TRV
Translation
King James Version
In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the river, was there the tree of life, which bare twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.
KJV (with Strong's)
In G1722 the midst G3319 of the street G4113 of it G846, and G2532 on either G2532 side G1782 G1782 of the river G4215, was there the tree G3586 of life G2222, which bare G4160 twelve G1427 manner of fruits G2590, and yielded G591 her G846 fruit G2590 every G2596 G1538 G1520 month G3376: and G2532 the leaves G5444 of the tree G3586 were for G1519 the healing G2322 of the nations G1484.
Complete Jewish Bible
Between the main street and the river was the Tree of Life producing twelve kinds of fruit, a different kind every month; and the leaves of the tree were for healing the nations —
Berean Standard Bible
down the middle of the main street of the city. On either side of the river stood a tree of life, bearing twelve kinds of fruit and yielding a fresh crop for each month. And the leaves of the tree are for the healing of the nations.
American Standard Version
in the midst of the street thereof. And on this side of the river and on that was the tree of life, bearing twelve manner of fruits, yielding its fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.
World English Bible Messianic
in the middle of its street. On this side of the river and on that was the tree of life, bearing twelve kinds of fruits, yielding its fruit every month. The leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.
Geneva Bible (1599)
In the middes of the street of it, and of either side of ye riuer, was the tree of life, which bare twelue maner of fruits, and gaue fruit euery moneth: and the leaues of the tree serued to heale the nations with.
Young's Literal Translation
in the midst of its broad place, and of the river on this side and on that, is a tree of life, yielding twelve fruits, in each several month rendering its fruits, and the leaves of the tree are for the service of the nations;
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In the KJVVerse 31,083 of 31,102
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Commentary on Revelation 22 verses 1–5
1 ¶ And he shewed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb.
2 In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the river, was there the tree of life, which bare twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.
3 And there shall be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it; and his servants shall serve him:
4 And they shall see his face; and his name shall be in their foreheads.
5 And there shall be no night there; and they need no candle, neither light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them light: and they shall reign for ever and ever.
The heavenly state which was before described as a city, and called the new Jerusalem, is here described as a paradise, alluding to the earthly paradise which was lost by the sin of the first Adam; here is another paradise restored by the second Adam. A paradise in a city, or a whole city in a paradise! In the first paradise there were only two persons to behold the beauty and taste the pleasures of it; but in this second paradise whole cities and nations shall find abundant delight and satisfaction. And here observe,
I. The river of paradise. The earthly paradise was well watered: no place can be pleasant or fruitful that is not so. This river is described, 1. By its fountain-head - the throne of God and the Lamb. All our springs of grace, comfort, and glory, are in God; and all our streams from him are through the mediation of the Lamb. 2. By its quality - pure and clear as crystal. All the streams of earthly comfort are muddy; but these are clear, salutary, and refreshing, giving life, and preserving life, to those who drink of them.
II. The tree of life, in this paradise. Such a tree there was in the earthly paradise, Gen 2:9. This far excels it. And now, as to this tree, observe, 1. The situation of it - in the midst of the street, and on either side the river; or, as might have been better rendered, in the midst between the terrace-walk and the river. This tree of life is fed by the pure waters of the river that comes from the throne of God. The presence and perfections of God furnish out all the glory and blessedness of heaven. 2. The fruitfulness of this tree. (1.) It brings forth many sorts of fruit - twelve sorts, suited to the refined taste of all the saints. (2.) It brings forth fruit at all times - yields its fruit every month. This tree is never empty, never barren; there is always fruit upon it. In heaven there is not only a variety of pure and satisfying pleasures, but a continuance of them, and always fresh. (3.) The fruit is not only pleasant, but wholesome. The presence of God in heaven is the health and happiness of the saints; there they find in him a remedy for all their former maladies, and are preserved by him in the most healthful and vigorous state.
