1 Chronicles 2:51

KJV

Salma the father of Bethlehem, Hareph the father of Bethgader.

KJV (with Strong's)

Salma {H8007} the father {H1} of Bethlehem {H1035}, Hareph {H2780} the father {H1} of Bethgader {H1013}.

Complete Jewish Bible

Salma the father of Beit-Lechem and Haref the father of Beit-Gader.

Berean Standard Bible

Shobal the father of Kiriath-jearim, Salma the father of Bethlehem, and Hareph the father of Beth-gader.

American Standard Version

Salma the father of Beth-lehem, Hareph the father of Beth-gader.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
1 Chronicles 2:51, embedded within the extensive and meticulously detailed genealogies of Judah, precisely records Salma as the "father" or founder of Bethlehem and Hareph as the "father" of Bethgader. This verse serves as a crucial historical and geographical anchor within the Chronicler's larger narrative, underscoring the deep-rooted origins of key settlements within the tribal territories of Israel. It subtly highlights the divine orchestration of lineage and place, particularly in setting the stage for the future significance of Bethlehem as the ancestral home of King David and, ultimately, the prophesied birthplace of the Messiah.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is an integral part of the comprehensive genealogical record found in the opening chapters of 1 Chronicles (chapters 1-9). Specifically, it falls within the detailed lineage of Judah, the fourth son of Jacob, which receives more extensive treatment than any other tribe (1 Chronicles 2-4). The Chronicler's primary purpose in these meticulous lists was to establish the continuity of God's covenant promises, particularly concerning the Davidic kingship and the future Messiah, for the post-exilic community. Verses like [1 Chronicles 2:51](/1_chronicles/2-51 "1 Chronicles 2:51 - Salma and Hareph") serve to anchor specific, significant locations within these ancestral lines, demonstrating the precise historical and geographical unfolding of God's redemptive plan. The preceding verses detail the descendants of Caleb, son of Hezron, a prominent figure in Judah's lineage, while the subsequent verses continue with further branches of Judah's family, emphasizing the intricate web of relationships and settlements that formed the fabric of Israelite society.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The book of 1 Chronicles was likely composed in the post-exilic period, possibly during the late 5th or early 4th century BCE. For the returning exiles, these genealogies were not mere dry lists but vital documents that served crucial functions: establishing tribal identity, confirming land rights (as seen in the detailed land allotments in [Joshua 13-19](/joshua/13 "Joshua 13-19 - Division of the Land")), and providing a sense of historical continuity and belonging after the traumatic experience of Babylonian captivity. The phrase "father of" (Hebrew: *'ab*) in this context signifies not merely a biological parent but often the founder, leader, or principal inhabitant who established or was prominent in the early development of a town or community. This cultural understanding underscores the importance of those who laid the foundations for future generations and settlements, linking individuals directly to the places they shaped and giving legitimacy to their claims.
* **Key Themes:** Several major theological and narrative themes are illuminated by [1 Chronicles 2:51](/1_chronicles/2-51 "1 Chronicles 2:51 - Salma and Hareph"). Firstly, it powerfully illustrates **Divine Providence in Lineage and Place**. The meticulous detail of these genealogies, including the founding of towns like Bethlehem, highlights God's sovereign hand guiding the history and development of His people, precisely setting the stage for future events, most notably the birth of the Messiah. Secondly, it reinforces the theme of **Historical Continuity and Identity**. For the post-exilic community, these records provided an essential link to their past, affirming their heritage, land claims, and enduring covenant relationship with God. They could trace their roots back to the patriarchs and the promised land, reinforcing their unique identity as God's chosen people, as seen in the broader historical narrative of [the book of Chronicles](/1_chronicles/1 "1 Chronicles - The Genealogies and History of Israel"). Thirdly, the verse subtly introduces the **Significance of Seemingly Small Places**. The mention of Bethlehem, a relatively small town, being established through a specific lineage, foreshadows its immense future importance as the birthplace of both King David ([1 Samuel 17:12](/1_samuel/17-12 "1 Samuel 17:12 - David's Family in Bethlehem")) and, prophetically, the Messiah ([Micah 5:2](/micah/5-2 "Micah 5:2 - Prophecy of the Messiah's Birthplace")).

