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Study This Verse
Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Ezekiel 1:4–14. His four-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
The visions of God which Ezekiel here saw were very glorious, and had more particulars than those which other prophets saw. It is the scope and intention of these vision, 1. To possess the prophet's mind with very great, and high, and honourable thoughts of that God by whom he was commissioned and for whom he was employed. It is the likeness of the glory of the Lord that he sees (Eze 1:28), and hence he may infer that it is his honour to serve him, for he is one whom angels serve. He may serve him with safety, for he has power sufficient to bear him out in his work. It is at his peril to draw back from his service, for he has power to pursue him, as he did Jonah. So great a God as this must be served with reverence and godly fear; and with assurance may Ezekiel foretel what this God will do, for he is able to make his words good. 2. To strike a terror upon the sinners who remained in Zion, and those who had already come to Babylon, who were secure, and bade defiance to the threatenings of Jerusalem's ruin, as we have found in Jeremiah's prophecy, and shall find in this, many did. "Let those who said, We shall have peace though we go on, know that our God is a consuming fire, whom they cannot stand before." That this vision had a reference to the destruction of Jerusalem seems plain from Jer 43:3, where he says that it was the vision which he saw when he came to destroy the city, that is, to prophesy the destruction of it. 3. To speak comfort to those that feared God, and trembled at his word, and humbled themselves under his mighty hand. "Let them know that, though they are captives in Babylon, yet they have God nigh unto them; though they have not the place of the sanctuary to be their glorious high throne, they have the God of the sanctuary." Dr. Lightfoot observes, "Now that the church is to be planted for a long time in another country, the Lord shows a glory in the midst of them, as he had done at their first constituting into a church in the wilderness; and out of a cloud and fire, as he had done there, he showed himself; and from between living creatures, as from between the cherubim, he gives his oracles." This put an honour upon them, by which they might value themselves when the Chaldeans insulted over them, and this might encourage their hopes of deliverance in due time.
Now, to answer these ends, we have in these verses the first part of the vision, which represents God as attended and served by an innumerable company of angels, who are all his messengers, his ministers, doing his commandments and hearkening to the voice of his word. This denotes his grandeur, as it magnifies an earthly prince to have a splendid retinue and numerous armies at his command, which engages his allies to trust him and his enemies to fear him.
I.The introduction to this vision of the angels is very magnificent and awakening, Eze 1:4.
The prophet, observing the heavens to open, looked, looked up (as it was time), to see what discoveries God would make to him. Note, When the heavens are opened it concerns us to have our eyes open. To clear the way, behold, a whirlwind came out of the north, which would drive away the interposing mists of this lower region. Fair weather comes out of the north, and thence the wind comes that drives away rain. God can by a whirlwind clear the sky and air, and produce that serenity of mind which is necessary to our communion with Heaven. Yet this whirlwind was attended with a great cloud. When we think that the clouds which arise from this earth are dispelled and we can see beyond them, yet still there is a cloud which heavenly things are wrapped in, a cloud from above, so that we cannot order our speech concerning them by reason of darkness. Christ here descended, as he ascended, in a cloud. Some by this whirlwind and cloud understand the Chaldean army coming out of the north against the land of Judah, bearing down all before them as a tempest; and so it agrees with that which was signified by one of the first of Jeremiah's visions (Jer 1:14, Out of the north an evil shall break forth); but I take it here as an introduction rather to the vision than to the sermons. This whirlwind came to Ezekiel (as that to Elijah, Kg1 19:11), to prepare the way of the Lord, and to demand attention. He that has eyes, that has ears, let him see, let him hear.
II.The vision itself.
A great cloud was the vehicle of this vision, in which it was conveyed to the prophet; for God's pavilion in which he rests, his chariot in which he rides, is darkness and thick clouds, Psa 18:11; Psa 104:3. Thus he holds back the face of his throne, lest its dazzling light and lustre should overpower us, by spreading a cloud upon it. Now,
1.The cloud is accompanied with a fire, as upon Mount Sinai, where God resided in a thick cloud; but the sight of his glory was like a devouring fire (Exo 24:16, Exo 24:17), and his first appearance to Moses was in a flame of fire in the bush; for our God is a consuming fire. This was a fire enfolding itself, a globe, or orb, or wheel of fire. God being his own cause, his own rule, and his own end, if he be as a fire, he is as a fire enfolding itself, or (as some read it) kindled by itself. The fire of God's glory shines forth, but it quickly enfolds itself; for he lets us know but part of his ways; the fire of God's wrath breaks forth, but it also quickly enfolds itself, for the divine patience suffers not all his wrath to be stirred up. If it were not a fire thus enfolding itself, O Lord! who shall stand?
2.The fire is surrounded with a glory: A brightness was about it, in which it enfolded itself, yet it made some discovery of itself. Though we cannot see into the fire, cannot by searching find out God to perfection, yet we see the brightness that is round about it, the reflection of this fire from the thick cloud. Moses might see God's back parts, but not his face. We have some light concerning the nature of God, from the brightness which encompasses it, though we have not an insight into it, by reason of the cloud spread upon it. Nothing is more easy than to determine that God is, nothing more difficult than to describe what he is. When God displays his wrath as fire, yet there is a brightness about it; for his holiness and justice appear very illustrious in the punishment of sin and sinners: even about the devouring fire there is a brightness, which glorified saints will for ever admire.
