TRV
Translation
King James Version
Moreover they that were nigh them, even unto Issachar and Zebulun and Naphtali, brought bread on asses, and on camels, and on mules, and on oxen, and meat, meal, cakes of figs, and bunches of raisins, and wine, and oil, and oxen, and sheep abundantly: for there was joy in Israel.
KJV (with Strong's)
Moreover they that were nigh H7138 them, even unto Issachar H3485 and Zebulun H2074 and Naphtali H5321, brought H935 bread H3899 on asses H2543, and on camels H1581, and on mules H6505, and on oxen H1241, and meat H3978, meal H7058, cakes H1690 of figs, and bunches of raisins H6778, and wine H3196, and oil H8081, and oxen H1241, and sheep H6629 abundantly H7230: for there was joy H8057 in Israel H3478.
Complete Jewish Bible
Moreover, those who were near them - and even those as far as Yissakhar, Z'vulun and Naftali - brought food on donkeys, camels, mules and oxen: baked goods, fig cakes, clusters of raisins, wine, oil, and oxen and sheep in abundance; for there was joy in Isra'el.
Berean Standard Bible
And their neighbors from as far away as Issachar, Zebulun, and Naphtali came bringing food on donkeys, camels, mules, and oxen—abundant supplies of flour, fig cakes and raisin cakes, wine and oil, oxen and sheep. Indeed, there was joy in Israel.
American Standard Version
Moreover they that were nigh unto them, even as far as Issachar and Zebulun and Naphtali, brought bread on asses, and on camels, and on mules, and on oxen, victuals of meal, cakes of figs, and clusters of raisins, and wine, and oil, and oxen, and sheep in abundance: for there was joy in Israel.
World English Bible Messianic
Moreover those who were near to them, as far as Issachar and Zebulun and Naphtali, brought bread on donkeys, and on camels, and on mules, and on oxen, food of meal, cakes of figs, and clusters of raisins, and wine, and oil, and cattle, and sheep in abundance: for there was joy in Israel.
Geneva Bible (1599)
Moreouer they that were neere them vntill Issachar, and Zebulun, and Naphtali brought bread vpon asses, and on camels, and on mules, and on oxen, euen meate, floure, figges, and reisins, and wine and oyle, and beeues and sheepe abundantly: for there was ioy in Israel.
Young's Literal Translation
And also those near unto them, unto Issachar, and Zebulun, and Naphtali, are bringing in bread on asses, and on camels, and on mules, and on oxen--food of fine flour, fig-cakes and grape-cakes, and wine, and oil, and oxen, and sheep, in abundance, for joy is in Israel.
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In the KJVVerse 10,761 of 31,102
Study This Verse
Commentary on 1 Chronicles 12 verses 23–40
23 ¶ And these are the numbers of the bands that were ready armed to the war, and came to David to Hebron, to turn the kingdom of Saul to him, according to the word of the LORD.
24 The children of Judah that bare shield and spear were six thousand and eight hundred, ready armed to the war.
25 Of the children of Simeon, mighty men of valour for the war, seven thousand and one hundred.
26 Of the children of Levi four thousand and six hundred.
27 And Jehoiada was the leader of the Aaronites, and with him were three thousand and seven hundred;
28 And Zadok, a young man mighty of valour, and of his father's house twenty and two captains.
29 And of the children of Benjamin, the kindred of Saul, three thousand: for hitherto the greatest part of them had kept the ward of the house of Saul.
30 And of the children of Ephraim twenty thousand and eight hundred, mighty men of valour, famous throughout the house of their fathers.
31 And of the half tribe of Manasseh eighteen thousand, which were expressed by name, to come and make David king.
32 And of the children of Issachar, which were men that had understanding of the times, to know what Israel ought to do; the heads of them were two hundred; and all their brethren were at their commandment.
33 Of Zebulun, such as went forth to battle, expert in war, with all instruments of war, fifty thousand, which could keep rank: they were not of double heart.