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **Salma (Hebrew, _Salmâʼ'_):** This name, likely meaning "clothing" or "garment," identifies a specific individual in the lineage of Judah. In this context, Salma is not merely a name but signifies a foundational figure, the progenitor or principal leader associated with the establishment and early development of Bethlehem. The Chronicler's inclusion of such figures emphasizes the deep historical roots and the human agency involved in God's unfolding plan.
* **Father (Hebrew, _ʼâb'_): While commonly meaning a biological male parent, in genealogical and geographical contexts, *'ab* frequently denotes a founder, progenitor, leader, or principal inhabitant of a place or clan. Here, Salma is not necessarily the biological father of every person in Bethlehem, but rather the one who established, settled, or was the prominent figure in its early development. This usage is common in the Old Testament, indicating a pivotal role in the origin or identity of a community.
* **Bethlehem (Hebrew, _Bêyth Lechem'_):** Meaning "house of bread" or "house of food," Bethlehem was a small town in the tribal territory of Judah. Its name itself carries a symbolic resonance, hinting at provision and sustenance. Its mention here, associated with its founder Salma, is profoundly significant given its future role as the birthplace of King David and, most importantly, the prophesied birthplace of the Messiah. The Chronicler, writing to a community concerned with their identity and future, subtly grounds this pivotal location in the ancient lineage of Judah.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"Salma the father of Bethlehem":** This clause identifies Salma as the founder or key figure in the establishment of Bethlehem. Bethlehem, meaning "house of bread" or "house of food," was a small town in the tribal territory of Judah. Its inclusion here is profoundly significant, given its future role as the birthplace of King David ([1 Samuel 17:12](/1_samuel/17-12 "1 Samuel 17:12 - David's Bethlehem Connection")) and, most importantly, the prophesied birthplace of the Messiah ([Micah 5:2](/micah/5-2 "Micah 5:2 - Bethlehem, Birthplace of the Ruler")). The Chronicler, writing to a community concerned with their identity and future, subtly grounds this pivotal location in the ancient lineage of Judah, demonstrating God's meticulous preparation for His redemptive plan.
* **"Hareph the father of Bethgader":** This clause introduces Hareph as the founder or primary figure associated with Bethgader. The name Bethgader likely means "house of a wall" or "house of a fence," suggesting a fortified or enclosed settlement. While Bethgader does not hold the same prominent place in biblical narratives as Bethlehem, its inclusion demonstrates the Chronicler's comprehensive approach to detailing the settlements and their founders within the tribal territories. It provides a more complete historical and geographical context for the people of Israel, affirming the breadth of their heritage and land claims, and reinforcing the thoroughness of God's covenant with His people.

#### Literary Devices
1 Chronicles 2:51, like the broader genealogical sections, primarily employs **Enumeration** and **List** as its overarching literary devices. The meticulous listing of names and their associated places creates a comprehensive historical record, designed to establish continuity and legitimacy for the post-exilic community. The **Repetition** of the phrase "the father of" (or similar constructions throughout the genealogies) emphasizes the foundational role of these individuals in establishing communities and lineages, highlighting the importance of ancestry and origin. Furthermore, the mention of Bethlehem, though seemingly just another entry in a long list, functions as a subtle yet powerful form of **Foreshadowing**. For the informed reader, the inclusion of Bethlehem, even in this seemingly mundane list, hints at its immense future significance in God's redemptive plan. There is also an element of **Symbolism** in the name Bethlehem ("house of bread"), which later becomes the birthplace of the "Bread of Life" ([John 6:35](/john/6-35 "John 6:35 - Jesus, the Bread of Life")), adding a layer of thematic depth.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
1 Chronicles 2:51, though a brief genealogical note, powerfully underscores the meticulous nature of God's providence and His sovereign hand in orchestrating history. It reveals that even the seemingly minor details of lineage and geography are part of a grander divine design. The Chronicler's emphasis on Bethlehem's founder, though not explicitly stated as prophetic, implicitly highlights God's long-term plan for the Davidic line and the coming Messiah. This verse reminds us that God works through specific people, in specific places, and at specific times to accomplish His eternal purposes, demonstrating His faithfulness across generations and His unwavering commitment to His covenant promises. It is a testament to a God who is intimately involved in the fabric of human history.

* [Genesis 49:10](/genesis/49-10 "Genesis 49:10 - The Scepter from Judah")
* [Micah 5:2](/micah/5-2 "Micah 5:2 - Prophecy of Bethlehem's Significance")
* [Luke 2:4-7](/luke/2-4 "Luke 2:4-7 - Jesus' Birth in Bethlehem")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
This seemingly obscure verse serves as a profound reminder that God's plan is meticulously detailed and unfolds through the seemingly ordinary fabric of human history. Just as Salma laid the foundation for Bethlehem, a town destined for immense spiritual significance, so too are our own lives, our "roots," and our seemingly small contributions part of a much larger divine narrative. We are called to trust in God's overarching sovereignty, recognizing that He orchestrates events and uses individuals, places, and times to fulfill His purposes, often in ways we cannot fully grasp in the moment. This encourages us to be faithful in our own spheres of influence, no matter how small they may seem, knowing that God can use them for His glory and the advancement of His kingdom. Our seemingly insignificant acts of faithfulness today may be foundational for something far greater in God's unfolding plan, contributing to a tapestry whose full beauty only God can perceive.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does the meticulous detail of biblical genealogies, like 1 Chronicles 2:51, challenge our modern tendency to overlook or dismiss "small" or "insignificant" details in life?**
* **In what ways can we recognize God's providential hand at work in the "foundations" or origins of our own lives, families, or communities?**
* **What does this verse teach us about the long-term faithfulness of God, even when His plans unfold over centuries?**