3.Out of this fire there shines the colour of amber. We are not told who or what it was that had this colour of amber, and therefore I take it to be the whole frame of the following vision, which came into Ezekiel's view out of the midst of the fire and brightness; and the first thing he took notice of before he viewed the particulars was that it was of the colour of amber, or the eye of amber; that is, it looked as amber does to the eye, of a bright flaming fiery colour, the colour of a burning coal; so some think it should be read. The living creatures which he saw coming out of the midst of the fire were seraphim - burners; for he maketh his angels spirits, his ministers a flaming fire.
4.That which comes out of the fire, of a fiery amber colour, when it comes to be distinctly viewed, is the likeness of four living creatures; not the living creatures themselves (angels are spirits, and cannot be seen), but the likeness of them, such a hieroglyphic, or representation, as God saw fit to make use of for the leading of the prophet, and us with him, into some acquaintance with the world of angels (a matter purely of divine revelation), so far as is requisite to possess us with an awful sense of the greatness of that God who has angels for his attendants, and the goodness of that God who has appointed them to be attendants on his people. The likeness of these living creatures came out of the midst of the fire; for angels derive their being and power from God; they are in themselves, and to us, what he is pleased to make them; their glory is a ray of his. The prophet himself explains this vision (Eze 10:20): I knew that the living creatures were the cherubim, which is one of the names by which the angels are known in scripture. To Daniel was made known their number, ten thousand times ten thousand, Dan 7:10. But, though they are many, yet they are one, and that is made known to Ezekiel here; they are one in nature and operation, as an army, consisting of thousands, is yet called a body of men. We have here an account of,
(1.)Their nature. They are living creatures; they are the creatures of God, the work of his hands; their being is derived; they have not life in and of themselves, but receive it from him who is the fountain of life. As much as the living creatures of this lower world excel the vegetables that are the ornaments of earth, so much do the angels, the living creatures of the upper world, excel the sun, moon, and stars, the ornaments of the heavens. The sun (say some) is a flame of fire enfolding itself, but it is not a living creature, as angels, those flames of fire, are. Angels are living creatures, living beings, emphatically so. Men on earth are dying creatures, dying daily (in the midst of life we are in death), but angels in heaven are living creatures; they live indeed, live to good purpose; and, when saints come to be equal unto the angels, they shall not die any more, Luk 20:36.
(2.)Their number. They are four; so they appear here, though they are innumerable; not as if these were four particular angels set up above the rest, as some have fondly imagined, Michael and Gabriel, Raphael and Uriel, but for the sake of the four faces they put on, and to intimate their being sent forth towards the four winds of heaven, Mat 24:31. Zechariah saw them as four chariots going forth east, west, north, and south, Zac 6:1. God has messengers to send every way; for his kingdom is universal, and reaches to all parts of the world.
(3.)Their qualifications, by which they are fitted for the service of their Maker and Master. These are set forth figuratively and by similitude, as is proper in visions, which are parables to the eye. Their description here is such, and so expressed, that I think it is not possible by it to form an exact idea of them in our fancies, or with the pencil, for that would be a temptation to worship them; but the several instances of their fitness for the work they are employed in are intended in the several parts of this description. Note, It is the greatest honour of God's creatures to be in a capacity of answering the end of their creation; and the more ready we are to every good work the nearer we approach to the dignity of angels. These living creatures are described here,
[1.]By their general appearance: They had the likeness of a man; they appeared, for the main, in a human shape, First, To signify that these living creatures are reasonable creatures, intelligent beings, who have the spirit of a man which is the candle of the Lord. Secondly, To put an honour upon the nature of man, who is made lower, yet but a little lower, than the angels, in the very next rank of beings below them. When the invisible intelligences of the upper world would make themselves visible, it is in the likeness of man. Thirdly, To intimate that their delights are with the sons of men, as their Master's are (Pro 8:31), that they do service to men, and men may have spiritual communion with them by faith, hope, and holy love. Fourthly, The angels of God appear in the likeness of man because in the fulness of time the Son of God was not only to appear in that likeness, but to assume that nature; they therefore show this love to it.
[2.]By their faces: Every one had four faces, looking four several ways. In St. John's vision, which has a near affinity with this, each of the four living creatures has one of these faces here mentioned (Rev 4:7); here each of them has all four, to intimate that they have all the same qualifications for service; though, perhaps, among the angels of heaven, as among the angels of the churches, some excel in one gift and others in another, but all for the common service. Let us contemplate their faces till we be in some measure changed into the same image, that we may do the will of God as the angels do it in heaven. They all four had the face of a man (for in that likeness they appeared, Eze 1:5), but, besides that, they had the face of a lion, an ox, and an eagle, each masterly in its kind, the lion among wild beasts, the ox among tame ones, and the eagle among fowls, Eze 1:10. Does God make use of them for the executing of judgments upon his enemies? They are fierce and strong as the lion and the eagle in tearing their prey. Does he make use of them for the good of his people? They are as oxen strong for labour and inclined to serve. And in both they have the understanding of a man. The scattered perfections of the living creatures on earth meet in the angels of heaven. They have the likeness of man; but, because there are some things in which man is excelled even by the inferior creatures, they are therefore compared to some of them. They have the understanding of a man, and such as far exceeds it; they also resemble man in tenderness and humanity. But, First, A lion excels man in strength and boldness, and is much more formidable; therefore the angels, who in this resemble them, put on the face of a lion. Secondly, An ox excels man in diligence, and patience, and painstaking, and an unwearied discharge of the work he has to do; therefore the angels, who are constantly employed in the service of God and the church, put on the face of an ox. Thirdly, An eagle excels man in quickness and piercingness of sight, and in soaring high; and therefore the angels, who seek things above, and see far into divine mysteries, put on the face of a flying eagle.
