Genesis 10:5

KJV

By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.

KJV (with Strong's)

By these were the isles {H339} of the Gentiles {H1471} divided in {H6504} their lands {H776}; every one {H376} after his tongue {H3956}, after their families {H4940}, in their nations {H1471}.

Complete Jewish Bible

From these the islands of the nations were divided into their lands, each according to its language, according to their families, in their nations.

Berean Standard Bible

From these, the maritime peoples separated into their territories, according to their languages, by clans within their nations.

American Standard Version

Of these were the isles of the nations divided in their lands, every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Genesis 10:5 concludes the description of Japheth's descendants, detailing how these peoples spread across various regions of the earth after the Great Flood. This verse highlights the formation of distinct nations, identified by their geographical locations, languages, and family lines, establishing the initial distribution of humanity in the post-diluvian world as part of God's sovereign plan for populating the earth.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is an integral part of the "Table of Nations" found in [Genesis chapter 10](/genesis/10 "The Table of Nations"), a pivotal genealogical record that meticulously outlines the descendants of Noah's three sons—Shem, Ham, and Japheth—and their subsequent distribution across the globe. Specifically, [Genesis 10:5](/genesis/10-5 "The Division of Nations") concludes the section dedicated to the Japhethites, following the listing of Japheth's sons in [Genesis 10:2](/genesis/10-2 "The Descendants of Japheth") and the particular focus on the sons of Javan in [Genesis 10:4](/genesis/10-4 "The Sons of Javan"). This chapter serves as a foundational text for understanding the early population of the post-Flood world, meticulously setting the stage for the diverse cultures and nations that would emerge, and providing a framework for the subsequent narrative of the [Tower of Babel](/genesis/11 "The Tower of Babel") in [Genesis chapter 11](/genesis/11 "The Confusion of Tongues").
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** In the ancient Near East, genealogies were far more than mere lists of names; they served as crucial documents for establishing identity, lineage, land claims, and political alliances. The "Table of Nations" reflects this cultural significance by systematically tracing the origins of various peoples known to the Israelites. The concept of "isles" or "coastlands" would have been particularly relevant to maritime peoples like the Greeks (descendants of Javan), who were known for their seafaring and colonization. The emphasis on division by "tongue," "families," and "nations" reflects the natural progression of human societies forming distinct groups, a process that would have been observed in the early post-Flood migrations and settlements. This record provides a divine perspective on the origins of human diversity.
* **Key Themes:** [Genesis 10:5](/genesis/10-5 "The Division of Nations") contributes significantly to several overarching themes within Genesis and the broader biblical narrative. Firstly, it underscores God's **sovereignty over human history and geography**, demonstrating His hand in the initial dispersion and ordering of nations, even before the specific call of Abraham. Secondly, it highlights the theme of **humanity's expansion and fulfillment of the creation mandate** to "be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth," as given to Noah in [Genesis 9:1](/genesis/9-1 "God's Command to Replenish the Earth"). Thirdly, the mention of "tongue" serves as a crucial **foreshadowing of linguistic diversification**, directly anticipating the dramatic events at the [Tower of Babel](/genesis/11-1-9 "The Tower of Babel Account") where language becomes a primary catalyst for further national separation. This verse thus lays the groundwork for understanding the origins of global ethnic and linguistic diversity within a biblical framework.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **isles (Hebrew, _ʼîy'_):** (H339) This term, derived from a root meaning "to be desirable," properly refers to a habitable spot, dry land, a coast, or an island. In this context, it signifies not only literal islands but also distant coastlands and maritime regions, indicating the geographical scope of the Japhethites' dispersion into areas accessible by sea, particularly the Mediterranean and Aegean regions.
* **Gentiles (Hebrew, _gôwy'_):** (H1471) Rarely shortened, this word refers to a foreign nation or, broadly, a people. In this pre-Israelite context, it simply denotes "nations" or "peoples" in general, without the later theological distinction of "non-Israelites." It emphasizes the formation of distinct national entities from Noah's descendants.
* **divided (Hebrew, _pârad'_):** (H6504) A primitive root meaning "to break through," "spread," or "separate oneself." This verb highlights the active process of dispersion and differentiation among the peoples, suggesting an organic yet divinely guided separation into distinct groups rather than a chaotic scattering.
* **tongue (Hebrew, _lâshôwn'_):** (H3956) This word refers to the tongue, used literally for speech, and figuratively for language. Its inclusion here is highly significant as it points to linguistic distinction as a fundamental basis for the division of peoples, directly anticipating the divine confusion of languages at the [Tower of Babel](/genesis/11-7 "God Confuses Languages") as a key mechanism for this separation.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands":** This opening clause identifies the descendants of Japheth (referred to as "these," specifically the sons of Javan mentioned previously) as the group whose dispersion is being described. The term "isles of the Gentiles" indicates their settlement in coastal regions, islands, and distant lands, particularly those accessible by sea. The verb "divided" (Hebrew: *pârad*) signifies a process of separation and spreading out, leading to the formation of distinct national territories. This highlights the initial geographical partitioning of humanity.
* **"every one after his tongue":** This phrase introduces language as a primary criterion for the division of peoples. It suggests that linguistic distinctiveness played a crucial role in defining group identity and boundaries. This statement serves as a significant foreshadowing of the events at the [Tower of Babel](/genesis/11-9 "The Confusion of Tongues"), where the confusion of languages directly leads to the further dispersion and separation of humanity into distinct linguistic groups.
* **"after their families":** This clause emphasizes the familial and kinship basis of these early national divisions. The family unit (Hebrew: *mishpâchâh*) was the foundational structure for societal organization in the ancient world. Nations coalesced from extended family lines and clans, underscoring the organic growth of distinct peoples from common ancestors.
* **"in their nations":** This concluding phrase reiterates the comprehensive nature of the divisions, confirming that the outcome was the formation of distinct "nations" (Hebrew: *gôwy*). These nations were defined by their specific geographical territories ("lands"), their shared languages ("tongue"), and their common ancestry ("families"), establishing the foundational elements of national identity in the post-Flood world.

