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Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Matthew 6:5–8. His four-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
In prayer we have more immediately to do with God than in giving alms, and therefore are yet more concerned to be sincere, which is what we are here directed to. When thou prayest (Mat 6:5). It is taken for granted that all the disciples of Christ pray. As soon as ever Paul was converted, behold he prayeth. You may as soon find a living man that does not breathe, as a living Christian that does not pray. For this shall every one that is godly pray. If prayerless, then graceless. "Now, when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are, nor do as they do," Mat 6:2. Note, Those who would not do as the hypocrites do in their ways and actions must not be as the hypocrites are in their frame and temper. He names nobody, but it appears by Mat 23:13, that by the hypocrites here he means especially the scribes and Pharisees.
Now there were two great faults they were guilty of in prayer, against each of which we are here cautioned - vain-glory (Mat 6:5, Mat 6:6); and vain repetitions, Mat 6:7, Mat 6:8.
I.We must not be proud and vain-glorious in prayer, nor aim at the praise of men. And here observe,
1.What was the way and practice of the hypocrites. In all their exercises of devotion, it was plain, the chief thing they aimed at was to be commended by their neighbours, and thereby to make an interest for themselves. When they seemed to soar upwards in prayer (and if it be right, it is the soul's ascent toward God), yet even then their eye was downwards upon this as their prey. Observe,
(1.)What the places were which they chose for their devotions; they prayed in the synagogues, which were indeed proper places for public prayer, but not for personal. They pretended hereby to do honour to the place of their assemblies, but intended to do honour to themselves. They prayed in the corners of the streets, the broad streets (so the word signifies), which were most frequented. They withdrew thither, as if they were under a pious impulse which would not admit delay, but really it was to cause themselves to be taken notice of. There, where two streets met, they were not only within view of both, but every passenger turning close upon them would observe them, and hear what they said.
(2.)The posture they used in prayer; they prayed standing; this is a lawful and proper posture for prayer (Mar 11:25, When ye stand praying), but kneeling being the more humble and reverent gesture, Luk 22:41; Act 7:60; Eph 3:14, their standing seemed to savour of pride and confidence in themselves (Luk 18:11), The Pharisee stood and prayed.
(3.)Their pride in choosing these public places, which is expressed in two things:
[1.]They love to pray there. They did not love prayer for its own sake, but they loved it when it gave them an opportunity of making themselves noticed. Circumstances may be such, that our good deeds must needs be done openly, so as to fall under the observation of others, and be commended by them; but the sin and danger is when we love it, and are pleased with it, because it feeds the proud humour.
[2.]It is that they may be seen of men; not that God might accept them, but that men might admire and applaud them; and that they might easily get the estates of widows and orphans into their hands (who would not trust such devout, praying men?) and that, when they had them, they might devour them without being suspected (Mat 23:14); and effectually carry on their public designs to enslave the people.
(4.)The product of all this, they have their reward; they have all the recompence they must ever expect from God for their service, and a poor recompence it is. What will it avail us to have the good word of our fellow-servants, if our Master do not say, Well done? But if in so great a transaction as is between us and God, when we are at prayer, we can take in so poor a consideration as the praise of men is, it is just that that should be all our reward. They did it to be seen of men, and they are so; and much good may it do them. Note, Those that would approve themselves to God by their integrity in their religion, must have to regard to the praise of men; it is not to men that we pray, nor from them that we expect an answer; they are not to be our judges, they are dust and ashes like ourselves, and therefore we must not have our eye to them: what passes between God and our own souls must be out of sight. In our synagogue-worship, we must avoid every thing that tends to make our personal devotion remarkable, as they that caused their voice to be heard on high, Isa 58:4. Public places are not proper for private solemn prayer.
2.What is the will of Jesus Christ in opposition to this. Humility and sincerity are the two great lessons that Christ teaches us; Thou, when thou prayest, do so and so (Mat 6:6); thou in particular by thyself, and for thyself. Personal prayer is here supposed to be the duty and practice of all Christ's disciples.