[3.]By their wings: Every one had four wings, Eze 1:6. In the vision Isaiah had of them they appeared with six, now with four; for they appeared above the throne, and had occasion for two to cover their faces with. The angels are fitted with wings to fly swiftly on God's errands; whatever business God sends them upon they lose no time. Faith and hope are the soul's wings, upon which it soars upward; pious and devout affections are its wings on which it is carried forward with vigour and alacrity. The prophet observes here, concerning their wings, First, That they were joined one to another, Eze 1:9 and again Eze 1:11. They did not make use of their wings for fighting, as some birds do; there is no contest among the angels. God makes peace, perfect peace, in his high places. But their wings were joined, in token of their perfect unity and unanimity and the universal agreement there is among them. Secondly, That they were stretched upward, extended, and ready for use, not folded up, or flagging. Let an angel receive the least intimation of the divine will, and he has nothing to seek, but is upon the wings immediately; while our poor dull souls are like the ostrich, that with much difficulty lifts up herself on high. Thirdly, That two of their wings were made use of in covering their bodies, the spiritual bodies they assumed. The clothes that cover us are our hindrance in work; angels need no other covering than their own wings, which are their furtherance. They cover their bodies from us, so forbidding us needless enquiries concerning them. Ask not after them, for they are wonderful, Jdg 13:18. They cover them before God, so directing us, when we approach to God, to see to it that we be so clothed with Christ's righteousness that the shame of our nakedness may not appear.
[4.]By their feet, including their legs and thighs: They were straight feet (Eze 1:7); they stood straight, and firm, and steady; no burden of service could make their legs to bend under them. The spouse makes this part of the description of her beloved, that his legs were as pillars of marble set upon sockets of fine gold (Sol 5:15); such are the angels' legs. The sole of their feet was like that of a calf's foot, which divides the hoof and is therefore clean: as it were the sole of a round foot (as the Chaldee words it); they were ready for motion any way. Their feet were winged (so the Septuagint); they went so swiftly that it was as if they flew. And their very feet sparkled like the colour of burnished brass; not only the faces, but the very feet, of those are beautiful whom God sends on his errands (Isa 52:7); every step the angels take is glorious. In the vision John had of Christ it is said, His feet were like unto fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace, Rev 1:15.
[5.]By their hands (Eze 1:8): They had the hands of a man under their wings on their four sides, an arm and a hand under every wing. They had not only wings for motion, but hands for action. Many are quick who are not active; they hurry about a great deal, but do nothing to purpose, bring nothing to pass; they have wings, but no hands: whereas God's servants, the angels, not only go when he sends them and come when he calls them, but do what he bids them. They are the hands of a man, which are wonderfully made and fitted for service, which are guided by reason and understanding; for what angles do they do intelligently and with judgment. They have calves' feet; this denotes the swiftness of their motion (the cedars of Lebanon are said to skip like a calf, Psa 29:6); but they have a man's hand, which denotes the niceness and exactness of their performances, as the heavens are said to be the work of God's fingers. Their hands were under their wings, which concealed them, as they did the rest of their bodies. Note, The agency of angels is a secret thing and their work is carried on in an invisible way. In working for God, though we must not, with the sluggard, hide our hand in our bosom, yet we must, with the humble, not let our left hand know what our right hand doeth. We may observe that where these wings were their hands were under their wings; wherever their wings carried them they carried hands along with them, to be still doing something suitable something that the duty of the place requires.
(4.)Their motions. The living creatures are moving. Angels are active beings; it is not their happiness to sit still and do nothing, but to be always well employed; and we must reckon ourselves then best when we are doing good, doing it as the angels do it, or whom it is here observed,
[1.]That whatever service they went about they went every one straight forward (Eze 1:9, Eze 1:12), which intimates, First, That they sincerely aimed at the glory of God, and had a single eye to that, in all they did. Their going straight forward supposes that they looked straight forward, and never had any sinister intentions in what they did. And, if thus our eye be single, our whole body will be full of light. The singleness of the eye is the sincerity of the heart. Secondly, That they were intent upon the service they were employed in, and did it with a close application of mind. They went forward with their work; for what their hand found to do they did with all their might and did not loiter in it. Thirdly, That they were unanimous in it: They went straight forward, every one about his own work; they did not thwart or jostle one another, did not stand in one another's light, in one another's way. Fourthly, That they perfectly understood their business, and were thoroughly apprised of it, so that they needed not to stand still, to pause of hesitate, but pursue their work with readiness, as those that knew what they had to do and how to do it. Fifthly, They were steady and constant in their work. They did not fluctuate, did not tire, did not vary, but were of a piece with themselves. They moved in a direct line, and so went the nearest way to work in all they did and lost no time. When we go straight we go forward; when we serve God with one heart we rid ground, we rid work.
