1 Kings 16:17

KJV

And Omri went up from Gibbethon, and all Israel with him, and they besieged Tirzah.

KJV (with Strong's)

And Omri {H6018} went up {H5927} from Gibbethon {H1405}, and all Israel {H3478} with him, and they besieged {H6696} Tirzah {H8656}.

Complete Jewish Bible

'Omri and all Isra'el with him withdrew from Gib'ton and besieged Tirtzah.

Berean Standard Bible

Then Omri and all the Israelites marched up from Gibbethon and besieged Tirzah.

American Standard Version

And Omri went up from Gibbethon, and all Israel with him, and they besieged Tirzah.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
1 Kings 16:17 marks a pivotal moment in the tumultuous history of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, detailing the immediate military response of Omri, the commander of the army, after he was proclaimed king by his troops. Upon hearing of Zimri's regicide and usurpation of King Elah's throne, Omri swiftly abandoned the ongoing siege of the Philistine city of Gibbethon. With the full support of "all Israel" (referring to his assembled army), he redirected his forces to besiege Tirzah, the capital city, thereby initiating the direct confrontation that would end Zimri's brief and illegitimate reign.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is deeply embedded within a narrative of profound political instability and violent transitions of power in the Northern Kingdom. It immediately follows the assassination of King Elah by his chariot commander, Zimri, and Zimri's subsequent, incredibly brief seven-day reign [1 Kings 16:15](/1_kings/16-15 "1 Kings 16:15 - Zimri's Seven-Day Reign"). The news of Zimri's treason reaches Omri and the Israelite army while they are engaged in besieging Gibbethon, a Philistine city. Their immediate proclamation of Omri as king sets the stage for the direct military action described in verse 17. This swift pivot from an external enemy (Philistines) to an internal one (Zimri) underscores the chaotic nature of Israelite politics at this time, leading directly to Zimri's self-immolation in [1 Kings 16:18](/1_kings/16-18 "1 Kings 16:18 - Zimri's Death") and a subsequent civil war between Omri and Tibni before Omri fully consolidates his power.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The mid-9th century BCE, during which these events unfold, was a period of significant political fragmentation and military struggle for the Northern Kingdom. Unlike the more stable (though not without its challenges) Davidic dynasty in Judah, Israel experienced frequent coups, assassinations, and short-lived reigns, reflecting a deep spiritual malaise and a lack of a divinely sanctioned succession plan. Tirzah served as the capital of the Northern Kingdom from the time of Jeroboam I until Omri moved it to Samaria [1 Kings 16:23-24](/1_kings/16-23 "1 Kings 16:23-24 - Omri Founds Samaria"), making its siege a direct assault on the seat of power. Gibbethon, a Philistine city, was part of the ongoing territorial disputes between Israel and its western neighbors, illustrating the constant state of warfare. The act of "besieging" a city was a common and brutal military tactic in the ancient Near East, involving surrounding the city, cutting off supplies, and often employing siege engines or direct assault to force surrender. The army's role in proclaiming a king, as seen with Omri, highlights the significant influence of military commanders in the political landscape.
* **Key Themes:** This verse powerfully illustrates several key themes prevalent in the book of [1 Kings](/1_kings/1 "1 Kings - The Reigns of Kings"):
* **Political Instability and Violence:** The rapid succession of kings through regicide and military coups is a dominant motif, contrasting sharply with the covenantal promises of stability given to the Davidic line in Judah. This period is a stark reminder of the consequences when a nation departs from divine order.
* **Military Power as a Path to Leadership:** Omri's ascent is a prime example of how military strength and the loyalty of the army became the primary means of seizing and maintaining power in the Northern Kingdom, rather than divine appointment or hereditary succession. His immediate military action against Zimri solidifies this theme.
* **Divine Judgment (Indirect):** While Omri acts out of ambition, the narrative implicitly suggests that the chaos and violence are a form of judgment on the unrighteous kings and the apostasy of the nation, as seen in the earlier prophecies against the houses of Jeroboam and Baasha [1 Kings 14:7-11](/1_kings/14-7 "1 Kings 14:7-11 - Prophecy Against Jeroboam") and [1 Kings 16:1-4](/1_kings/16-1 "1 Kings 16:1-4 - Prophecy Against Baasha"). The swift end of Zimri's reign, though orchestrated by Omri, can be seen as a consequence of his own wicked actions.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **went up (Hebrew, _wayya'al_):** From the root עָלָה (_‘alah_), meaning "to go up, ascend." In military contexts, this often denotes a movement, advance, or march, frequently implying an uphill journey or a strategic ascent towards a fortified position. Here, it signifies Omri's purposeful and immediate redirection of his forces from the Philistine front to the Israelite capital.
* **all Israel (Hebrew, _kol-Yisra’el_):** While literally meaning "all Israel," in this specific military and political context, it refers primarily to the Israelite army that was with Omri at Gibbethon and had just proclaimed him king. It signifies the unified military backing and, by extension, the political legitimacy Omri gained from this powerful faction, representing the nation's military might and political will.
* **besieged (Hebrew, _wayyāṣûrû_):** From the root צָרַר (_tsarar_), meaning "to bind, be narrow, be in distress," and in the Hiphil stem, "to lay siege to, confine." This term describes the classic ancient Near Eastern military tactic of surrounding a city, cutting off its supplies and communications, and applying pressure to force its surrender or prepare for an assault. It indicates a direct and aggressive military confrontation aimed at capturing the city and its occupant.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"And Omri went up from Gibbethon":** This clause highlights Omri's decisive change of objective. He was previously engaged in a national defense effort against the Philistines, but upon hearing of Zimri's treason, his focus immediately shifts to securing the throne for himself. His departure from Gibbethon signifies the abandonment of an external conflict in favor of an internal power struggle.
* **"and all Israel with him":** This emphasizes the collective action and the immediate loyalty of the army to Omri. Having just proclaimed him king, the soldiers follow his command without hesitation, indicating strong military cohesion and a clear endorsement of his claim to power. This collective action lends significant weight to Omri's legitimacy in the eyes of his supporters.
* **"and they besieged Tirzah":** This final clause describes the direct and forceful military action taken by Omri and his army. By laying siege to Tirzah, the capital city, they directly challenged Zimri's authority and control, signaling the imminent end of his brief reign. The siege was not merely a symbolic act but a strategic move to isolate and capture the usurper, demonstrating Omri's military prowess and determination.