Observe, (1.) The directions here given about it.
[1.]Instead of praying in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, enter into thy closet, into some place of privacy and retirement. Isaac went into the field (Gen 24:63), Christ to a mountain, Peter to a housetop. No place amiss in point of ceremony, if it do but answer the end. Note, Secret prayer is to be performed in retirement, that we may be unobserved, and so may avoid ostentation; undisturbed, and so may avoid distraction; unheard, and so may use greater freedom; yet if the circumstances be such that we cannot possibly avoid being taken notice of, we must not therefore neglect the duty, lest the omission be a greater scandal than the observation of it.
[2.]Instead of doing it to be seen of men, pray to thy Father who is in secret; to me, even to me, Zac 7:5, Zac 7:6. The Pharisees prayed rather to men than to God; whatever was the form of their prayer, the scope of it was to beg the applause of men, and court their favours. "Well, do thou pray to God, and let that be enough for thee. Pray to him as a Father, as thy Father, ready to hear and answer, graciously inclined to pity, help, and succour thee. Pray to thy Father who is in secret." Note, In secret prayer we must have an eye to God, as present in all places; he is there in thy closet when no one else is there; there especially nigh to thee in what thou callest upon him for. By secret prayer we give God the glory of his universal presence (Act 17:24), and may take to ourselves the comfort of it.
(2.)The encouragements here given us to it.
[1.]Thy Father seeth in secret; his eye is upon thee to accept thee, when the eye of no man is upon thee to applaud thee; under the fig-tree, I saw thee, said Christ to Nathaniel, Joh 1:48. He saw Paul at prayer in such a street, at such a house, Act 9:11. There is not a secret, sudden breathing after God, but he observes it.
[2.]He will reward thee openly; they have their reward that do it openly, and thou shalt not lose thine for thy doing it in secret. It is called a reward, but it is of grace, not of debt; what merit can there be in begging? The reward will be open; they shall not only have it, but have it honourably: the open reward is that which hypocrites are fond of, but they have not patience to stay for it; it is that which the sincere are dead to, and they shall have it over and above. Sometimes secret prayers are rewarded openly in this world by signal answers to them, which manifests God's praying people in the consciences of their adversaries; however, at the great day there will be an open reward, when all praying people shall appear in glory with the great Intercessor. The Pharisees ha their reward before all the town, and it was a mere flash and shadow; true Christians shall have theirs before all the world, angels and men, and it shall be a weight of glory.
II.We must not use vain repetitions in prayer, Mat 6:7, Mat 6:8.
Though the life of prayer lies in lifting up the soul and pouring out the heart, yet there is some interest which words have in prayer, especially in joint prayer; for in that, words are necessary, and it should seem that our Saviour speaks here especially of that; for before he said, when thou prayest, he here, when ye pray; and the Lord's prayer which follows is a joint prayer, and in that, he that is the mouth of others is most tempted to an ostentation of language and expression, against which we are here warned; use not vain repetitions, either alone or with others: the Pharisees affected this, they made long prayers (Mat 23:14), all their care was to make them long. Now observe,
1.What the fault is that is here reproved and condemned; it is making a mere lip-labour of the duty of prayer, the service of the tongue, when it is not the service of the soul. This is expressed here by two words, Battologia, polulogia.
(1.)Vain repetitions - tautology, battology, idle babbling over the same words again and again to no purpose, like Battus, Sub illis montibus erant, erant sub montibus illis; like that imitation of the wordiness of a fool, Ecc 10:14, A man cannot tell what shall be; and what shall be after him who can tell? which is indecent and nauseous in any discourse, much more in speaking to God. It is not all repetition in prayer that is here condemned, but vain repetitions. Christ himself prayed, saying the same words (Mat 26:44), out of more than ordinary fervour and zeal, Luk 22:44. So Daniel, Dan 9:18, Dan 9:19. And there is a very elegant repetition of the same words, Ps. 136. It may be of use both to express our own affections, and to excite the affections of others. But the superstitious rehearsing of a tale of words, without regard to the sense of them, as the papists saying by their beads so many Ave-Marys and Paternosters; or the barren and dry going over of the same things again and again, merely to drill out the prayer to such a length, and to make a show of affection when really there is none; these are the vain repetitions here condemned. When we would fain say much, but cannot say much to the purpose; this is displeasing to God and all wise men.
