Nahum 3:4

KJV

Because of the multitude of the whoredoms of the wellfavoured harlot, the mistress of witchcrafts, that selleth nations through her whoredoms, and families through her witchcrafts.

KJV (with Strong's)

Because of the multitude {H7230} of the whoredoms {H2183} of the wellfavoured {H2896}{H2580} harlot {H2181}, the mistress {H1172} of witchcrafts {H3785}, that selleth {H4376} nations {H1471} through her whoredoms {H2183}, and families {H4940} through her witchcrafts {H3785}.

Complete Jewish Bible

"Because of the continual whoring of this whore, this alluring mistress of sorcery, who sells nations with her whoring and families with her sorcery;

Berean Standard Bible

because of the many harlotries of the harlot, the seductive mistress of sorcery, who betrays nations by her prostitution and clans by her witchcraft.

American Standard Version

because of the multitude of the whoredoms of the well-favored harlot, the mistress of witchcrafts, that selleth nations through her whoredoms, and families through her witchcrafts.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Nahum 3:4 delivers a scathing indictment against Nineveh, the capital of the Assyrian Empire, portraying it as a "wellfavoured harlot" and "mistress of witchcrafts." This verse vividly describes how Nineveh, through its deceptive allure, spiritual depravity, and manipulative political strategies, enslaved and exploited nations and families, ultimately incurring the righteous judgment of God due to its pervasive wickedness and oppressive practices.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is situated within [the book of Nahum](/nahum/1 "The Book of Nahum - Prophecy Against Nineveh"), a prophetic oracle almost entirely dedicated to announcing the complete and irreversible destruction of Nineveh. Unlike [Nineveh's earlier repentance](/jonah/3 "Jonah 3 - Nineveh's Repentance") in the time of Jonah, Nahum's prophecy reveals a city that has returned to its former wickedness, demonstrating no lasting change of heart. Chapter 3, specifically, details the reasons for Nineveh's impending doom, opening with "Woe to the bloody city!" ([Nahum 3:1](/nahum/3-1 "Nahum 3:1 - Woe to the Bloody City")). Verse 4 serves as a foundational explanation for this woe, attributing the city's downfall to its moral and spiritual corruption, particularly its "whoredoms" and "witchcrafts," which are then elaborated upon as instruments of its imperialistic conquest and exploitation. The subsequent verses continue to describe Nineveh's humiliation and desolation as a direct consequence of these actions.

* **Historical & Cultural Context:** Nineveh was the formidable capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, a dominant power in the ancient Near East from the 9th to the 7th centuries BCE. The Assyrians were notorious for their military might, brutal conquests, and cruel treatment of conquered peoples, including mass deportations, torture, and public displays of severed heads. Their empire was built on a foundation of fear and exploitation. In the biblical context, "whoredom" (or harlotry) often extends beyond literal prostitution to signify spiritual unfaithfulness, idolatry, and treacherous political alliances with foreign powers, which were seen as a betrayal of the covenant with Yahweh. "Witchcrafts" or sorcery, prevalent in the ancient world, were associated with deceptive practices, manipulation, and seeking power through illicit spiritual means, often involving idolatrous rituals. Nahum's portrayal of Nineveh as a "wellfavoured harlot" speaks to its deceptive charm and apparent prosperity, which masked its inherent depravity and its use of cunning diplomacy, economic exploitation, and perhaps even literal occult practices to dominate and enslave other nations.