#### Literary Devices
The verse employs several effective literary devices. The **Pacing** is swift and decisive, conveyed through the rapid succession of actions: "went up," "with him," "besieged." This quick tempo mirrors the urgency and violence of the political coup unfolding. There is an element of **Irony** as the Israelite army, previously engaged in defending the nation against an external enemy (Philistines), now turns its might inward, highlighting the self-destructive nature of internal strife and unrighteous ambition. The phrase "all Israel with him" functions as **Synecdoche**, where "all Israel" represents a part (the army) standing for the whole (the nation's military and political will), emphasizing the broad support Omri garnered from this crucial segment of society. Furthermore, Omri's immediate and effective military action in this verse serves as **Foreshadowing** of his subsequent reign, which, despite its spiritual failings, would be characterized by military strength and strategic political moves, including the establishment of Samaria as a new capital.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
The events of 1 Kings 16:17, set against the backdrop of constant political upheaval in the Northern Kingdom, serve as a stark theological commentary on the consequences of a nation that has largely abandoned its covenantal relationship with God. The relentless cycle of violence, regicide, and short, illegitimate reigns underscores the inherent instability that arises when human ambition and military might supersede divine appointment and righteous governance. Unlike the Davidic dynasty in Judah, which, despite its flaws, was rooted in God's eternal covenant [2 Samuel 7:12-16](/2_samuel/7-12 "2 Samuel 7:12-16 - God's Covenant with David"), the Northern Kingdom's leadership was characterized by a chaotic pursuit of power, leading to a society where "everyone did what was right in his own eyes" [Judges 21:25](/judges/21-25 "Judges 21:25 - Everyone Did What Was Right in His Own Eyes"). This narrative implicitly highlights God's sovereign hand, allowing such instability as a form of judgment upon a rebellious people and their unrighteous kings, demonstrating that true peace and security are found not in military strength or political maneuvering, but in adherence to divine principles.

* [1 Kings 16:1-4](/1_kings/16-1 "1 Kings 16:1-4 - Prophecy Against Baasha's House")
* [Proverbs 29:2](/proverbs/29-2 "Proverbs 29:2 - When the Righteous Rule")
* [Isaiah 9:6-7](/isaiah/9-6 "Isaiah 9:6-7 - The Prince of Peace")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The scene described in 1 Kings 16:17, a rapid shift from external conflict to internal power struggle, offers profound lessons for believers today. It vividly illustrates the destructive nature of unchecked ambition and the pursuit of power through violent or illegitimate means. When leadership is determined by military might or political cunning rather than by divine principles and righteous character, the result is often a cycle of instability, fear, and bloodshed. For us, this narrative serves as a powerful reminder that true authority and lasting peace flow from God alone. It challenges us to examine our own ambitions and the means by which we seek influence or control, urging us to prioritize integrity, justice, and dependence on God's will over worldly strategies. It also calls us to pray for and support righteous leadership, recognizing that a society's well-being is deeply intertwined with the character of its leaders.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does the political instability of the Northern Kingdom, as seen in this verse, reflect a deeper spiritual problem?**
* **In what ways does this narrative challenge modern notions of power and leadership?**
* **How can believers contribute to stability and righteousness in their own spheres of influence, even amidst societal chaos?**
* **What does Omri's swift action tell us about the consequences of treason and the pursuit of power?**