(2.)Much speaking, an affectation of prolixity in prayer, either out of pride or superstition, or an opinion that God needs either to be informed or argued with by us, or out of mere folly and impertinence, because men love to hear themselves talk. Not that all long prayers are forbidden; Christ prayed all night, Luk 6:12. Solomon's was a long prayer. There is sometimes need of long prayers when our errands and our affections are extraordinary; but merely to prolong the prayer, as if it would make it more pleasing or more prevailing with God, is that which is here condemned; it is not much praying that is condemned; no, we are bid to pray always, but much speaking; the danger of this error is when we only say our prayers, and not when we pray them. This caution is explained by that of Solomon (Ecc 5:2), Let thy words be few, considerate and well weighed; take with you words (Hos 14:2), choose out words (Job 9:14), and do not say every thing that comes uppermost.
2.What reasons are given against this.
(1.)This is the way of the heathen, as the heathen do; and it ill becomes Christians to worship their God as the Gentiles worship theirs. The heathen were taught by the light of nature to worship God; but becoming vain in their imaginations concerning the object of their worship, no wonder they became so concerning the manner of it, and particularly in this instance; thinking God altogether such a one as themselves, they thought he needed many words to make him understand what was said to him, or to bring him to comply with their requests; as if he were weak and ignorant, and hard to be entreated. Thus Baal's priests were hard at it from morning till almost night with their vain repetitions; O Baal, hear us; O Baal, hear us; and vain petitions they were; but Elijah, in a grave, composed frame, with a very concise prayer, prevailed for fire from heaven first, and then water, Kg1 18:26, Kg1 18:36. Lip-labour in prayer, though ever so well laboured, if that be all, is but lost labour.
(2.)"It need not be your way, for your Father in heaven knoweth what things ye have need of before ye ask him, and therefore there is no occasion for such abundance of words. It does not follow that therefore ye need not pray; for God requires you by prayer to own your need of him and dependence on him, and to please his promises; but therefore you are to open your case, and pour out your hearts before him, and then leave it with him." Consider,
[1.]The God we pray to is our Father by creation, by covenant; and therefore our addresses to him should be easy, natural, and unaffected; children do not use to make long speeches to their parents when they want any thing; it is enough to say, my head, my head. Let us come to him with the disposition of children, with love, reverence, and dependence; and then they need not say many words, that are taught by the Spirit of adoption to say that one aright, Abba, Father.
[2.]He is a Father that knows our case and knows our wants better than we do ourselves. He knows what things we have need of; his eyes run to and fro through the earth, to observe the necessities of his people (Ch2 16:9), and he often gives before we call (Isa 65:24), and more than we ask for (Eph 3:20), and if he do not give his people what they ask, it is because he knows they do not need it, and that it is not for their good; and of that he is fitter to judge for us than we for ourselves. We need not be long, nor use many words in representing our case; God knows it better than we can tell him, only he will know it from us (what will ye that I should do unto you?); and when we have told him what it is, we must refer ourselves to him, Lord, all my desire is before thee, Psa 38:9. So far is God from being wrought upon by the length or language of our prayers, that the most powerful intercessions are those which are made with groanings that cannot be uttered, Rom 8:26. We are not to prescribe, but subscribe to God.
Historical interpretation
Twelve Centuries of Reception
16 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
Select a marker to jump to its quote. Markers stagger vertically where authors wrote within a few decades of each other.
But let not your fasts be with the hypocrites; for they fast on the second and fifth day of the week; but do ye fast on the fourth day and the Preparation (Friday). Neither pray as the hypocrites; but as the Lord commanded in His Gospel, thus pray: Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so on earth. Give us to-day our daily (needful) bread, and forgive us our debt as we also forgive our debtors. And bring us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one (or, evil); for Thine is the power and the glory for ever. Thrice in the day thus pray.