* **Key Themes:** Nahum 3:4 contributes significantly to several major themes within the book and broader biblical theology. Firstly, it underscores the theme of **Divine Judgment on Wickedness**. God's righteous anger is directed against nations characterized by severe moral depravity, oppression, and spiritual corruption. Nineveh's persistent evil, as detailed in this verse, highlights the principle that unchecked wickedness will inevitably face divine retribution, demonstrating [God's righteous judgment](/romans/1-18 "Romans 1:18 - God's Wrath Against Ungodliness") against all ungodliness. Secondly, the verse develops the theme of **Spiritual Harlotry and Deception**. The metaphor of the "wellfavoured harlot" signifies Nineveh's seductive political and spiritual influence. In prophetic literature, "whoredom" frequently denotes [spiritual adultery and idolatry](/ezekiel/23 "Ezekiel 23 - The Harlotry of Oholah and Oholibah")—unfaithfulness to God—and treacherous alliances. Nineveh, though not in covenant with God, is condemned for its pervasive spiritual darkness and deceptive practices that lured and then exploited other nations, a theme later echoed in the portrayal of [Babylon in Revelation](/revelation/17 "Revelation 17 - The Great Harlot and Babylon"). Finally, the verse powerfully illustrates **Exploitation and Oppression**. The phrase "selleth nations through her whoredoms, and families through her witchcrafts" vividly depicts Nineveh's modus operandi. It used its allure, cunning, and manipulative tactics (political alliances, deceptive treaties, and perhaps literal sorcery or dark arts) to conquer, enslave, and dismantle entire societies, reflecting the Assyrian Empire's historical reputation for extreme brutality and forced relocation of conquered peoples.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **harlot (Hebrew, _zânâh'_):** From H2181, a primitive root meaning "to commit adultery," often of the female, and figuratively "to commit idolatry." In this context, it powerfully personifies Nineveh as morally corrupt and spiritually unfaithful, even though not in covenant with Yahweh. It emphasizes the city's treacherous and seductive nature in its dealings with other nations, akin to a prostitute who entices for gain.
* **wellfavoured (Hebrew, _ṭôwb chên'_):** A combination of H2896 (_ṭôwb_) "good, beautiful, pleasant" and H2580 (_chên_) "graciousness, favor, beauty." This phrase highlights Nineveh's outward appearance of splendor, power, and attractiveness. It suggests that the city presented itself as appealing and desirable, masking its true, destructive, and morally repugnant character. This beauty was a deceptive façade for its inherent evil.
* **witchcrafts (Hebrew, _kesheph'_):** From H3785, meaning "magic" or "sorcery." This term points to the deceptive and manipulative spiritual practices employed by Nineveh. It can refer to literal sorcery and enchantments, which were common in ancient Near Eastern cultures, but also, more broadly, to cunning political schemes, manipulative diplomacy, and deceptive tactics that disarmed, entrapped, and exploited its victims. It underscores the spiritual darkness and illicit means by which Nineveh achieved its imperialistic aims.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"Because of the multitude of the whoredoms of the wellfavoured harlot,"**: This opening clause immediately establishes the primary reason for Nineveh's impending judgment: its overwhelming and pervasive "whoredoms." The term "multitude" (H7230, _rôb_) emphasizes the sheer abundance and widespread nature of this corruption. By calling Nineveh a "wellfavoured harlot," the prophet personifies the city as a seductive, outwardly appealing, yet morally depraved entity. This harlotry signifies not just sexual immorality, but more profoundly, spiritual unfaithfulness, idolatry, and treacherous political alliances that betray trust and lead others astray for selfish gain. Nineveh's attractive facade (its wealth, power, and cultural influence) served as a lure for its destructive intentions.
* **"the mistress of witchcrafts,"**: This phrase further defines the character of the "harlot," identifying her as one who masters and employs "witchcrafts" (H3785, _kesheph_). This suggests a deep involvement in deceptive, manipulative, and perhaps even occult practices. "Mistress" (H1172, _baʻălâh_) indicates a possessor or master, implying that Nineveh was not merely dabbling in such practices but was proficient and dominant in their application. These "witchcrafts" could range from literal sorcery to cunning political stratagems, psychological manipulation, and insidious propaganda designed to disarm and control other nations.
* **"that selleth nations through her whoredoms,"**: Here, the destructive consequence of Nineveh's "whoredoms" is explicitly stated. The "harlot" "sells" (H4376, _mâkar_) nations, implying that through its seductive and treacherous policies, it effectively enslaved, subjugated, and profited from entire peoples. This "selling" speaks to economic exploitation, political subjugation, and the breaking down of national sovereignty, all achieved under the guise of alluring alliances or false promises. The "whoredoms" were the means by which Nineveh enticed and then exploited its victims, leading them into a state of bondage.
* **"and families through her witchcrafts."**: This final clause reiterates and intensifies the accusation, showing the depth of Nineveh's destructive reach. Not only nations but even "families" (H4940, _mishpâchâh_), the fundamental units of society, were broken down and exploited through its "witchcrafts." This highlights the insidious and pervasive nature of Nineveh's evil, affecting individuals and the most intimate social structures. The "witchcrafts" here underscore the manipulative, deceptive, and spiritually dark means employed to achieve this profound level of societal destruction and enslavement.