[2.]They turned not when they went, Eze 1:9, Eze 1:12. First, They made no blunders or mistakes, which would give them occasion to turn back to rectify them; their work needed no correction, and therefore needed not to be gone over again. Secondly, They minded no diversions; as they turned not back, so they turned not aside, to trifle with any thing that was foreign to their business.
[3.]They went whither the Spirit was to go (Eze 1:12), either, First, Whither their own spirit was disposed to go; thither they went, having no bodies, as we have, to clog or hinder them. It is our infelicity and daily burden that, when the spirit if willing, yet the flesh is weak and cannot keep pace with it, so that the good which we would do we do it not; but angels and glorified saints labour under no such impotency; whatever they incline or intend to do they do it, and never come short of it. Or, rather, Secondly, Whithersoever the Spirit of God would have them go, thither they went. Though they had so much wisdom of their own, yet in all their motions and actions they subjected themselves to the guidance and government of the divine will. Whithersoever the divine Providence was to go they went, to serve its purposes and to execute its orders. The Spirit of God (says Mr. Greenhill) is the great agent that sets angels to work, and it is their honour that they are led, they are easily led, by the Spirit. See how tractable and obsequious these noble creatures are. Whithersoever the Spirit is to go they go immediately, with all possible alacrity. Note, Those that walk after the Spirit do the will of God as the angels do it.
[4.]They ran and returned like a flash of lightning, Eze 1:14. This intimates, First, That they made haste; they were quick in their motions, as quick as lightning. Whatever business they went about they despatched it immediately, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye. Happy they that have no bodies to retard their motion in holy exercises. And happy shall we be when we come to have spiritual bodies for spiritual work. Satan falls like lightning into his own ruin, Luk 10:18. Angels fly like lightning in their Master's work. The angel Gabriel flew swiftly. Secondly, That they made haste back: They ran and returned; ran to do their work and execute their orders, and then returned to give an account of what they had done and receive new instructions, that they might be always doing. They ran into the lower world, to do what was to be done there; but, when they had done it, they returned like flash of lightning to the upper world again, to the beatific vision of their God, which they could not with any patience be longer from than their service did require. Thus we should be in the affairs of this world as out of our element. Though we run into them, we must not repose in them, but our souls must quickly return like lightning to God their rest and centre.
5.We have an account of the light by which the prophet saw these living creatures, or the looking-glass in which he saw them, Eze 1:13.
(1.)He saw them by their own light, for their appearance was like burning coals of fire; they are seraphim-burners, denoting the ardour of their love to God, their fervent zeal in his service, their splendour and brightness, and their terror against God's enemies. When God employs them to fight his battles they are as coals of fire (Psa 18:12) to devour the adversaries, as lightnings shot out to discomfit them.
(2.)He saw them by the light of some lamps, which went up and down among them, the shining whereof was very bright. Satan's works are works of darkness; he is the ruler of the darkness of this world. But the angels of light are in the light, and, though they conceal their working, they show their work, for it will bear the light. But we see them and their works only by candle-light, but the dim light of lamps that go up and down among them; when the day breaks, and the shadows flee away, we shall see them clearly. Some make the appearance of these burning coals, and of the lightning that issues out of the fire, to signify the wrath of God, and his judgments, that were now to be executed upon Judah and Jerusalem for their sins, in which angels were to be employed; and accordingly we find afterwards coals of fire scattered upon the city to consume it, which were fetched from between the cherubim, Eze 10:2. But by the appearance of the lamps then we may understand the light of comfort which shone forth to the people of God in the darkness of this present trouble. If the ministry of the angels is as a consuming fire to God's enemies, it is as a rejoicing light to his own children. To the one this fire is bright, it is very reviving and refreshing; to the other, out of the fire comes fresh lightning to destroy them. Note, Good angels are our friends, or enemies, according as God is.
Historical interpretation
Two Centuries of Reception
7 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
Select a marker to jump to its quote. Markers stagger vertically where authors wrote within a few decades of each other.
(Verse 12) And each thing moved forward before its own face. Wherever the impulse of the spirit was, there they moved forward and did not turn back while they traveled. The one who holds the plowshare should not look back (Luke 9:62), nor should one imitate Lot's wife (Genesis 19), lest they fall into the punishment of Deuteronomy (Chapter 19) and perish like the incurable paralytic, whom Eli also fell because he had offended God with the fault of his sons (2 Kings 4). How much more should the four animals that were full of light and wings, which follow the preceding Holy Spirit, fly around the world and elevate themselves to the heights in order to protect their bodies with the feathers of history and not grant us a fuller vision? But what is also said secondly: They did not turn back when they went forward, signifies the sacrament of each of these four living creatures, and the Law and the Gospel hasten toward the future; and they never receive a backward movement.