Nevertheless, the proceeding of a discussion on the necessaries of faith is not idle, because it is not unfruitful. In edification no loquacity is base, if it be base at any time. And so, if the discourse be concerning some particular good, the subject requires us to review also the contrary of that good.
For this reason we are enjoined to ask what is sufficient for the preservation of the substance of the body: not luxury, but food, which restores what the body loses, and prevents death by hunger; not tables to inflame and drive on to pleasures, nor such things as make the body wax wanton against the soul; but bread, and that, too, not for a great number of years, but what is sufficient for us to-day.
Nonbelievers think that they can more easily obtain from the Lord what they require by using many words, but the Lord does not expect this from us. Rather, he wants us to send up our prayers not with wordy speech but with faith that comes from the heart. By doing so we command the merits of justice to him. He surely knows better all the things of which we have need and before we speak is aware of everything that we are going to request.
We have an example of just how great a distance there is between the wordy and the humble and simple prayer in the story of the Pharisee and the publican. The prayer of the Pharisee vaunting himself in his abundance of words was rejected. The humble and contrite publican, on the other hand, asking forgiveness for his sins, came away more justified than the self-boasting Pharisee. In this we find fulfilled what was written: “The prayer of the humble penetrates the clouds,” reaching God who is ready to hear the request of the one who prays.
He said not 'shall freely give thee,' but, shall reward thee; thus He constitutes Himself your debtor.
Hereby He dissuades from empty speaking in prayer; as, for example, when we ask of God things improper, as dominions, fame, overcoming of our enemies, or abundance of wealth. He commands then that our prayers should not be long; long, that is, not in time, but in multitude of words. For it is right that those who ask should persevere in their asking; being instant in prayer, as the Apostle instructs; but does not thereby enjoin us to compose a prayer of ten thousand verses, and speak it all; which He secretly hints at, when He says, Do not ye use many words.
You do not then pray in order to teach God your wants, but to move Him, that you may become His friend by the importunity of your applications to Him, that you may be humbled, that you may be reminded of your sins.
Then He speaks even the very words of the prayer.
"When ye pray," saith He, "use no vain repetitions, even as the heathen do."
You see that when He was discoursing of almsgiving, He removed only that mischief which comes of vainglory, and added nothing more; neither did He say whence one should give alms; as from honest labor, and not from rapine nor covetousness: this being abundantly acknowledged among all. And also before that, He had thoroughly cleared up this point, when He blessed them "that hunger after righteousness."
But touching prayer, He adds somewhat over and above; "not to use vain repetitions." And as there He derides the hypocrites, so here the heathen; shaming the hearer everywhere most of all by the vileness of the persons. For since this, in most cases, is especially biting and stinging, I mean our appearing to be likened to outcast persons; by this topic He dissuades them; calling frivolousness, here, by the name of "vain repetition:" as when we ask of God things unsuitable, kingdoms, and glory, and to get the better of enemies, and abundance of wealth, and in general what does not at all concern us.
"For He knoweth," saith He, "what things ye have need of."
And herewith He seems to me to command in this place, that neither should we make our prayers long; long, I mean, not in time, but in the number and length of the things mentioned. For perseverance indeed in the same requests is our duty: His word being, "continuing instant in prayer."
And He Himself too, by that example of the widow, who prevailed with the pitiless and cruel ruler, by the continuance of her intercession; and by that of the friend, who came late at night time, and roused the sleeper from his bed, not for his friendship's, but for his importunity's sake; what did He, but lay down a law, that all should continually make supplication unto Him? He doth not however bid us compose a prayer of ten thousand clauses, and so come to Him and merely repeat it. For this He obscurely signified when He said, "They think that they shall be heard for their much speaking."
"For He knoweth," saith He, "what things ye have need of." And if He know, one may say, what we have need of, wherefore must we pray? Not to instruct Him, but to prevail with Him; to be made intimate with Him, by continuance in supplication; to be humbled; to be reminded of thy sins.