#### Literary Devices
The verse employs several literary devices to convey its message. The consistent repetition of "after his tongue, after their families, in their nations" is a form of **Merism**, where a comprehensive reality (the full scope of national identity) is expressed by listing its constituent parts (language, kinship, national affiliation). This emphasizes the thoroughness and multifaceted nature of the divisions. Furthermore, the mention of "tongue" serves as a powerful instance of **Anticipation** or **Foreshadowing**, subtly hinting at the climactic narrative of the [Tower of Babel](/genesis/11 "The Tower of Babel") that immediately follows in the biblical text, where linguistic confusion becomes the explicit mechanism for further dispersion. The entire "Table of Nations" itself is a **Genealogical Record**, a common literary form in ancient Near Eastern literature used to establish historical continuity, legitimate claims, and define relationships between various peoples.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
[Genesis 10:5](/genesis/10-5 "The Division of Nations") stands as a testament to God's sovereign ordering of human history and geography. It reveals that the diversity of nations, languages, and cultures is not a random occurrence but part of a divinely orchestrated plan for populating the earth after the Flood. This verse highlights the foundational elements of national identity—geography, language, and kinship—and sets the stage for understanding God's interaction with specific nations throughout the biblical narrative, ultimately culminating in His redemptive plan for all peoples.

* [Genesis 9:1](/genesis/9-1 "God's Command to Replenish the Earth")
* [Acts 17:26](/acts/17-26 "God Determines the Boundaries of Nations")
* [Deuteronomy 32:8](/deuteronomy/32-8 "God Sets the Boundaries of Peoples")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
[Genesis 10:5](/genesis/10-5 "The Division of Nations") offers profound insights into the origins of human diversity and God's sovereign hand in shaping the world. It reminds us that the rich tapestry of languages, cultures, and nations is not merely a product of chance but an intentional part of God's design for populating the earth. While differences exist, the biblical narrative consistently calls for unity in Christ, transcending these earthly distinctions. This verse encourages us to appreciate the unique beauty and contributions of every culture while recognizing our shared humanity and common origin in God. It challenges us to move beyond ethnocentric biases, embracing God's heart for all peoples, and actively participating in the global mission to share the universal truth of the Gospel, which unites people from every "tongue, tribe, people, and nation" under the banner of Christ.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does the diversity described in Genesis 10:5 challenge or affirm your understanding of God's plan for humanity?**
* **In what ways can we, as believers, celebrate cultural diversity while maintaining unity in Christ?**
* **How does this verse inform our perspective on global missions and reaching people from every "tongue" and "nation"?**