[Daniel 7:9] "I beheld until thrones were set up, and the Ancient of days took His seat. His garment was as white as snow, and the hair of His head was like pure wool. His throne was composed of fiery flames and its wheels were set on fire. From before His presence there issued forth a rushing, fiery stream." We read something similar in John's Apocalypse: "After these things I was immediately in the Spirit, and lo, a throne was set up in heaven, and one was seated upon the throne; and He who sat upon it had the likeness of jasper and sardine stone, and there was a rainbow round about the throne like the appearance of emerald. Around the throne there were twenty-four other thrones, and upon the twenty-four thrones there sat twenty-four elders, clothed in shining garments; upon their heads was a golden crown, and lightning flashes issued from the throne, and voices and thunder. And in front of the throne there were seven torches of burning fire, which were the seven spirits of God. And in front of the throne lay a glassy sea like unto crystal." (Revelation 4:2-6) And so the many thrones which Daniel saw seem to me to be what John called the twenty-four thrones. And the Ancient of days is the One who, according to John sits alone upon His throne. Likewise the Son of man, who came unto the Ancient of days, is the same as He who, according to John, is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, and the titles of that sort (Revelation 5:5). I imagine that these thrones are the ones of which the Apostle Paul says, "Whether thrones or dominions..." (Colossians 1:16). And in the Gospel we read, "Ye yourselves shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel" (Matthew 19:28). And God is called the One who sits and who is the Ancient of days, in order that His character as eternal Judge might be indicated. His garment is shining white like the snow, and the hair of His head is like pure wool. The Savior also, when He was transfigured on the mount and assumed the glory of His divine majesty, appeared in shining white garments (Matthew 17:2). And as for the fact that His hair is compared to perfectly pure wool, the even-handedness and uprightness of His judgment is shown forth, a judgment which shows no partiality in its exercise. Moreover He is described as an elderly man, in order that the ripeness of His judgment may be established. His throne consists of fiery flames, in order that sinners may tremble before the severity of the torments, and also that the just may be saved, but so as by fire. The wheels of the throne are set aflame, or else it is the wheels of His chariot which are aflame. In Ezekiel also God is ushered on the scene seated in a four-horse chariot (Ezekiel 1:4-28), and everything pertaining to God is of a fiery consistency. In another place also a statement is made on this subject: "God is a consuming fire" (Deuteronomy 4:24), that we might know that wood, hay and stubble are going to burn up in the day of judgment. And in the Psalms we read: "Fire goeth before Him, and He shall set aflame all His enemies round about Him" (Psalm 97:3). A rushing, fiery stream proceeded from before Him in order that it might carry sinners to hell (Gehenna).
This shows the secret of each Testament, because, in those four animals, the law and the gospel hasten toward the future and never make any motion back.
Others give much from their own possessions to the needy, but when they find an opportune moment, they oppress the needy and devastate with whatever plunder they can those whom they are able to. They place before the eyes of their thought the good things they do, and they do not place there the worst things they commit. These clearly do not walk before their own face, because if they were present to themselves, they would see carefully all that they do, and they would recognize how they lose their good works through evil actions, as it is written: And he who gathered wages put them into a bag with holes (Haggai 1:6). For from a bag with holes there goes out elsewhere what is put in from elsewhere, because undiscerning minds do not see how the reward that is acquired from good work is lost through evil work. Another preserves bodily chastity and vigilantly watches himself, lest he outwardly admit anything blameworthy; he is content with his own things, he does not seize what belongs to others, but nevertheless perhaps he holds hatred in his heart against his neighbor. And though it is written: He who hates his brother is a murderer, he considers how pure he is outwardly in deed, and he does not weigh how cruel he is in mind. What is this man but absent from himself, who walks in the darkness of his own heart and does not know it? Another now does not seize what belongs to others, now guards his body from impurity, now loves his neighbor with a pure mind, and conscious of past evils, afflicts himself with lamentations in his prayers; but when prayer is finished, he seeks happy things to rejoice over in this world, and lets his neglectful soul sink into temporal joys, nor does he care lest immoderate joys exceed the measure of his tears; and it happens that by laughing excessively he loses the good that he gained by weeping. This one therefore does not walk before his own face, because he refuses to see the losses he suffers. For it is written: The heart of the wise is where sadness is, and the heart of fools is where gladness is. In all things therefore that we do, we ought diligently to observe ourselves inwardly and outwardly, so that following the winged creatures, we may be present to ourselves and always walk before our own face, having as our only helper Jesus Christ our Lord, the Son of the Father, who lives and reigns with him in the unity of the Holy Spirit, through all ages of ages. Amen.
For there are many sins which we commit, but they do not seem serious to us because, loving ourselves with a private love and closing our eyes, we flatter ourselves in our self-deception. Hence it often happens that we judge our own serious faults lightly, while judging the light faults of our neighbors severely. For it is written: "Men shall be lovers of themselves." And we know that private love powerfully closes the eye of the heart. From this it happens that what we ourselves do, and do not consider to be serious, is often done by our neighbor, and seems to us excessively detestable. But why does what seemed trivial to us in ourselves appear serious in our neighbor, unless because we neither see ourselves as we see our neighbor, nor our neighbor as we see ourselves? For if we looked at ourselves as we do at our neighbor, we would see our own faults with strict judgment. And again, if we looked at our neighbor as we do at ourselves, his action would never appear intolerable to us, since we have often perhaps done the same things, and thought we had done nothing intolerable to our neighbor. Moses strove to correct this badly divided judgment of our mind through the precept of the law, when he said that the bushel should be just and the measure equal. Hence Solomon says: "A weight and a weight, a measure and a measure, both are abominable before God." We know that in the double weights of merchants, one is larger, the other smaller. For they have one weight by which they weigh for themselves, and another weight by which they weigh for their neighbor. They prepare lighter weights for giving, but heavier ones for receiving. Therefore every person who weighs differently the things that belong to their neighbor and differently those that are their own has "a weight and a weight." Both therefore are abominable before God, because if one loved their neighbor as themselves, they would love them in good things as they love themselves. And if one looked at themselves as they do at their neighbor, they would judge themselves in evil things as they judge their neighbor. We ought therefore to see ourselves carefully as we see others, and, as has been said, to place ourselves before our own eyes, so that constantly imitating the winged creatures, lest we be ignorant of what we do, we may always walk before our own face. But the perverse, as we said a little before, do not walk before their own face, because they never consider what they do; they tend toward destruction; they exult in wicked deeds. Of whom it is written: "Who rejoice when they have done evil, and exult in the worst things." Often indeed the just person who beholds them weeps, but they themselves, in the manner of the frenzied, are lamented over, yet they laugh.