On this there starts up a heresy of certain Philosophers who taught the mistaken dogma, that If God knows for what we shall pray, and, before we ask, knows what we need, our prayer is needlessly made to one who has such knowledge. (Epicureans.) To such we shortly reply, That in our prayers we do not instruct, but entreat; it is one thing to inform the ignorant, another to beg of the understanding: the first were to teach; the latter is to perform a service of duty.
(Verse 7.) But when praying, do not speak much, as the Gentiles do. For they think that they will be heard because of their many words. Therefore, do not be like them. If a Gentile speaks much in prayer, then a Christian should speak little. For God is not the listener of words, but of the heart. (Wisdom 1:6).
(ubi sup.) As the hypocrites use to set themselves so as to be seen in their prayers, whose reward is to be acceptable to men; so the Ethnici (that is, the Gentiles) use to think that they shall be heard for their much speaking; therefore He adds, When ye pray, do not ye use many words.
(Epist. 130, 10.) Yet to continue long in prayer is not, as some think, what is here meant, by using many words. For much speaking is one thing, and an enduring fervency another. For of the Lord Himself it is written, that He continued a whole night in prayer, and prayed at great length, setting an example to us. The brethren in Egypt are said to use frequent prayers, but those very short, and as it were hasty ejaculations, lest that fervency of spirit, which is most behoveful for us in prayer, should by longer continuance be violently broken off. Herein themselves sufficiently show, that this fervency of spirit, as it is not to be forced if it cannot last, so if it has lasted is not to be violently broken off. Let prayer then be without much speaking, but not without much entreaty, if this fervent spirit can be supported; for much speaking in prayer is to use in a necessary matter more words than necessary. But to entreat much, is to importune with enduring warmth of heart Him to whom our entreaty is made; for often is this business effected more by groans than words, by weeping more than speech.
(ubi sup.) And truly all superfluity of discourse has come from the Gentiles, who labour rather to practise their tongues than to cleanse their hearts, and introduce this art of rhetoric into that wherein they need to persuade God.
(ubi sup.) For we use many words then when we have to instruct one who is in ignorance, what need of them to Him who is Creator of all things; Your heavenly Father knoweth what ye have need of before you ask Him.
(ubi sup.) Nor ought we to use words in seeking to obtain of God what we would, but to seek with intense and fervent application of mind, with pure love, and suppliant spirit.
(Epist. 130, 9.) But even with words we ought at certain periods to make prayer to God, that by these signs of things we may keep ourselves in mind, and may know what progress we have made in such desire, and may stir up ourselves more actively to increase this desire, that after it have begun to wax warm, it may not be chilled and utterly frozen up by divers cares, without our continual care to keep it alive. Words therefore are needful for us that we should be moved by them, that we should understand clearly what it is we ask, not that we should think that by them the Lord is either instructed or persuaded.
(Serm. in Mont. ii. 3.) Still it may be asked, what is the use of prayer at all, whether made in words or in meditation of things, if God knows already what is necessary for us. The mental posture of prayer calms and purifies the soul, and makes it of more capacity to receive the divine gifts which are poured into it. For God does not hear us for the prevailing force of our pleadings; He is at all times ready to give us His light, but we are not ready to receive it, but prone to other things. There is then in prayer a turning of the body to God, and a purging of the inward eye, whilst those worldly things which we desired are shut out, that the eye of the mind made single might be able to bear the single light, and in it abide with that joy with which a happy life is perfected.
As it is characteristic of the hypocrites to exhibit themselves to be gazed at when praying, and their fruit is to please men, so it is characteristic of the heathen, i.e. of the Gentiles, to think they are heard for their much speaking. And in reality, every kind of much speaking comes from the Gentiles, who make it their endeavour to exercise the tongue rather than to cleanse the heart. And this kind of useless exertion they endeavour to transfer even to the influencing of God by prayer, supposing that the Judge, just like man, is brought over by words to a certain way of thinking. Therefore, be not like them, says the only true Master. For your Father knows what things are necessary for you, before you ask Him. For if many words are made use of with the intent that one who is ignorant may be instructed and taught, what need is there of them for Him who knows all things, to whom all things which exist, by the very fact of their existence, speak, and show themselves as having been brought into existence; and those things which are future do not remain concealed from His knowledge and wisdom, in which both those things which are past, and those things which will yet come to pass, are all present and cannot pass away?