### FAQ
**How does Genesis 10:5 relate to the Tower of Babel account?**

Answer: [Genesis 10:5](/genesis/10-5 "The Division of Nations") states that nations were divided "after his tongue," which serves as a significant foreshadowing of the event at the [Tower of Babel](/genesis/11-9 "The Tower of Babel") described in [Genesis chapter 11](/genesis/11 "The Tower of Babel"). While [Genesis 10](/genesis/10 "The Table of Nations") provides a general genealogical and geographical distribution of peoples, [Genesis 11](/genesis/11 "The Confusion of Tongues") explains the specific divine intervention—the confusion of human languages—that led to the more distinct linguistic and national separations mentioned in chapter 10. Thus, chapter 10 describes the *result* of the dispersion, while chapter 11 explains a key *cause* and mechanism for that dispersion.

**Who are the "Gentiles" referred to in this verse?**

Answer: In [Genesis 10:5](/genesis/10-5 "The Division of Nations"), the term "Gentiles" (Hebrew: *goyim*) simply means "nations" or "peoples." At this early stage of biblical history, before the formation of the nation of Israel through Abraham, it refers to all the diverse groups of humanity that descended from Noah's sons. It does not carry the later theological distinction of "non-Israelites" that it acquires after the establishment of the Israelite nation, but rather denotes the broad spectrum of human ethnic and national groups.

**What is the significance of the "isles" or "coastlands" in this verse?**

Answer: The Hebrew word *'iyyim* (אִיִּים), translated as "isles," refers not only to literal islands but also to coastlands, maritime regions, and distant lands accessible by sea. Its use in [Genesis 10:5](/genesis/10-5 "The Division of Nations") indicates that the descendants of Japheth, particularly Javan, were primarily seafaring peoples who settled along the Mediterranean coasts and associated islands. This highlights the geographical scope of their dispersion and their crucial role in populating the distant shores of the known world, emphasizing the global reach of humanity's post-Flood expansion.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
While [Genesis 10:5](/genesis/10-5 "The Division of Nations") describes the initial division of humanity into diverse nations based on geography, language, and family, it ultimately points forward to Christ's redemptive work, which transcends and reconciles these very divisions. The scattering of peoples, though a consequence of human sin (as dramatically illustrated at [Babel](/genesis/11-1-9 "The Tower of Babel Account")), is ultimately brought into a new unity in Christ. Through His atoning sacrifice, Jesus broke down the "dividing wall of hostility" ([Ephesians 2:14](/ephesians/2-14 "Christ Breaks Down the Dividing Wall")) that separated peoples, creating one new humanity from diverse backgrounds. The Great Commission, as commanded by Jesus in [Matthew 28:19](/matthew/28-19 "The Great Commission"), calls believers to make disciples of "all nations" (*panta ta ethnē*), directly echoing the very *goyim* (Gentiles/nations) mentioned in Genesis. Thus, the diverse nations originating from Noah's sons are ultimately called to find their unity, purpose, and salvation in Christ, culminating in the glorious vision of a multitude from "every nation, tribe, people and language" standing before the throne and the Lamb, worshipping God ([Revelation 7:9](/revelation/7-9 "Worship from Every Nation")). This demonstrates God's universal plan of salvation, bringing together the scattered peoples into one family of faith.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Zephaniah 2:11

The LORD [will be] terrible unto them: for he will famish all the gods of the earth; and [men] shall worship him, every one from his place, [even] all the isles of the heathen.

Jeremiah 2:10

For pass over the isles of Chittim, and see; and send unto Kedar, and consider diligently, and see if there be such a thing.

Isaiah 42:4

He shall not fail nor be discouraged, till he have set judgment in the earth: and the isles shall wait for his law.

Genesis 10:20

These [are] the sons of Ham, after their families, after their tongues, in their countries, [and] in their nations.

Jeremiah 25:22

And all the kings of Tyrus, and all the kings of Zidon, and the kings of the isles which [are] beyond the sea,

Isaiah 42:10

Sing unto the LORD a new song, [and] his praise from the end of the earth, ye that go down to the sea, and all that is therein; the isles, and the inhabitants thereof.

Genesis 10:25

And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of one [was] Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided; and his brother's name [was] Joktan.