### FAQ

**Why was Omri at Gibbethon when he was proclaimed king?**

Answer: Omri was the commander of Israel's army, and at the time of Zimri's coup, he was leading the siege of Gibbethon, a Philistine city. This indicates that he was actively engaged in a significant military campaign against one of Israel's traditional enemies. His position as army commander naturally made him a powerful figure and a logical choice for the troops to rally behind when news of Zimri's treachery reached them.

**Who is "all Israel" in this context, and what does their presence signify?**

Answer: In this specific context, "all Israel" refers primarily to the Israelite army under Omri's command. Their presence signifies the immediate and unified military support for Omri. When they proclaimed him king, it was a declaration of military and political will, effectively legitimizing his claim to the throne through the power of the armed forces. Their collective movement to besiege Tirzah demonstrates their loyalty and commitment to Omri's cause.

**What was the significance of Tirzah as the target of Omri's siege?**

Answer: Tirzah was the capital city of the Northern Kingdom of Israel from the time of Jeroboam I until Omri established Samaria as the new capital [1 Kings 16:23-24](/1_kings/16-23 "1 Kings 16:23-24 - Omri Founds Samaria"). As the seat of the reigning king (Zimri), besieging Tirzah was a direct and unequivocal challenge to his authority. It was the strategic move necessary to confront the usurper, seize the royal palace, and consolidate Omri's claim to the throne. Its capture was essential for Omri to establish his reign.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The turbulent narrative of 1 Kings 16:17, marked by human ambition, military might, and the violent seizure of power, stands in stark contrast to the reign of the ultimate King, Jesus Christ. Omri's ascent to the throne through force and bloodshed highlights the brokenness of human leadership and the endless cycle of sin and instability that results from a world apart from God's perfect rule. In stark contrast, Christ's kingdom is not of this world, nor is it established by military conquest or political maneuvering [John 18:36](/john/18-36 "John 18:36 - My Kingdom Is Not of This World"). He came not to be served, but to serve, and to give His life as a ransom for many [Mark 10:45](/mark/10-45 "Mark 10:45 - The Son of Man Came to Serve"). The longing for a stable, righteous, and eternal kingdom, which is so evident in the chaos of Israel's history, finds its complete fulfillment in Christ. He is the true [Son of David](/matthew/1-1 "Matthew 1:1 - Genealogy of Jesus"), the King whose throne is eternal [Luke 1:32-33](/luke/1-32 "Luke 1:32-33 - Jesus' Eternal Kingdom"), and whose reign brings not violence and instability, but peace, justice, and righteousness [Isaiah 9:6-7](/isaiah/9-6 "Isaiah 9:6-7 - The Prince of Peace"). Unlike Omri, whose rule, though militarily successful, led to further spiritual decline, Christ's reign transforms hearts and establishes a spiritual kingdom that will never end [Revelation 11:15](/revelation/11-15 "Revelation 11:15 - The Kingdom of the World Has Become the Kingdom of Our Lord").

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

2 Kings 18:9

¶ And it came to pass in the fourth year of king Hezekiah, which [was] the seventh year of Hoshea son of Elah king of Israel, [that] Shalmaneser king of Assyria came up against Samaria, and besieged it.

2 Kings 18:12

Because they obeyed not the voice of the LORD their God, but transgressed his covenant, [and] all that Moses the servant of the LORD commanded, and would not hear [them], nor do [them].

Judges 9:50

¶ Then went Abimelech to Thebez, and encamped against Thebez, and took it.

Luke 19:43

For the days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side,

Luke 19:44

And shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy children within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another; because thou knewest not the time of thy visitation.

2 Kings 25:1

¶ And it came to pass in the ninth year of his reign, in the tenth month, in the tenth [day] of the month, [that] Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came, he, and all his host, against Jerusalem, and pitched against it; and they built forts against it round about.

2 Kings 25:4

And the city was broken up, and all the men of war [fled] by night by the way of the gate between two walls, which [is] by the king's garden: (now the Chaldees [were] against the city round about:) and [the king] went the way toward the plain.