34 And of Naphtali a thousand captains, and with them with shield and spear thirty and seven thousand.
35 And of the Danites expert in war twenty and eight thousand and six hundred.
36 And of Asher, such as went forth to battle, expert in war, forty thousand.
37 And on the other side of Jordan, of the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and of the half tribe of Manasseh, with all manner of instruments of war for the battle, an hundred and twenty thousand.
38 All these men of war, that could keep rank, came with a perfect heart to Hebron, to make David king over all Israel: and all the rest also of Israel were of one heart to make David king.
39 And there they were with David three days, eating and drinking: for their brethren had prepared for them.
40 Moreover they that were nigh them, even unto Issachar and Zebulun and Naphtali, brought bread on asses, and on camels, and on mules, and on oxen, and meat, meal, cakes of figs, and bunches of raisins, and wine, and oil, and oxen, and sheep abundantly: for there was joy in Israel.
We have here an account of those who were active in perfecting the settlement of David upon the throne, after the death of Ishbosheth. We read (Ch1 11:1, and before Sa2 5:1) that all the tribes of Israel came, either themselves or by their representatives, to Hebron, to make David king; now here we have an account of the quota which every tribe brought in ready armed to the war, in case there should be any opposition, Ch1 12:23. We may observe here,
I. That those tribes that lived nearest brought the fewest - Judah but 6800 (Ch1 12:24), Simeon but 7100 (Ch1 12:25); whereas Zebulun, that lay remote, brought 50,000, Asher 40,000, and the two tribes and a half on the other side Jordan 120,000. Not as if the next adjacent tribes were cold in the cause; but they showed as much of their prudence in bringing few, since all the rest lay so near within call, as the others did of their zeal in bringing so many. The men of Judah had enough to do to entertain those that came from afar.
II. The Levites themselves, and the priests (called here the Aaronites), appeared very hearty in this cause, and were ready, if there were occasion, to fight for David, as well as pray for him, because they knew he was called of God to the government, Ch1 12:26-28.
III. Even some of the kindred of Saul came over to David (Ch1 12:29), not so many as of the other tribes, because a foolish affection for their own tribe, and a jealousy for the honour of it, kept many of them long in the sinking interest of Saul's family. Kindred should never over-rule conscience. Call no man Father to this extent, but God only.
IV. It is said of most of these that they were mighty men of valour (Ch1 12:25, Ch1 12:28, Ch1 12:30), of others that they were expert in war (Ch1 12:35, Ch1 12:36), and of them all that they could keep rank, Ch1 12:38. They had a great deal of martial fire, and yet were governable and subject to the rules of order - warm hearts but cool heads.
V. Some were so considerate as to bring with them arms, and all instruments for war (Ch1 12:24, Ch1 12:33, Ch1 12:37), for how could they think that David should be able to furnish them?
VI. The men of Issachar were the fewest af all, only 200, and yet as serviceable to David's interest as those that brought in the greatest numbers, these few being in effect the whole tribe. For, 1. They were men of great skill above any of their neighbours, men that had understanding of the times, to know what Israel ought to do. They understood the natural times, could discern the face of the sky, were weather-wise, could advise their neighbours in the proper times for ploughing, sowing reaping, etc. Or the ceremonial times, the times appointed for the solemn feasts; therefore they are said to call the people to the mountain (Deu 33:19), for almanacs were not then so common as now. Or, rather, the political times; they understood public affairs, the temper of the nation, and the tendencies of the present events. It is the periphrasis of statesmen that they know the times, Esth. 1. 13. Those of that tribe were greatly intent on public affairs, had good intelligence from abroad and made a good use of it. They knew what Israel ought to do: from their observation and experience they learned both their own and others' duty and interest. In this critical juncture they knew Israel ought to make David king. It was not only expedient, but necessary; the present posture of affairs called for it. The men of Issachar dealt mostly in country business, and did not much intermeddle in public affairs, which gave them an opportunity of observing others and conversing with themselves. A stander-by sees sometimes more than a gamester. 2. They were men of great interests; for all their brethren were at their commandment. The commonality of that tribe having bowed their shoulder to bear (Gen 49:15), the great men had them at their beck. Hence we read of the princes of Issachar, Jdg 5:15. They knew how to rule, and the rest knew how to obey. It is happy indeed when those that should lead are intelligent and judicious, and those who are to follow are modest and obsequious.
