Song of Solomon 8:12

The verses just before are about the bride’s brothers, who wonder how to protect their little sister, and her answer that she is a wall (Song of Solomon 8:8–10). Then the Song turns abruptly to a matter of business: “Solomon had a vineyard at Baalhamon.” The place name, Baʻal Hâmôwn, is made from the Hebrew words for a lord or possessor and for a multitude or abundance, so it means something like “possessor of a multitude” or “lord of abundance”. Where it lay is uncertain. The name suits a fruitful place, and the verse treats the vineyard there as one of great value and high yield.

The word for vineyard, kerem, means a vineyard or a garden. In Israel a vineyard was a sign of prosperity and of God’s blessing, and grapes grown for wine were part of daily life and a mainstay of the land’s wealth. Kings held land on a large scale, and this vineyard fits what Scripture tells us of Solomon’s riches (1 Kings 10:14–29). God gave Solomon that wealth, and this vineyard was part of it.

Solomon “let out the vineyard unto keepers”. He put the work in the hands of tenants, a common arrangement in which the owner provided the land and the tenants cultivated it, paying him a share of the produce or an agreed sum. The word for keepers, nâṭar, means to guard, keep or preserve, and it can be used figuratively of cherishing anger. Here it names the men who guarded and tended the vineyard and gathered its fruit.

Each of them “was to bring a thousand pieces of silver” for the fruit. The Hebrew is ʼeleph keçeph, “a thousand of silver”, and the KJV supplies the word “pieces”. It was a very large sum in that day, and it shows both how valuable the vineyard was and how much was expected of those who kept it.

Scripture often speaks of keepers entrusted with something valuable and expected to bring its fruit to the owner. Jesus told of servants entrusted with their lord’s goods, who had to give account of them when he returned (Matthew 25:14–30). Everything we have is entrusted to us by God in the same way, and he looks for its fruit. In the Song itself, Solomon’s vineyard prepares the way for what the bride says next.

“My vineyard, which is mine, is before me.” The bride is speaking of herself: her heart, her purity, her affection and her faithfulness to the man she loves. She has just called herself a wall, where her brothers had wondered whether she would be a door, and now she says the same thing in the language of the vineyard. The vineyard she means is her own person.

She piles up the words of ownership, “my vineyard, which is mine”, to make it plain that this vineyard belongs to her alone. It is unshared, kept back from every tenant and every bargain.

“Is before me” translates a phrase built on pânîym, the Hebrew word for face. It is plural in form but always used as a singular, and its senses of surface, front and presence grow out of the face itself. With a preposition joined to it, as here, it means “before” or “in front of”. Her vineyard is in front of her, under her own eye, and she watches over it herself.

In verse 12, “those that keep the fruit” translates the same word, nâṭar, as the keepers of verse 11, and the contrast is plain. Solomon’s vineyard is guarded by hired men, while the bride is the keeper of her own, and she keeps it for her beloved. In Israel a woman’s good name and her faithfulness were held in very high regard, and her words are a quiet, firm statement of her integrity.

“Thou, O Solomon, must have a thousand, and those that keep the fruit thereof two hundred.” The bride turns and speaks to Solomon directly. The thousand is the thousand pieces of silver of verse 11, and the two hundred is the share of the vineyard’s income that goes to the keepers. She grants him his wealth without envy and without wanting any of it. Solomon’s vineyard is an enterprise, its fruit counted in silver and shared out among many hands. Hers is kept for one.

Her words echo what the Song said only a few verses earlier: “Many waters cannot quench love, neither can the floods drown it: if a man would give all the substance of his house for love, it would utterly be contemned” (Song of Solomon 8:7). A king may own a vineyard worth thousands, and the bride values her own love above all of it. Love like hers can only be given freely. After this the Song closes with the two lovers longing to be together (Song of Solomon 8:13–14).

Scripture uses the vineyard for far more than a farm. Isaiah sings of a well-loved vineyard on a fruitful hill that brought forth wild grapes, and then explains, “For the vineyard of the LORD of hosts is the house of Israel” (Isaiah 5:1–7). A psalm pictures Israel as a vine the LORD brought out of Egypt and planted (Psalm 80:8–16). Jesus told of a householder who let out his vineyard to husbandmen and sent his servants to receive its fruit (Matthew 21:33–46).

Jesus also said, “I am the true vine, and my Father is the husbandman” (John 15:1), and to his disciples, “I am the vine, ye are the branches: He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit” (John 15:5). That fruit is the fruit of the Spirit, love, joy, peace and the rest (Galatians 5:22–23). So when the bride speaks of her vineyard, she uses a picture that runs through the whole Bible for a life that belongs to someone and bears fruit for him.

Believers differ on how the Song is to be read. Some hold that it is first of all a song of love between a bride and her groom, and others that it pictures Christ and his church, or the LORD and Israel. Many read it both ways together. On every reading these verses honour a love that is kept for one.

Paul uses this same picture for the church: “for I have espoused you to one husband, that I may present you as a chaste virgin to Christ” (2 Corinthians 11:2). Christ “loved the church, and gave himself for it”, to present it to himself holy and without blemish (Ephesians 5:25–27). The church is his own, bought at that price, and the devotion she gives him back is meant to be whole, like the bride’s vineyard.

God has always asked this of his people: “Thou shalt have no other gods before me” (Exodus 20:3). Jesus said, “No man can serve two masters” (Matthew 6:24). A heart shared out among rival loves is like a vineyard let out to many keepers, and the Lord wants the whole of it.

The bride’s answer to Solomon’s silver has its echo in Paul, who counted all he had once valued as loss for Christ: “Yea doubtless, and I count all things but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord” (Philippians 3:7–8). Jesus warned, “Take heed, and beware of covetousness: for a man’s life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth” (Luke 12:15), and he taught that “where your treasure is, there will your heart be also” (Matthew 6:19–21). Solomon’s thousand pieces of silver were real wealth, and the bride let him keep them. Her treasure was elsewhere.

These verses set a king’s estate and a young woman’s heart side by side, and Scripture puts the greater value on the heart. God gave Solomon great riches, and wealth has its place. The things God prizes most are love, faithfulness and devotion, and they come only as gifts freely given.

Every gift we have is entrusted to us as Solomon’s vineyard was entrusted to its keepers, and the Lord looks for fruit from it. Christ asks of his church the love the bride keeps for her beloved, whole and undivided, and he is worthy of it, because he loved his church and gave himself for her. A life kept for him bears its fruit for him, and in him we have riches worth more than all Solomon’s silver.