But since, however few they may be, yet there are words which He Himself also is about to speak, by which He would teach us to pray; it may be asked why even these few words are necessary for Him who knows all things before they take place, and is acquainted, as has been said, with what is necessary for us before we ask Him? Here, in the first place, the answer is, that we ought to urge our case with God, in order to obtain what we wish, not by words, but by the ideas which we cherish in our mind, and by the direction of our thought, with pure love and sincere desire; but that our Lord has taught us the very ideas in words, that by committing them to memory we may recollect those ideas at the time we pray.
But again, it may be asked (whether we are to pray in ideas or in words) what need there is for prayer itself, if God already knows what is necessary for us; unless it be that the very effort involved in prayer calms and purifies our heart, and makes it more capacious for receiving the divine gifts, which are poured into us spiritually. For it is not on account of the urgency of our prayers that God hears us, who is always ready to give us His light, not of a material kind, but that which is intellectual and spiritual: but we are not always ready to receive, since we are inclined towards other things, and are involved in darkness through our desire for temporal things. Hence there is brought about in prayer a turning of the heart to Him, who is ever ready to give, if we will but take what He has given; and in the very act of turning there is effected a purging of the inner eye, inasmuch as those things of a temporal kind which were desired are excluded, so that the vision of the pure heart may be able to bear the pure light, divinely shining, without any setting or change: and not only to bear it, but also to remain in it; not merely without annoyance, but also with ineffable joy, in which a life truly and sincerely blessed is perfected.
(Collat. ix. 36.) We should indeed pray often, but in short form, lest if we be long in our prayers, the enemy that lies in wait for us, might suggest something for our thoughts.
Some brothers asked Macarius, ‘How should we pray?’ He said, ‘There is no need to talk much in prayer. Reach out your hands often, and say, “Lord have mercy on me, as you will and as you know.” But if conflict troubles you, say, “Lord, help me.” He knows what is best for us, and has mercy.’
(Mor. xxxiii. 23.) True prayer consists rather in the bitter groans of repentance, than in the repetition of set forms of words.
"Babbling" means praying foolishly, as when someone asks for such worldly things as fame, wealth, or victory. "Babbling" is also inarticulate, childish speech. Therefore you, O reader, must not pray foolishly.
is not necessary to make long prayers, but rather short and frequent prayers, uttering few words, but persevering in prayer.
(ord.) What He condemns is many words in praying that come of want of faith; as the Gentiles do. For a multitude of words were needful for the Gentiles, seeing the dæmons could not know for what they petitioned, until instructed by them; they think they shall be heard for their much speaking.
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Summary
In Matthew 6:7, Jesus delivers a crucial warning against a superficial approach to prayer, specifically cautioning His disciples against the "vain repetitions" and "much speaking" characteristic of pagan practices. He challenges the erroneous belief that the efficacy of prayer is determined by its length, volume, or the mechanical recitation of words, instead emphasizing that genuine prayer is a sincere, heartfelt communication rooted in an intimate relationship with a Father who already knows the needs of His children. This teaching serves as a foundational principle for authentic communion with God, contrasting it sharply with the manipulative and performative prayers of the surrounding cultures.
Context
Literary Context
This verse is an integral part of Jesus's profound discourse known as the Sermon on the Mount, specifically falling within a section (Matthew 6:1-18) where Jesus addresses the proper practice of religious duties: almsgiving, prayer, and fasting. Immediately preceding Matthew 6:7, Jesus condemns hypocritical public prayer, urging His followers to pray in secret to their Father who sees in secret (Matthew 6:5-6). Verse 7 then transitions from the place of prayer to the manner of prayer, setting the stage for the model prayer, often called the Lord's Prayer, which follows in Matthew 6:9-13. Thus, Matthew 6:7 acts as a critical negative instruction, providing the necessary contrast for the positive example that immediately follows.