VII. It is said of them all that they engaged in this enterprise with a perfect heart (Ch1 12:38), and particularly of the men of Zebulun that they were not of double heart, Ch1 12:33. They were, in this matter, Israelites indeed, in whom was no guile. And this was their perfection, that they were of one heart, Ch1 12:38. None had any separate interests, but all for the public good.
VIII. The men of Judah, and others of the adjacent tribes, prepared for the victualling of their respective camps when they came to Hebron, Ch1 12:39, Ch1 12:40. Those that were at the least pains in travelling to this convention, or congress of states, thought themselves obliged to be at so much the more charge in entertaining the rest, that there might be something of an equality. A noble feast was made (was made for laughter, Ecc 10:19) upon this occasion, for there was joy in Israel, Ch1 12:40. And good reason; for when the righteous bear rule the city rejoices. Thus, when the throne of Christ is set up in a soul, there is, or ought to be, great joy in that soul: and provision is made for the feasting of it, not as here for two or three days, but for the whole life, nay, for eternity.
Matthew Henry (1662–1714) — Commentary on the Whole Bible. This section covers verses 23–40. Public domain.
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SUMMARY
1 Chronicles 12:40 provides a vivid and triumphant conclusion to the account of David's coronation at Hebron, detailing the overwhelming national support he received. It describes the vast quantities of provisions, including food, wine, oil, and livestock, brought by various tribes, even those from distant northern regions like Issachar, Zebulun, and Naphtali. This abundant generosity, transported on various pack animals, was a tangible expression of the profound unity and pervasive joy that permeated all Israel, signifying a pivotal moment of peace, stability, and divine blessing as God's chosen king was finally established over the united nation.
CONTEXT
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
The Chronicler masterfully employs several literary devices in 1 Chronicles 12:40 to convey the profound significance of David's coronation. The most prominent is Enumeration, evident in the detailed list of provisions ("bread... meat, meal, cakes of figs, and bunches of raisins, and wine, and oil, and oxen, and sheep"). This extensive catalogue not only provides vivid imagery but also emphasizes the sheer abundance and variety of the supplies, underscoring the generosity of the people and the immense scale of the gathering. The use of Hyperbole or Exaggeration is strongly implied by the term "abundantly" (Hebrew, rôb'), suggesting an overflowing, almost limitless supply, which amplifies the sense of divine blessing and national enthusiasm. Finally, the verse concludes with a powerful statement of Cause and Effect, where the lavish provisions and widespread support are directly attributed to the prevailing "joy in Israel." This establishes a direct and profound link between the physical manifestation of unity and generosity and the underlying emotional and spiritual state of the nation, highlighting the deep significance of David's kingship as a source of national rejoicing.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
This verse profoundly illustrates the theological principle that when God's people unite under His appointed leadership and purpose, there is not only abundant provision but also overwhelming joy. The lavish outpouring of resources from across the nation for David's coronation signifies a willing and joyful submission to God's plan for His kingdom. This communal generosity and celebration foreshadow the ideal state of God's people, where unity, provision, and spiritual gladness coalesce. It reminds us that true joy often accompanies obedience and participation in God's redemptive work, reflecting a heart aligned with divine purposes.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The scene at Hebron, culminating in 1 Chronicles 12:40, offers a powerful blueprint for community and faith, resonating deeply with believers today. It speaks to the transformative power of unity, where diverse individuals and groups set aside differences to rally around a common, God-ordained purpose. The overwhelming generosity displayed by the tribes, bringing forth their best and most abundant resources, challenges us to consider our own stewardship and willingness to contribute to the greater good of God's kingdom. This is not merely about financial giving, but about dedicating our time, talents, and energy to support the work of the church and advance the Gospel. Ultimately, the pervasive "joy in Israel" serves as a profound reminder that true and lasting joy is found not in personal accumulation, but in participating in God's unfolding plan, witnessing His purposes fulfilled, and experiencing the blessing of communal fellowship. When we align our hearts with God's will and generously serve His purposes, we too can experience a profound, overflowing joy that transcends circumstances, reflecting the very heart of God.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why were these specific tribes (Issachar, Zebulun, Naphtali) mentioned as bringing provisions?