#### Literary Devices
Nahum 3:4 is rich in literary devices that amplify its powerful message of indictment. The most prominent device is **Personification**, where the city of Nineveh is vividly portrayed as a "wellfavoured harlot" and "mistress of witchcrafts." This gives the abstract entity of the city human characteristics, making its moral depravity and deceptive nature more tangible and visceral. Closely related is the use of **Metaphor**, as "whoredoms" and "witchcrafts" are not merely literal acts but serve as powerful metaphors for Nineveh's spiritual idolatry, treacherous political alliances, and manipulative strategies. These terms encapsulate the city's pervasive moral corruption and its methods of imperialistic control. The phrase "multitude of the whoredoms" also employs **Hyperbole**, emphasizing the overwhelming and excessive nature of Nineveh's sin, suggesting a level of depravity that is beyond measure and fully warrants divine judgment. Together, these devices create a vivid, condemnatory image of Nineveh as a seductive yet utterly destructive force, whose beauty masks profound evil and whose cunning leads to the enslavement of others.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Nahum 3:4 stands as a profound theological statement on the nature of divine justice and the consequences of national sin. It asserts God's unwavering opposition to wickedness, particularly when it manifests as systemic oppression, spiritual deception, and the exploitation of the vulnerable. The "whoredoms" and "witchcrafts" of Nineveh represent a deliberate turning away from truth and righteousness, embracing instead a path of self-exaltation and dominion achieved through illicit means. This verse underscores that no nation, however powerful or outwardly impressive, can escape God's scrutiny and ultimate judgment if its foundation is built upon injustice and spiritual depravity. It serves as a timeless warning that apparent success gained through deception and exploitation is ultimately fleeting and will be met with divine retribution, demonstrating God's sovereignty over all earthly powers and His commitment to justice for the oppressed.

This theme resonates throughout scripture:
* [Revelation 18:23](/revelation/18-23 "Revelation 18:23 - Babylon's Sorceries and Deception")
* [Isaiah 10:5-15](/isaiah/10-5-15 "Isaiah 10:5-15 - God's Judgment on Assyria")
* [Ezekiel 16:30-34](/ezekiel/16-30-34 "Ezekiel 16:30-34 - Jerusalem's Spiritual Harlotry")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Nahum 3:4 serves as a timeless and sobering warning for both nations and individuals in every era. It challenges us to look beyond superficial appearances and discern the true nature of power, influence, and prosperity. What seems "wellfavoured" on the surface—whether it be a charismatic leader, a booming economy, or a popular ideology—may conceal deep-seated corruption, manipulative intentions, and destructive practices. This verse calls us to be vigilant against systems and philosophies that promise allure or gain but are built on deception, exploitation, or spiritual darkness. It reminds us that God is a God of justice who sees the hidden "whoredoms" and "witchcrafts" that enslave and harm others, and He will ultimately hold all accountable. For believers, this means cultivating discernment, standing for truth and righteousness, and refusing to participate in or condone practices that exploit or deceive, knowing that true flourishing comes from integrity and faithfulness to God, not from cunning or oppression.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **In what ways might modern societies or influential entities exhibit characteristics of the "wellfavoured harlot" or "mistress of witchcrafts" through deceptive practices or exploitative systems?**
* **How can we, as individuals, cultivate discernment to recognize and resist the "whoredoms" and "witchcrafts" (deception, manipulation, spiritual compromise) that may subtly influence our lives or communities?**
* **What are the practical implications of understanding that God's justice ultimately prevails over all forms of wickedness and oppression?**
* **How does this verse challenge our own desires for power, influence, or gain, particularly if pursued through means that compromise truth or exploit others?**

### FAQ
**What does "whoredoms" mean in this context, and is it literal?**

Answer: While "whoredoms" (Hebrew: _zânûwn_) can refer to literal sexual immorality, in prophetic literature, especially when applied to cities or nations, it primarily signifies spiritual unfaithfulness, idolatry, and treacherous political alliances. Nineveh's "whoredoms" were its enticing yet destructive foreign policies, its pervasive idolatrous practices, and its willingness to betray trust and exploit others for imperialistic ambitions. It's a powerful metaphor for the city's moral and spiritual corruption, not necessarily a direct accusation of widespread literal prostitution, though such practices might have been present.