It had been said above: "Each of them went before its face," but now it is said: "It walked in the presence of its face." And so the same statement seems to have been repeated. But since we use "in the presence of" to mean "in the present" (that is, it signifies "in the present"), we can distinguish by more subtle inquiry that it is one thing to walk before the face, and another to walk in the present. For to walk before the face is to seek what lies ahead; but to walk in the present is not to be absent from oneself. For every just person who anxiously examines their life and diligently considers how much they grow daily in good things, or perhaps how much they decline from good things—this one, because they place themselves before themselves, walks in their own presence, since they vigilantly see whether they are rising or falling. But whoever neglects the guardianship of their life, and either despises or does not know how to examine what they do, what they say, what they think—this one does not walk in their own presence, because they are ignorant of what they are like in their habits or in their actions. Nor is one present to oneself who is not anxious to examine and know oneself daily. But that one truly places themselves before themselves and is present to themselves, who attends to themselves in their actions as if to another.
Oh, how marvelous is the depth of God's utterances! It is delightful to attend to it, delightful to penetrate its inner meanings with grace as our guide. Whenever we examine it by understanding, what else do we do but enter the shade of the forests, so that we may be hidden in its coolness from the heat of this age? There we gather the greenest herbs of its teachings by reading, and we ruminate on them by reflecting. In the discourse that was delivered to you, dearest brothers, three days ago, it was explained how the living creatures that were shown signify either our Redeemer, or His four evangelists, and all the perfect. The virtue of these living creatures is still expressed more subtly, so that we too, weak and contemptible as we are, may stretch ourselves toward imitating them, insofar as we are able by the Lord's generosity. For behold, it is said: Wherever the impulse of the spirit was, there they went.
In the elect and the reprobate the impulses are different. In the elect, namely, is the impulse of the spirit; in the reprobate, the impulse of the flesh. For the impulse of the flesh drives the soul to hatred, to pride, to impurity, to plunder, to outward glory, to cruelty, to faithlessness, to despair, to anger, to quarrels, to pleasures. But the impulse of the spirit draws the mind to charity, to humility, to continence, to generous mercy, to inward advancement, to works of piety, to faith in eternal things, to hope of coming joy, to patience, to peace, to consideration of mortal life, to tears. Therefore it is necessary that we should always with great care consider in everything we do what impulse leads us; whether our thought is driven by the impulse of the flesh or by the impulse of the spirit. For to love earthly things, to prefer temporal things to eternal, to possess outward goods not for necessary use but to desire them for pleasure, to seek vengeance against an enemy, to rejoice at a rival's downfall—this is the impulse of the flesh. But on the contrary, to love heavenly things, to despise earthly things, to seek passing things not for the fruit of pleasure but for the use of necessity, to be grieved at an enemy's death—this is the impulse of the spirit. And because all who are perfect always exercise themselves in these virtues, it is rightly now said of the holy living creatures: Where the impulse of the spirit was, there they went.
But we must know that very often the impulse of the flesh cloaks itself under the guise of a spiritual impulse, and thought itself lies to itself that what it does carnally it does spiritually. For often someone, overcome by the goads of anger, is inflamed against offenders with zeal for avenging justice more than is necessary, and crossing the boundary of justice in vengeance acts cruelly, while suspecting that he acts justly. The impulse of the flesh, therefore, is veiled for this person under the appearance of spirit, when what is believed to be done justly is not held under the restraint of discretion. And often another person, devoted to excessive gentleness, observes the faults of his subjects, and refuses to correct these through the fervor of zeal, which by cruelly not correcting he multiplies in them; and so it happens that his mildness is hostile both to himself and to his subjects, since because he reckons the torpor of his mind to be patience, through the spirit of the flesh he distances himself from the impulse of the spirit. Therefore, the first consideration ought to rouse us to inquiry of our own heart, lest we be led to certain things we do through an open impulse of the flesh, lest the mind, seduced by depraved pleasures, recognize things to be evil and nevertheless do them. But the second concern ought to render us vigilant, lest the impulse of the flesh secretly insinuate itself as if under the impulse of the spirit, and pretend to us that the faults we commit are virtues.
It should be known that those faults are more serious which imitate virtues under a false appearance, because those faults which are recognized openly cast the soul into confusion and draw it to repentance; but these not only do not humble one to repentance, but even exalt the mind of the one acting, since they are considered virtues. Moreover, what had been said above about the holy living creatures is repeated again, so that it may be more firmly established: They did not turn back when they walked.
Because all the elect strive toward good things in such a way that they do not return to perpetrating evil: "For he who perseveres to the end will be saved." And as it is said through Solomon: "The path of the just, like a shining light, proceeds and grows until the perfect day." For in their souls the good desire and understanding of the inner light is already part of the day, but because they advance in virtue until the end of life, they come to the perfect day when, having been led to the heavenly kingdoms, they will no longer lack anything in that light which they desire.