III. The perfect freedom of this paradise from every thing that is evil (Rev 22:3): There shall be no more curse; no accursed one - katanathema, no serpent there, as there was in the earthly paradise. Here is the great excellency of this paradise. The devil has nothing to do there; he cannot draw the saints from serving God to be subject to himself, as he did our first parents, nor can he so much as disturb them in the service of God.
IV. The supreme felicity of this paradisiacal state. 1. There the saints shall see the face of God; there they shall enjoy the beatific vision. 2. God will own them, as having his seal and name on their foreheads. 3. They shall reign with him for ever; their service shall be not only freedom but honour and dominion. 4. All this shall be with perfect knowledge and joy. They shall be full of wisdom and comfort, continually walking in the light of the Lord; and this not for a time, but for ever and ever.
Matthew Henry (1662–1714) — Commentary on the Whole Bible. This section covers verses 1–5. Public domain.
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Victorinus of PettauAD 304
Commentary on the Apocalypse of the Blessed John
The river of life sets forth that the grace of spiritual doctrine flowed through the minds of the faithful, and that manifold flourishing forms of odours germinated therein. The tree of life on either bank sets forth the Advent of Christ, according to the flesh, who satisfied the peoples wasted with famine, that received life from One by the wood of the Cross, with the announcement of God's word.
JeromeAD 420
Homily 1, on Psalm 1
'And whose leaves never fade.' [Psalm 1:3] The leaves of this tree are by no means useless. Even if one understands Holy Writ only as history, he has something useful for his soul. We read in the Apocalypse of John (a book which, although rejected in these regions, we ought nevertheless to know, because it is accepted and held as canonical throughout the west, and in other Phoenician provinces, and in Egypt, for the ancient churchmen, including Irenaeus, Polycarp, Dionysius, and other Roman expounders of Sacred Scripture, among whom is holy Cyprian, accept and interpret it): 'Behold, I saw a throne set up, and one Lamb and a tree alongside a river, and on both sides of the river was that tree.' [Revelation 22:1-2] This means that the tree 'was both on this side and on that side of the river. 'And this tree,' he says, 'bore fruit and was yielding its twelve fruits for the year according to each month. And it had lean's, too, and the leaves for the healing of the nations.' [Revelation 22:2]
'I saw,' he says, 'a single throne set up.' We believe in the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, that is true, and that they are a Trinity; nevertheless the kingship is one. 'I saw a single throne set lip, and I saw a single Lamb standing in the presence of the throne.' [Revelation 5:6] This refers to the Incarnation of the Savior. Scripture says: 'Behold the lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world' [John 1:29] 'And there was a fountain of water coming forth from beneath the middle of the throne' [Revelation 22:1] Notice that it is from the midst of the throne that there issues forth a river of graces. That river does not issue forth from the throne unless the Lamb is standing before it, [Revelation 7:17] for unless we believe in the Incarnation of Christ, we do not receive those graces.
A tree, he says, one lofty tree had been set up. He did not say trees, but only one tree. If there is but one tree how can it be on both sides of the river? If he had said, I saw trees, it would have been possible for some trees to be on one side of the river and other trees on the other side. Actually, one tree is said to be on both sides of the river. One river comes forth from the throne of God - the grace of the Holy Spirit - and this grace of the Holy Spirit is found in the river of the Sacred Scriptures. This river, moreover, has two banks, the Old Testament and the New Testament, and the tree planted on both sides is Christ. During the year, this tree yields twelve fruits, one for each month, but we are unable to receive the fruits except through the apostles. If one approaches the tree through the apostles, he must receive the fruit; he gathers the fruit from the Sacred Scriptures; he grasps the divine meaning abiding within the words. If, therefore, one comes to this tree through the apostles, he gathers its fruit just as we have said. If, indeed, he cannot pluck the fruit, it is because he is still too weak; he is not yet a disciple, but belongs to the throng; he is an outsider, a stranger from the nations. Because he cannot pluck the fruit, he plucks only words, the leaves for the healing of the nations, for it is written: 'and the leaves are for the healing of the nations.' One who belongs to the nations, who is not a disciple, who is as yet only one of the crowd, gathers only leaves from the tree; he receives from Scripture plain words for a healing remedy. Briefly, then, the Scripture says: 'and the leaves of the tree are for the healing of the nations'; in other words, the leaves are medicine. Why have we digressed on the Apocalypse? Simply became of that tree 'that yields its fruit in due season, and whose leaves never fade. Whatever he does, prospers.'