**Was Nineveh literally involved in "witchcrafts," or is that also a metaphor?**

Answer: The term "witchcrafts" (Hebrew: _kesheph_) refers to magic, sorcery, or enchantments. In the ancient Near East, such practices were common, and it's plausible that Nineveh, like other pagan nations, engaged in literal sorcery or divination as part of its religious and political life. However, like "whoredoms," it also functions metaphorically. It describes Nineveh's cunning, manipulative, and deceptive strategies used to disarm, entrap, and control other nations. These "witchcrafts" were the insidious means by which Nineveh "selleth nations" and "families," reflecting a deep spiritual darkness and reliance on means contrary to God's truth.

**How can a city be "wellfavoured" yet be a "harlot" and "mistress of witchcrafts"?**

Answer: This highlights the deceptive nature of Nineveh. "Wellfavoured" (Hebrew: _ṭôwb chên_) speaks to its outward appearance of grandeur, power, wealth, and perhaps even cultural sophistication. Nineveh was indeed a magnificent city, a center of empire. However, this outward beauty and strength masked a rotten core of moral depravity, spiritual corruption, and ruthless exploitation. The prophet uses this contrast to expose the hypocrisy and danger of a nation that appears attractive but is fundamentally evil and destructive, luring others into its sphere only to dominate and oppress them. It's a warning that appearances can be deeply deceiving, and true character is revealed by actions and underlying spiritual condition.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Nahum 3:4, with its vivid portrayal of a seductive yet destructive power built on "whoredoms" and "witchcrafts," finds its ultimate antithesis and fulfillment in Jesus Christ. While Nineveh "selleth nations through her whoredoms, and families through her witchcrafts," Christ is the one who buys back and redeems nations and families, not through deception but through [His atoning sacrifice](/hebrews/9-22 "Hebrews 9:22 - Atonement Through Blood"). He is the [Lamb of God](/john/1-29 "John 1:29 - Jesus, the Lamb of God") who takes away the sin of the world, contrasting sharply with the harlot who traffics in sin. The "wellfavoured harlot" represents a false and destructive allure, whereas Christ is the [true Bridegroom](/john/3-29 "John 3:29 - Jesus, the Bridegroom") who lovingly gave Himself for the Church, His pure bride, to present her without stain or blemish [Ephesians 5:25-27](/ephesians/5-25-27 "Ephesians 5:25-27 - Christ's Love for the Church, His Bride"). He is the one who exposes the darkness and deception of the "prince of this world" [John 12:31](/john/12-31 "John 12:31 - The Judgment of the Prince of This World") and disarms the spiritual forces of wickedness through [the power of the cross](/colossians/2-15 "Colossians 2:15 - Triumph Over Principalities and Powers"). In His kingdom, which is not of this world [John 18:36-37](/john/18-36-37 "John 18:36-37 - Jesus' Kingdom Is Not of This World"), there is no "whoredom" or "witchcraft," but truth, righteousness, and genuine freedom. Ultimately, Nineveh's judgment foreshadows Christ's [ultimate victory](/revelation/19-11-16 "Revelation 19:11-16 - Christ's Triumphant Return") over all powers of darkness and deception, as He is the one who [makes all things new](/revelation/21-5 "Revelation 21:5 - Behold, I Make All Things New").

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Isaiah 47:9

But these two [things] shall come to thee in a moment in one day, the loss of children, and widowhood: they shall come upon thee in their perfection for the multitude of thy sorceries, [and] for the great abundance of thine enchantments.

Isaiah 47:12

Stand now with thine enchantments, and with the multitude of thy sorceries, wherein thou hast laboured from thy youth; if so be thou shalt be able to profit, if so be thou mayest prevail.

Isaiah 47:13

Thou art wearied in the multitude of thy counsels. Let now the astrologers, the stargazers, the monthly prognosticators, stand up, and save thee from [these things] that shall come upon thee.

Revelation 18:2

And he cried mightily with a strong voice, saying, Babylon the great is fallen, is fallen, and is become the habitation of devils, and the hold of every foul spirit, and a cage of every unclean and hateful bird.

Revelation 18:3

For all nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed fornication with her, and the merchants of the earth are waxed rich through the abundance of her delicacies.

Ezekiel 16:25

Thou hast built thy high place at every head of the way, and hast made thy beauty to be abhorred, and hast opened thy feet to every one that passed by, and multiplied thy whoredoms.

Ezekiel 16:29

Thou hast moreover multiplied thy fornication in the land of Canaan unto Chaldea; and yet thou wast not satisfied herewith.