeon, not the entire tribe. The number "five hundred men" suggests a well-sized, capable military unit, capable of undertaking a substantial operation like conquering or settling new territory, demonstrating a considerable commitment of tribal resources and manpower.
* **"went to mount Seir":** This phrase identifies the specific destination of the expedition. As previously noted, Mount Seir was Edomite territory, making this journey an act of expansion into foreign land. The verb "went" (Hebrew, _halak_) implies a deliberate, purposeful movement, underscoring the proactive and determined nature of the Simeonites in seeking new opportunities or securing their existence. This was a strategic venture, not a casual wandering.
* **"having for their captains Pelatiah, and Neariah, and Rephaiah, and Uzziel, the sons of Ishi":** This final clause names the specific leaders of the expedition and identifies their shared lineage. The presence of named captains highlights the organized and disciplined nature of the undertaking, indicating a well-planned military or settlement mission. Their identification as "the sons of Ishi" further emphasizes the clan-based leadership structure and the importance of family reputation and cohesion in military and social endeavors within the tribe, suggesting a line of proven leadership.

#### Literary Devices
The Chronicler's inclusion of [1 Chronicles 4:42](/1_chronicles/4-42 "1 Chronicles 4:42 - Simeon's Expedition to Mount Seir") within a lengthy genealogical list employs several powerful literary devices. Primarily, it serves as a moment of **Historical Narrative** embedded within a typically dry **Genealogical Record**. This brief but vivid narrative snippet injects life and action into the otherwise straightforward listing of names, illustrating the dynamic and active existence of the tribes. The specific mention of "five hundred men" and the named "captains" provides **Specificity and Detail**, lending credibility and a sense of historical concreteness to the account. This particularity emphasizes the **Emphasis on Leadership**, highlighting the crucial role of organized command and familial authority in the tribe's endeavors. Furthermore, the account functions as a powerful **Illustrative Example**, showcasing the Simeonites' perseverance, strategic foresight, and proactive spirit in securing their future, a characteristic that the Chronicler often highlights in his portrayal of Israel's tribes as a testament to God's ongoing work among His people.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
This seemingly minor historical detail within the genealogies of 1 Chronicles offers profound theological and thematic insights. It underscores God's ongoing providence over the movements and destinies of His people, even in their struggles for land and survival. The Simeonites' proactive pursuit of their needs, driven by necessity and a desire for security, demonstrates a spirit of perseverance and strategic action that aligns with biblical principles of diligence and responsible stewardship. While their methods were military, the underlying drive was to secure an inheritance and a future, reflecting a universal human longing for security and flourishing that God often works through. The Chronicler's inclusion of this event, even for a lesser-known tribe, signifies that every part of Israel's history, every tribal movement, and every act of leadership is part of God's overarching plan for His covenant people. It reminds us that God is actively involved in the details of human history, working through individuals and groups to fulfill His broader redemptive purposes.

* [Joshua 19:1-9](/joshua/19-1 "Joshua 19:1-9 - Simeon's Inheritance")
* [Judges 1:3](/judges/1-3 "Judges 1:3 - Judah and Simeon's Alliance")
* [Proverbs 16:3](/proverbs/16-3 "Proverbs 16:3 - Committing Plans to the Lord")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The brief account of the Simeonites' expedition to Mount Seir, though ancient, offers valuable insights for contemporary believers. It speaks to the human need for security, provision, and purpose, and the active role we are called to play in pursuing these in alignment with God's will. Just as the Simeonites, facing limitations in their original inheritance, proactively sought new territory with organized leadership, we too are called to diligently pursue our God-given callings and responsibilities. This involves strategic planning, wise leadership, and perseverance, even when circumstances seem challenging or resources scarce. It reminds us that God often works through our diligent efforts and organized endeavors, blessing our faithfulness and initiative. Furthermore, recognizing God's hand in such seemingly small historical details encourages us to see His sovereignty at work in the seemingly mundane or overlooked aspects of our own lives and communities, trusting that He orchestrates all things for His glory and our good, even when the path is difficult or requires venturing into new territory.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does the Simeonites' proactive pursuit of their needs challenge us to be diligent and resourceful in our own callings and responsibilities today, rather than passively waiting?**
* **What role does godly, organized leadership play in the success of spiritual, communal, or even personal endeavors, and how can we cultivate or support it?**
* **How can we discern God's hand at work even in the seemingly small or overlooked details of our lives and history, trusting in His overarching plan and providence?**