Caesarius of ArlesAD 542
EXPOSITION ON THE APOCALYPSE 22:2, HOMILY 19
It is speaking of the cross of the Lord. There is no tree that bears fruit in every season except the cross that the faithful, who are made wet by the water of the church’s river, eat. And these [faithful] in turn produce eternal fruit in every season.
Primasius of HadrumetumAD 560
COMMENTARY ON THE APOCALYPSE 22:2-3
By the twelve months he signifies all of time, and to be sure all of eternity. Therefore, where there is an eternal paradise, no aridity will ever be permitted to intrude. Where there is a perfect and certain well-being, absolutely no infirmity enters in. This is what the prophet promised when he said, “They shall obtain joy and gladness, and sorrow and sighing shall flee away.” This is the tree, as we read, which is “planted by streams of water,” and of which Jeremiah says that it “sends out its roots by the stream.” This is to say that it places its hope and trust in the Lord. We may also interpret this passage concerning the river of the water of life to refer to the Lord Jesus Christ, who is himself the fountain of life. For we read of him, “With you is the fountain of life; in your light we shall see light.” He is himself, as we read, “the image of God’s majesty, who is powerful in all things, and remaining in himself renews all things and in every generation rests in holy souls.” And so he is the Fountain who is also the River. He is the Fountain, for he remains in himself inexhaustible, and he is the River because he offers himself generously and perpetually so that the saints might receive of [his] abundance. Where he is called fountain, he is also called a rushing stream. When the psalm says, “You shall give them drink from the river of your delights,” it then continues, “for with you is the fountain of life, and in your light shall we see light.” Moreover, [it says that it flows] through the middle of the street for it is a good that is common to all the saints and that is not denied to any who are worthy, nor is it granted to any who are unworthy.… Indeed, it is in their midst as an undivided patrimony to all who see God. For that reason we read, “Jerusalem, a city whose fellowship is complete within itself.” If the fruit is understood to be the reward of a blissful immortality, then we rightly understand the leaves to be the song of perpetual praise, because for those who sing they fall in the well-being of a happy fate. For there exists the true healing of the nations, there is full redemption, there is eternal happiness.
Apringius of BejaAD 600
TRACTATE ON THE APOCALYPSE 22:2
Concerning wisdom it is said, “She proclaims outside; she raises her voice in the streets, and she cries out on the top of the walls.” And should anyone refuse to come to the marriage of the king, she commands her servants and says, “Go to the streets and byways and invite whomever you meet to the wedding, that my house might be filled.” This water of salvation and the cleansing of grace is described as flowing in the streets.… The two banks of the river are the two Testaments in which the fullness of our salvation is written down. There is the tree of life. There is told [the story] of our Lord Jesus Christ, who is the tree of life: “Through him we live, move, and have our being.” The leaves are his words; they are of use for the health of all nations. The twelve months are the apostles of the Lord, because the Lord himself is the “favorable year of forgiveness.” These are the twelve months, each bringing to the many the fruit of unending preaching out of an abundance of knowledge.