Historical & Cultural Context
First-century Jewish society, while distinct from paganism, was surrounded by cultures that practiced polytheistic religions. In these pagan traditions, it was common to believe that deities were either distant, indifferent, or needed to be coerced and impressed through elaborate rituals, lengthy incantations, and the incessant repetition of divine names or magical formulas. For example, the prophets of Baal on Mount Carmel engaged in frenzied, repetitive cries to their god (1 Kings 18:26-29). Such practices were rooted in a fundamental misunderstanding of the divine nature, viewing gods as capricious beings who required persuasion through human effort rather than as loving, omniscient fathers. Jesus's teaching directly confronts this worldview, distinguishing the intimate, personal relationship available to believers in God from the superstitious, manipulative practices of the "heathen" or Gentiles.
Key Themes
This verse contributes significantly to several overarching themes within the Sermon on the Mount and the broader Gospel of Matthew. It underscores the theme of Authenticity vs. Hypocrisy, contrasting genuine, internal devotion with external, performative religiosity, a motif seen throughout Matthew 6. It also highlights the Nature of God as Father, emphasizing His omniscience and loving care, which negates the need for manipulative prayer, as He already knows our needs before we ask (Matthew 6:8). Furthermore, it reinforces the theme of Kingdom Ethics, where the values of God's kingdom—sincerity, humility, and trust—stand in stark contrast to the worldly practices of self-promotion and superstition. The teaching on prayer here is thus foundational to understanding the new covenant relationship with God.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
From a compound of a proverbial stammerer and lógos (word), this word literally means "to stutter" or "to stammer." By implication, it refers to speaking tediously, babbling, or repeating words senselessly and without thought. It suggests a mechanical, meaningless utterance of words, devoid of genuine devotion or understanding.
Derived from éthnos (nation, people), this term specifically refers to Gentiles or non-Jews. In this context, it points to those who practiced pagan religions, whose prayer customs often involved lengthy, repetitive, and often superstitious invocations to their gods, believing that such persistence or volume would compel divine attention or favor.
From polýs (much, many) and lógos (word), this word denotes loquacity or prolixity—excessive wordiness. It reinforces the idea of prayer characterized by an abundance of words, often without substantial content, purpose, or sincere intent, echoing the "vain repetitions" and emphasizing quantity over quality in communication with God.
Verse Breakdown
"But when ye pray, use not vain repetitions"
Jesus begins with a strong negative command, introduced by "but" (G1161, dé), indicating a contrast with the hypocritical public prayers just discussed. The core instruction is against "vain repetitions" (G945, battologéō). This is not a prohibition against persistent prayer or repeated requests (as seen in Luke 11:5-8 or Luke 18:1-8), but rather against empty, thoughtless, or mechanical recitation of words without genuine heart or meaning. It targets the manner and motive of prayer, not its length or frequency.
"as the heathen do"
This clause provides the cultural and religious context for the warning. The "heathen" (G1482, ethnikós), or Gentiles, are presented as a negative example. Their prayer practices often involved superstitious beliefs that gods needed to be persuaded or awakened through lengthy, repetitive, and often loud incantations. Jesus explicitly distances His disciples' prayer from such practices, highlighting the unique, intimate relationship believers have with their heavenly Father.
"for they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking"
This final clause reveals the underlying faulty theology and motivation behind vain repetitions. The "heathen" operate under the misconception (G1380, dokéō, "they think") that their prayers will be effective or "heard" (G1522, eisakoúō) simply "for their much speaking" (G1722, en G846, autós G4180, polylogía). This implies a quantitative rather than qualitative understanding of prayer, where the sheer volume or length of words is believed to impress or compel the deity. Jesus exposes this as a fundamental misunderstanding of God's nature and the nature of true prayer.