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Summary
Ezekiel 1:12 offers a profound glimpse into the divinely orchestrated movement of the four living creatures within Ezekiel's inaugural vision, emphasizing their absolute and unwavering obedience to the Spirit's direction. This verse highlights their purposeful, unified, and unhindered progression, serving as a powerful symbol of God's sovereign control and the perfect responsiveness of His heavenly agents, even amidst the chaos and uncertainty of the Babylonian exile.
Context
Literary Context
Ezekiel 1:12 is situated within the opening chapter of the Book of Ezekiel, which details the prophet's extraordinary vision of God's glory and throne-chariot by the Chebar Canal in Babylon. The preceding verses Ezekiel 1:4-11 introduce the four living creatures, describing their appearance, multiple faces, and wings. Following this, verses 13-14 depict the fiery appearance and rapid movement of these creatures, while verses 15-21 introduce the accompanying "wheels within wheels," all moving in perfect synchronization. This verse, therefore, is a crucial component of the intricate description of divine mobility and order, setting the stage for the revelation of God's active presence and power to an exiled people. It underscores the precision and purposefulness inherent in the divine administration, preparing the reader for the subsequent revelations of God's judgment and restoration.
Historical & Cultural Context
Ezekiel received this vision in the fifth year of King Jehoiachin's exile (593 BC), placing him among the first wave of Jewish captives deported to Babylon. This period was marked by profound national despair, as the people grappled with the destruction of Jerusalem and the perceived abandonment by their God. In such a context, a vision of God's glorious, mobile throne-chariot served as a powerful theological statement: God was not confined to the Temple in Jerusalem but was sovereign even in Babylon. The imagery of celestial beings and intricate machinery would have resonated with ancient Near Eastern cosmological ideas, yet Ezekiel's vision uniquely portrays the God of Israel as transcendent, dynamic, and utterly in control, distinct from pagan deities. This vision offered a vital message of hope and reassurance that God's power and presence were not limited by human circumstances or geographical boundaries.
Key Themes
This verse contributes significantly to several overarching themes in Ezekiel. Firstly, it powerfully illustrates Divine Sovereignty and Omnipresence, demonstrating that God's Spirit directs all things, even the movements of His celestial attendants, affirming His active presence and control regardless of geographical location or human circumstances. This theme is foundational to the entire book, reassuring the exiles that God had not forgotten them and would ultimately restore them, as seen in passages like Ezekiel 11:16. Secondly, it highlights Perfect Obedience and Divine Guidance, as the creatures move with absolute precision and without deviation, entirely led by the Spirit. This serves as an ideal model for human responsiveness to God's will, emphasizing that true spiritual movement is Spirit-initiated and Spirit-sustained. Thirdly, the synchronized movement of "every one straight forward" underscores Unity and Order in God's Creation and Administration, reflecting the harmonious operation of God's heavenly host and foreshadowing the divine order God seeks to establish among His people. The emphasis on the Spirit's direction also anticipates the later emphasis on the indwelling Spirit in the new covenant, as promised in Ezekiel 36:27.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
This primitive root (H3212) means "to walk (literally or figuratively); causatively, to carry." In Ezekiel 1:12, its repeated use emphasizes the creatures' continuous, purposeful movement. It signifies not a static presence but an active, dynamic progression, underscoring the ongoing nature of God's work and the active service of His heavenly beings. The repetition of "went" highlights the directness and persistence of their motion, reflecting their unceasing fulfillment of divine commands.
The term rûwach (H7307) is rich in meaning, encompassing "wind," "breath," and "spirit." Here, it unequivocally refers to the divine Spirit, the animating and guiding force. Its presence signifies that the creatures' movements are not self-directed or arbitrary but are entirely under the powerful, dynamic, and intelligent impulse of God Himself. This highlights the supernatural agency behind their actions and the ultimate source of their perfect obedience, demonstrating God's complete control over His creation.
The root çâbab (H5437) means "to revolve, surround, or border; to turn (self) (about, aside, away, back)." The negation "turned not" (לֹא יִסַּבּוּ) is crucial. It emphasizes the absolute directness, unwavering focus, and unhesitating obedience of the creatures. Their path is singular and undeviating, perfectly aligned with the Spirit's leading, signifying a complete absence of hesitation, distraction, or self-will. This highlights their perfect discipline and singular devotion to the divine will.
Verse Breakdown
"And they went every one straight forward:"
This clause establishes the unified and direct nature of the creatures' movement. "Every one" signifies that despite their individual forms and multiple faces, they moved as a single, cohesive unit, demonstrating perfect harmony. "Straight forward" indicates a lack of deviation or turning, emphasizing their singular focus and purpose. This immediate and unhesitating progression speaks to perfect alignment with their divine mandate, devoid of personal agenda or hesitation.
"whither the spirit was to go, they went;"
This phrase reveals the ultimate source and direction of their movement: the divine Spirit. It explicitly states that their destination and trajectory were not self-determined but were entirely dictated by the Spirit. The repetition of "they went" reinforces their complete responsiveness and immediate obedience to this divine impulse, underscoring God's absolute sovereignty over their actions and the complete submission of His celestial servants.
"[and] they turned not when they went."