Andreas of CaesareaAD 614
COMMENTARY ON THE APOCALYPSE 22:2
This river waters the saints who are planted alongside it. They are here figuratively called the “tree of life” by virtue of their participation and imitation of him who is the Tree of Life. Moreover, they give forth “twelve fruits,” that is, they unceasingly yield the production of fruit. For there will be there no winter of sin that causes the trees of life to shed their leaves, such as we see now. Rather, the time of the production of fruit by the saints will be complete and uninterrupted, and [this time] is here said to be twelve months. It speaks in these terms equally because of the customary year among us, as well as because of the proclamation of the twelve apostles. This present passage may also be interpreted in another way. “The river” might signify the gifts of the life-giving Spirit, which flow down from the throne of the Father and of the Son, that is, from the ranks of the cherubim, among whom God is enthroned. [This river flows] into the streets of the city, that is, to the full citizenry of the saints, as coming from the first ranks into the second that are made to share in the well-ordered arrangement of the heavenly hierarchy. The “tree of life” signifies Christ, whom we know by the Holy Spirit and through the Spirit. For in him is the Spirit, and he is worshiped in Spirit, and he is the supplier of the Spirit, and through him the twelve fruits of the apostolic chorus give to us the inexhaustible fruit of the knowledge of God, through whom “the acceptable year of the Lord and the day of recompense” foretold by the prophet is proclaimed to us.
Andreas of CaesareaAD 614
COMMENTARY ON THE APOCALYPSE 22:2
The “leaves of the tree,” namely, of Christ, are the more exalted understandings of the divine judgments, even as its “fruits” are the more perfect knowledge that is to be revealed in the age to come. The leaves will be for healing, that is, for the cleansing of the ignorance of those who have been deficient in the exercise of the virtues, for “there is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars.” Moreover, “in my Father’s house there are many rooms,” so that one is accounted worthy of less and another of more brightness according to the measure of the works of each. This present passage may also be interpreted otherwise. The “tree of life” produces twelve fruits, namely, the apostolic chorus that shares in him who is truly the Tree of Life, who through his participation in the flesh has given us to share in his deity. Their fruits are those who yield fruit a hundredfold. The leaves are those who yield sixtyfold. These carry to those who come later the illumination of the divine light that they had received from those who had yielded a hundredfold, and they bring healing to those from the nations who yield thirtyfold. For at that time there will be a difference between those who are saved as great as there is a difference between fruit and leaves. Some will be glorified to a lesser extent, some to a greater extent, as it is written. It writes of a “tree” in the singular rather than “trees” in the plural to indicate the unity and harmony of the life which the saints have together.
BedeAD 735
Commentary on Revelation
Bearing twelve kinds of fruits, yielding its fruit every month. In the twelve months, it insinuates all the time of life, namely, that where it is said: And your years will not fail (Ps. CI). And again: From month to month and from Sabbath to Sabbath (Isa. LXVI). Where the face of the Lord is present, eternal health, eternal food of life. It can also be simply understood that through the doctrine of the twelve apostles, the cross of Christ bears fruit.
BedeAD 735
Commentary on Revelation
And the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations. If the fruit is taken as the reward of blessed immortality, rightly the leaves are understood as the perpetual song, which falls for the healing of those already singing in happy lot. For there, the true healing of the nations, complete redemption, and eternal happiness.
BedeAD 735
Commentary on Revelation
And on either side of the river was the tree of life. The tree of life is seen around the fountain of life. Whether you interpret it as the glory of the holy cross or the Lord Christ, it is revealed both before baptism in the Old Testament and now, with the mystery of baptism shining, it nourishes the saints with heavenly fruit. For there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved (Acts IV). The same tree, which John described as flowering in the golden Jerusalem, Moses described in paradise, and Solomon said it is a tree of life to those who embrace it. I believe that this river prefigured the Jordan, beyond which Moses gave the people instructions of salvation, and within which Jesus opened the promised land.
OecumeniusAD 990
Commentary on Revelation
And of the river he says that on this side and on that side there was a tree of life bearing fruit each month. The Lord calls the tree of life, according to what is written by the Proverbs writer concerning wisdom; he says "the tree of life is for all who hold fast to it." (Prov. 3:18) But Paul handed over to us "Christ as God's power and God's wisdom." (1 Cor. 1:24) And he says that not only do the saints possess the riches of Christ's gifts, but they also have and share in him dwelling within them; which is the head of the highest blessedness. But the tree of life is continuous, Christ, and unceasingly brings to completion fruits and gifts to the saints, as if to overtake zeal with zeal and lest they ever be deprived of divine flow.