### FAQ
**Why are biblical genealogies so extensive and seemingly tedious to read?**

Answer: Biblical genealogies, like the one in [1 Chronicles 2](/1_chronicles/2 "1 Chronicles 2 - The Descendants of Judah"), serve several crucial purposes beyond mere historical record. For the post-exilic community to whom Chronicles was written, they established tribal identity, confirmed land rights, and provided a vital link to their heritage and covenant relationship with God. The meticulous detail affirmed their continuity as God's people. Theologically, they demonstrate God's faithfulness in preserving lineages through which His promises, particularly concerning the Davidic kingship and the Messiah, would be fulfilled. They are not tedious lists but carefully curated theological and historical documents that underpin God's redemptive narrative.

**What is the significance of the phrase "father of" in this context?**

Answer: The phrase "father of" (Hebrew: *'ab*) in [1 Chronicles 2:51](/1_chronicles/2-51 "1 Chronicles 2:51 - Salma and Hareph") extends beyond mere biological paternity. It signifies the founder, leader, or principal inhabitant who played a foundational role in establishing or developing a town or community. Salma being the "father of Bethlehem" means he was instrumental in its early settlement or prominence, not necessarily the biological father of every resident. This usage highlights the importance of those who laid the groundwork for future generations and settlements, connecting individuals directly to the places they shaped and contributing to the historical fabric of Israel.

**Why is Bethgader mentioned if it's not as famous as Bethlehem?**

Answer: The inclusion of Bethgader, though less prominent in biblical narratives than Bethlehem, underscores the Chronicler's comprehensive and meticulous approach to recording the settlements within the tribal territories. His aim was to provide a full historical and geographical context for the people of Israel, affirming the breadth of their heritage and land claims. It demonstrates that every detail, even of seemingly minor places, contributed to the complete picture of God's people and their land, reinforcing the historical accuracy and thoroughness of the record for the returning exiles and emphasizing God's sovereignty over the entire promised land.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
1 Chronicles 2:51, with its seemingly dry genealogical data, finds its profound Christ-centered fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ. The mention of Salma as the "father of Bethlehem" is a subtle yet powerful foreshadowing of God's precise plan for the Messiah. Bethlehem, the "house of bread," was not merely a random town; it was the prophesied birthplace of the "Ruler who will shepherd my people Israel" ([Micah 5:2](/micah/5-2 "Micah 5:2 - Prophecy of Bethlehem")). Centuries after Salma's foundational work, God orchestrated events, including a Roman census, to ensure that Joseph and Mary, descendants of David, would travel to this very town for Jesus' birth ([Luke 2:4-7](/luke/2-4 "Luke 2:4-7 - Jesus' Birth in Bethlehem")). The meticulous record of lineages, culminating in the genealogies of Jesus in [Matthew 1](/matthew/1 "Matthew 1 - The Genealogy of Jesus") and [Luke 3](/luke/3 "Luke 3 - The Genealogy of Jesus"), demonstrates that God's plan for salvation was not a spontaneous act but a divinely orchestrated, historically rooted, and perfectly timed fulfillment of ancient promises. Jesus, the true "Bread of Life" ([John 6:35](/john/6-35 "John 6:35 - Jesus, the Bread of Life")), was born in the "house of bread," a testament to God's sovereign control over every detail of history to bring about our redemption and to establish His eternal kingdom.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

1 Chronicles 4:4

And Penuel the father of Gedor, and Ezer the father of Hushah. These [are] the sons of Hur, the firstborn of Ephratah, the father of Bethlehem.

Ruth 2:4

¶ And, behold, Boaz came from Bethlehem, and said unto the reapers, The LORD [be] with you. And they answered him, The LORD bless thee.

Genesis 35:19

And Rachel died, and was buried in the way to Ephrath, which [is] Bethlehem.

Matthew 2:6

And thou Bethlehem, [in] the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel.

Matthew 2:1

¶ Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem,

Ruth 4:11

And all the people that [were] in the gate, and the elders, said, [We are] witnesses. The LORD make the woman that is come into thine house like Rachel and like Leah, which two did build the house of Israel: and do thou worthily in Ephratah, and be famous in Bethlehem:

John 7:42

Hath not the scripture said, That Christ cometh of the seed of David, and out of the town of Bethlehem, where David was?