This concluding clause reiterates and reinforces the previous statements, emphasizing the unwavering and undeviating nature of their path. It highlights their steadfastness and singular focus, confirming that once the Spirit directed them, there was no hesitation, no turning aside, and no deviation from the appointed course. This speaks to perfect discipline and absolute commitment to the divine will, demonstrating an ideal model of obedience.
Literary Devices
Ezekiel 1:12 employs several potent literary devices to convey its profound meaning. Repetition is prominent, particularly with the verb "went," which appears multiple times, creating a sense of continuous, purposeful motion and reinforcing the idea of unwavering progression. This repetition emphasizes the creatures' steadfastness and the relentless nature of their divine service. Symbolism is central, as the living creatures themselves are symbolic representations of divine attributes, perhaps cherubim or seraphim, embodying aspects of God's power, knowledge, and omnipresence. Their "straight forward" movement symbolizes perfect obedience and divine guidance, while their refusal to "turn" symbolizes unhesitating commitment and singular focus on God's will. The phrase "whither the spirit was to go" can be seen as a form of personification, attributing active will and direction to the "spirit," which in this context refers to the Holy Spirit, the dynamic agent of God's will. The entire description contributes to a powerful sense of imagery, painting a vivid picture of celestial beings moving with awe-inspiring precision and unity, underscoring the majesty and order of God's heavenly realm and the perfect harmony of His creation.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Ezekiel 1:12 offers a profound theological statement on divine sovereignty and the nature of Spirit-led obedience. It portrays a universe where even the most powerful celestial beings operate under the absolute direction of God's Spirit, moving with perfect unity and unwavering purpose. This vision assures the exiled Israelites that God's power and presence are not diminished by their circumstances, nor is His control over creation. It sets a high standard for responsiveness to God's will, demonstrating that true service involves complete surrender to divine guidance, without hesitation or deviation. The creatures' steadfastness in their divinely appointed path serves as an enduring model for believers to walk in unwavering faith and singular devotion to God's purposes, trusting that God's Spirit will lead them in paths of righteousness.
Reflection and Application
Ezekiel 1:12 presents a compelling vision of what it means to be truly led by the Spirit of God. The creatures' unhesitating, "straight forward" movement without turning offers a powerful metaphor for the Christian life. In a world fraught with distractions, competing voices, and numerous paths, the call to follow the Spirit's leading with singular focus is paramount. This verse challenges us to cultivate a sensitivity to God's voice, to discern His will, and to commit ourselves to His purposes without wavering. It reminds us that true spiritual progress is not about our own strength or cleverness, but about our responsiveness to the divine impulse. When we yield to the Spirit, our lives can reflect the same purposeful unity and unhindered movement seen in Ezekiel's vision, demonstrating God's sovereign hand at work through us. This steadfastness builds resilience, deepens trust, and ultimately brings glory to God as we walk in the path He has set before us, confident in His guidance.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What are the "living creatures" mentioned in Ezekiel 1:12?
The "living creatures" (Hebrew: chayot) described in Ezekiel 1 are celestial beings, often identified by theologians as cherubim due to their similar characteristics to those described elsewhere in Scripture (e.g., Ezekiel 10 and Genesis 3:24). They are depicted with multiple faces (human, lion, ox, eagle) and wings, symbolizing various aspects of creation, wisdom, strength, and swiftness. Their primary role in this vision is to bear the divine throne-chariot, signifying their service as attendants to God's glory and instruments of His sovereign will. They represent the highest order of creation in perfect submission and service to the Creator, embodying the dynamic and multifaceted nature of God's presence.
How does this verse relate to the concept of God's omnipresence?
Ezekiel 1:12, along with the entire vision, powerfully illustrates God's omnipresence by depicting His throne as mobile and not confined to a single location like the Temple in Jerusalem. The creatures, moving "whither the spirit was to go," demonstrate that God's Spirit can direct His presence and power anywhere. For the exiles in Babylon, this was a revolutionary and deeply comforting truth: God was with them even in a foreign land, actively present and sovereign over their circumstances. This vision underscores that God's glory is not limited by human structures or geographical boundaries but extends to every corner of His creation, directing all things according to His will and affirming His active engagement with His people, no matter where they are.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Ezekiel 1:12, with its depiction of perfect, Spirit-led obedience, finds its ultimate fulfillment and deepest meaning in the person and work of Jesus Christ. Just as the living creatures moved in complete submission to the Spirit's direction, so too did Jesus live a life of perfect, unwavering obedience to the Father, always led by the Spirit. From His baptism, where the Spirit descended upon Him like a dove (Matthew 3:16), to His ministry, where He cast out demons by the Spirit of God (Matthew 12:28), and ultimately to His sacrifice on the cross, Jesus consistently moved "straight forward" in fulfilling God's redemptive plan, never turning aside from His divine mission, even when facing immense suffering (Luke 9:51). He is the embodiment of the Spirit-led life, perfectly aligned with the Father's will. Furthermore, through Christ, believers are now empowered by the same Holy Spirit to live lives of "straight forward" obedience, being led by the Spirit to walk in newness of life and fulfill the righteous requirements of the law (Romans 8:4 and Galatians 5:25). The purposeful movement of the creatures foreshadows the purposeful mission of the Church, empowered by the Spirit to advance God's kingdom without deviation, fixed on the ultimate goal of Christ's return and the consummation of His reign.