And he says the leaves of the tree are for the healing of the nations. Leaves of life are the patriarchs attached to Christ and holding him, prophets, apostles, evangelists, martyrs and confessors, and those who in due times officiate at the gospel and pastors of the church, and every righteous soul; who even now heal souls, and to the saints will be an addition of good things.
Source: Quotations drawn from early Church Fathers and historical Christian theologians (AD 100–1500). Some quotes address the surrounding passage context rather than this verse alone.
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SUMMARY
Revelation 22:2 offers a magnificent glimpse into the New Jerusalem, depicting the restored Tree of Life as central to the eternal city's landscape. Positioned alongside the crystal-clear river of life, this tree symbolizes God's unending provision, bearing a diverse array of fruits monthly, ensuring perpetual sustenance for the redeemed. Crucially, its leaves are designated for the healing of the nations, signifying the complete restoration of all humanity and the undoing of every wound inflicted by sin, culminating in perfect wholeness and unity in God's presence.
CONTEXT
Literary Context: This verse is an integral part of the climactic vision in the Book of Revelation, specifically within chapters 21 and 22, which describe the new heaven and new earth and the descent of the New Jerusalem. It immediately follows the depiction of the "pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb" in Revelation 22:1. This establishes a scene of unparalleled divine presence and life-giving abundance. The imagery here intentionally contrasts with the desolation and judgment described earlier in Revelation, presenting the ultimate triumph of God's redemptive plan. It serves as the culmination of biblical history, moving from the lost paradise of Eden to a restored and perfected paradise where God dwells intimately with His people.
Historical & Cultural Context: The imagery of a life-giving river and a tree of life has deep roots in ancient Near Eastern mythology and, more importantly, in Old Testament prophetic literature. For the original audience, familiar with the Genesis account of humanity's expulsion from Eden and subsequent longing for restoration, the reappearance of the Tree of Life would have resonated profoundly. The concept of "healing for the nations" would have been understood against the backdrop of historical divisions, conflicts, and the spiritual brokenness that plagued humanity. Furthermore, the idea of a perpetual harvest (twelve fruits, every month) would have evoked images of abundant blessing and provision, contrasting sharply with the scarcity and hardship often experienced in the ancient world. The "nations" (Greek: ethnē) would have specifically brought to mind the Gentile world, emphasizing God's universal redemptive scope beyond Israel.
Key Themes: Revelation 22:2 contributes significantly to several overarching themes within the book and broader biblical theology. Foremost is the theme of Restoration and New Creation, as the verse directly recalls and surpasses the original Garden of Eden, where access to the Tree of Life was denied after the fall (Genesis 3:24). Here, access is not only restored but made central to the eternal state. Another key theme is Divine Provision and Sustenance, highlighted by the tree's continuous fruit-bearing, symbolizing God's unfailing and abundant care for His redeemed people, free from want or scarcity. Finally, the "healing of the nations" underscores the theme of Universal Reconciliation and Wholeness. This healing extends beyond physical ailments (which are absent in the New Jerusalem, as Revelation 21:4 attests) to encompass the complete spiritual, relational, and societal mending of all the divisions, hostilities, and spiritual wounds that have plagued humanity throughout history. It is the full realization of peace and unity among all redeemed peoples, signifying the final removal of the curse and its effects. This vision echoes prophetic promises of a new covenant and a restored Israel that would bring light to the nations, as seen in passages like Isaiah 60:3 and Ezekiel 47:12.