### FAQ
**Why is this specific detail about Simeon's expedition included in a genealogy?**

Answer: The Chronicler's purpose in compiling the genealogies (1 Chronicles 1-9) was not merely to provide a dry list of names but to offer a comprehensive and theologically significant history of Israel, particularly for the post-exilic community. By including specific narrative snippets like [1 Chronicles 4:42](/1_chronicles/4-42 "1 Chronicles 4:42 - Simeon's Expedition to Mount Seir"), the Chronicler breathes life into the lineages, demonstrating the ongoing vitality, struggles, and achievements of the tribes. For Simeon, a tribe that often appears to diminish in prominence after the conquest, this detail highlights their continued active role in securing their existence and expanding their territory, even centuries after the initial land distribution. It serves to show God's ongoing interaction with His people and their historical movements, emphasizing perseverance, leadership, and the fulfillment of their destiny within the Promised Land, reinforcing the idea that God's covenant promises remained active.

**What is the significance of Mount Seir as the destination for this expedition?**

Answer: Mount Seir was the traditional territory of the Edomites, descendants of Esau, located southeast of the Dead Sea ([Genesis 36:8](/genesis/36-8 "Genesis 36:8 - Esau Settles in Mount Seir")). The Simeonites' expedition to this region is highly significant because it represents a territorial expansion beyond their original, limited inheritance within Judah ([Joshua 19:1-9](/joshua/19-1 "Joshua 19:1-9 - Simeon's Inheritance")). This move into Edomite land suggests a critical need for additional resources, possibly due to population growth or scarcity in their allotted region, which was often insecure. It demonstrates the Simeonites' military prowess and their willingness to venture into foreign, often hostile, territory to secure their future and provide for their people. This act of conquest or settlement against a traditional enemy also aligns with the broader biblical narrative of Israel's ongoing struggle for land and security in the region, highlighting their active participation in the divine mandate to possess the land.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The Simeonites' expedition to Mount Seir, driven by the need for a secure inheritance and led by specific captains, finds its ultimate fulfillment and spiritual counterpart in Jesus Christ. The earthly inheritance sought by the Simeonites, though vital for their physical survival, points to the far greater and eternal inheritance that believers receive in Christ. Unlike the Simeonites who had to strive and fight for their portion, our spiritual inheritance is freely given through grace, secured not by human strength or military conquest but by Christ's finished work on the cross ([Ephesians 1:11](/ephesians/1-11 "Ephesians 1:11 - Our Inheritance in Christ")). The captains, Pelatiah, Neariah, Rephaiah, and Uzziel, led their people into battle for earthly security; Christ is the supreme Captain of our salvation, leading His people not into physical conquest but into spiritual victory over sin, death, and the powers of darkness ([Hebrews 2:10](/hebrews/2-10 "Hebrews 2:10 - Christ, the Captain of Salvation")). The Simeonites' struggle for rest and security in a land often marked by conflict foreshadows the ultimate rest and peace found only in Christ, who invites the weary to find true rest for their souls in Him ([Matthew 11:28-30](/matthew/11-28 "Matthew 11:28-30 - Christ's Rest for the Weary")). He is the true leader who secures for us an eternal dwelling, a heavenly city, far surpassing any earthly territory ([Hebrews 11:10](/hebrews/11-10 "Hebrews 11:10 - Abraham's Heavenly City")), ensuring our ultimate and everlasting inheritance in His Kingdom.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Genesis 36:8

Thus dwelt Esau in mount Seir: Esau [is] Edom.

Genesis 36:9

¶ And these [are] the generations of Esau the father of the Edomites in mount Seir:

Deuteronomy 1:2

([There are] eleven days' [journey] from Horeb by the way of mount Seir unto Kadeshbarnea.)