Answer: These tribes were located in the northern regions of Israel, relatively distant from Hebron in Judah, where David was being crowned. Their specific mention emphasizes the truly national scope of the support for David's kingship. It demonstrates that the unification under David was not just a regional affair but encompassed the entire land, from north to south, signifying a comprehensive and enthusiastic consensus for his reign. It highlights the widespread loyalty and dedication that stretched across all geographical boundaries within Israel, showing that David's authority was recognized and celebrated by all. This broad participation underscored the legitimacy and divine favor upon David's rule over a united Israel, fulfilling God's promises for His people.
What is the significance of the "abundance" of provisions mentioned in the verse?
Answer: The "abundance" (Hebrew, rôb') of provisions signifies several important aspects. Firstly, it indicates the immense scale of the gathering at Hebron; a vast number of people required a vast amount of food and supplies for an extended period of celebration. Secondly, it speaks to the extraordinary generosity and dedication of the people. They were not merely meeting a need but giving lavishly out of a spirit of celebration and fervent support for God's chosen king. Thirdly, and most significantly in the Chronicler's theology, it can be seen as a sign of divine blessing and prosperity. Such overflowing provision often reflects God's favor upon a righteous endeavor or a unified people, much like the blessings promised for obedience in Deuteronomy 28. This abundance underscored the joy and the sense of a new, prosperous era dawning under David's reign, marking a time of peace and divine favor.
How does the "joy in Israel" relate to the act of bringing provisions?
Answer: The phrase "for there was joy in Israel" serves as the ultimate explanation and motivation for the preceding actions. The bringing of abundant provisions was not a reluctant duty or a mere logistical necessity, but a spontaneous and joyful expression of national unity and celebration. The people were genuinely thrilled to see David, God's anointed, finally established as king over all Israel, bringing an end to years of civil strife and promising peace and stability. This deep, pervasive joy fueled their generosity and willingness to share their resources, transforming a practical necessity into a heartfelt offering. It highlights that true service and giving often flow from a heart filled with gladness and a profound recognition of God's hand at work, echoing the sentiment that the "joy of the Lord is your strength" found in Nehemiah 8:10.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
While 1 Chronicles 12:40 describes the earthly coronation of David, a king after God's own heart, it profoundly foreshadows the ultimate reign of Jesus Christ, the Son of David and the true King of kings. The widespread unity and overwhelming joy in Israel at David's enthronement point to the greater spiritual reality of the Church, the body of Christ, gathering under its true and eternal King. Just as diverse tribes brought their abundance to support David, believers from every tribe, tongue, people, and nation are called to bring their gifts, resources, and lives in joyful submission to Christ, who is "head over everything for the church" (Ephesians 1:22). The "joy in Israel" at the establishment of an earthly kingdom, though profound, pales in comparison to the eternal, unshakeable joy that permeates the new creation, inaugurated by Christ's redemptive work. His kingdom is not merely one of political stability but of spiritual peace and righteousness, where "the kingdom of God is righteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit" (Romans 14:17). The abundant provisions brought to David prefigure the spiritual nourishment and overflowing grace found in Christ, who is the "bread of life" (John 6:35) and the source of living water, providing all that is needed for eternal life and spiritual sustenance. Ultimately, the scene at Hebron is a beautiful, albeit incomplete, picture of the universal allegiance and profound rejoicing that will characterize the full establishment of Christ's eternal kingdom, where every knee will bow and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father (Philippians 2:10-11).