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
Revelation 22:2 is rich with Symbolism and Allusion. The Tree of Life itself is a potent symbol, directly alluding to the tree in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 2:9), signifying the reversal of the curse and the restoration of humanity's access to eternal life. Its continuous fruit-bearing (Symbolism of perpetual divine provision) and the healing properties of its leaves (Symbolism of comprehensive restoration) further develop this. The river of life is another powerful symbol, representing the Holy Spirit and the life-giving presence of God, echoing similar imagery in Ezekiel 47:1-12 and Psalm 46:4. The phrase "healing of the nations" employs Metonymy, where "healing" represents the complete spiritual and relational wholeness of humanity, not just physical cure. The entire passage uses vivid Imagery to paint a picture of an idyllic, perfectly restored paradise, engaging the reader's senses and imagination to convey the glory of the eternal state. The Contrast between the fallen world's scarcity, division, and suffering and the New Jerusalem's abundance, unity, and wholeness is implicitly powerful throughout the description.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Revelation 22:2 stands as a powerful theological statement on the ultimate culmination of God's redemptive plan. It signifies the complete reversal of the Genesis curse, where humanity was expelled from the Tree of Life due to sin. In the New Jerusalem, not only is access restored, but the Tree of Life becomes a central, ever-present source of sustenance and healing, demonstrating God's boundless grace and provision. The "healing of the nations" underscores the universal scope of God's salvation, emphasizing that His redemptive work extends beyond individual salvation to encompass the reconciliation of all peoples and the mending of all the brokenness caused by sin throughout human history. This holistic restoration speaks to God's desire for perfect shalom – peace, wholeness, and flourishing – for His entire creation, culminating in a unified, worshipping community drawn from every corner of the earth.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Revelation 22:2 offers a profound source of hope and comfort for believers navigating the brokenness of the present world. It assures us that God's ultimate plan is one of perfect restoration, where life flourishes eternally, and all the wounds inflicted by sin—whether personal, relational, or societal—are completely healed. This vision encourages us to persevere through current trials, knowing that a glorious and abundant future awaits, free from scarcity, sickness, or division. It reminds us of God's complete and unfailing provision, assuring us that He will meet every need in the eternal state. Furthermore, the promise of the "healing of the nations" is a powerful call to action in the present. While the ultimate healing is eschatological, it inspires us to participate in God's redemptive work now, pursuing reconciliation, justice, and wholeness in our communities and among diverse peoples, embodying the unity and peace that will characterize the New Jerusalem. It fosters a longing for that day when all things are made new and God's perfect shalom reigns supreme.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What does "healing of the nations" mean if there is no sickness in the New Jerusalem?
Answer: The "healing of the nations" in Revelation 22:2 refers to a much deeper, more comprehensive restoration than merely physical cure. In the New Jerusalem, Revelation 21:4 explicitly states that there will be no more death, sorrow, crying, or pain, implying the absence of physical ailments. Therefore, the "healing" (Greek: therapeía) points to the complete spiritual, relational, and societal wholeness of humanity. It signifies the undoing of all the divisions, hostilities, spiritual brokenness, and the lingering effects of sin that have plagued humanity throughout history. It is the full reconciliation and unity of all redeemed peoples—from every tribe and tongue—under God's righteous rule, where all past wounds are mended, and perfect peace and harmony reign. It's the ultimate restoration of shalom.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Revelation 22:2 finds its ultimate Christ-centered fulfillment in Jesus, who is Himself the true and eternal source of life and healing. While the Tree of Life in Eden was guarded after the fall, access to eternal life is now freely offered through Christ's atoning work. He is the "Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!" (John 1:29), whose sacrificial death on the cross opened the way back to God's presence and the Tree of Life. Just as the tree provides continuous fruit, Jesus declares, "I am the bread of life; whoever comes to me shall not hunger, and whoever believes in me shall never thirst" (John 6:35), signifying His perpetual spiritual sustenance for His people. Furthermore, the "healing of the nations" points directly to Christ's universal redemptive work. Through His blood, He has purchased "people for God from every tribe and language and people and nation" (Revelation 5:9), breaking down the dividing wall of hostility (Ephesians 2:14) and bringing reconciliation not only between God and humanity but also among diverse peoples. He is the one who makes "all things new" (Revelation 21:5), ultimately bringing about the complete and glorious restoration envisioned in this verse, where all creation is reconciled to God through Him (Colossians 1:20).