Literary Devices
Jesus employs several rhetorical devices in this verse to emphasize His teaching. The primary device is Contrast, as He explicitly sets the prayer practices of His disciples apart from those of "the heathen." This contrast highlights the distinct nature of the Kingdom of God and the new covenant relationship with the Father. The phrase "vain repetitions" (Greek: battologéō) itself is a vivid onomatopoeia, mimicking the sound of stammering or babbling, thereby emphasizing the senselessness and emptiness of such prayer. Furthermore, the verse uses Cause and Effect to explain the "heathen's" faulty logic: because they think they will be heard for their much speaking, they use vain repetitions. This clarifies the misguided motivation that Jesus is correcting, underscoring the spiritual and theological error at the heart of such practices.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Matthew 6:7 profoundly shapes our understanding of prayer by redirecting its focus from human performance to divine relationship. It dismantles the notion that God is a distant, demanding deity who needs to be impressed or persuaded by an abundance of words or ritualistic acts. Instead, Jesus reveals a God who is an intimate, knowing Father, deeply concerned with the hearts of His children. True prayer, therefore, is not about manipulating God or earning His attention, but about humble, sincere communion with an omniscient Father who already understands our needs and desires. This teaching underscores the radical difference between the new covenant relationship with God and the superstitious, works-based approaches to the divine prevalent in the ancient world. It calls believers to a deeper, more authentic spiritual walk, rooted in trust and genuine dialogue rather than empty ritual.
Reflection and Application
Matthew 6:7 serves as a timeless call to examine the sincerity and motive behind our prayers. In a world often driven by outward performance and the pursuit of efficiency, Jesus reminds us that our communication with God is not a transaction, but a relationship. It frees us from the pressure of crafting eloquent or lengthy prayers, instead inviting us to approach our Heavenly Father with authentic hearts, knowing He hears and understands even our unspoken groans. This verse encourages us to prioritize quality over quantity in our prayer lives, fostering a deep, trusting dialogue where we are as eager to listen to God as we are to speak to Him. It challenges us to move beyond rote recitations and superficial requests, cultivating a prayer life marked by genuine humility, dependence, and intimacy with the One who knows us best.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Does Matthew 6:7 forbid all repetition in prayer, like saying "Amen" or repeating a specific prayer?
No, Matthew 6:7 does not forbid all repetition. Jesus's warning is specifically against "vain repetitions" (Greek: battologéō) and "much speaking" (Greek: polylogía) that are empty, thoughtless, or intended to manipulate God, as practiced by the "heathen." The emphasis is on the motive and meaninglessness of the repetition, not repetition itself. The Bible elsewhere shows examples of fervent, persistent prayer that might involve repeated requests (e.g., Luke 18:1-8; 2 Corinthians 12:8). Jesus Himself prayed with intensity and repetition in Gethsemane (Matthew 26:39-44). Therefore, repeating a prayer with a sincere heart, or using common liturgical responses like "Amen," is not what Jesus condemns. He is cautioning against mechanical, superstitious, or performative prayer that lacks genuine faith and understanding of God's character.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Matthew 6:7, while a negative command, finds its ultimate fulfillment and positive expression in the person and work of Jesus Christ. Jesus Himself perfectly modeled the sincere, intimate prayer life that He commanded His disciples to adopt. He did not engage in "vain repetitions" but prayed with profound depth, clarity, and direct communion with His Father (John 17). His prayer life was characterized by a perfect understanding of God's will and a complete trust in the Father's knowledge and love (Luke 22:42). Furthermore, it is through Christ that believers gain access to this intimate relationship with God, no longer needing to approach Him as distant deities requiring persuasion, but as a loving Father. Jesus, as the great High Priest, intercedes for us with perfect prayers (Hebrews 7:25), and the Holy Spirit enables us to pray according to God's will, even when we don't know what to say (Romans 8:26-27). Thus, Christ not only teaches us how to pray but also makes genuine, Spirit-empowered prayer possible, transforming our access to God from a manipulative ritual into a loving, filial relationship.