Matthew 10:3

Matthew 10:3 continues the listing of the twelve apostles chosen by Jesus Christ for a specific mission. This verse names Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James (son of Alphaeus), and Lebbaeus (also known as Thaddaeus), highlighting the diverse backgrounds of those called to serve.

Context

This verse is part of Jesus' detailed instruction and commissioning of His twelve disciples, empowering them to preach the Gospel, heal the sick, cast out demons, and raise the dead. The immediate context is their specific mission to the "lost sheep of the house of Israel" (Matthew 10:6) before the broader Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20). The careful listing of their names underscores the deliberate and personal choice Jesus made in forming the core group of His ministry.

Key Figures and Themes

• Philip: Often linked with Bethsaida and introduced earlier in John's Gospel as one of the first disciples called by Jesus.
• Bartholomew: Widely believed to be Nathanael, whom Jesus identified as "an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile" (John 1:47).
• Thomas: Also known as Didymus (meaning "the Twin"). He is famously remembered for his initial doubt concerning Jesus' resurrection.
• Matthew the publican: This is the author of the Gospel of Matthew. The designation "the publican" (or tax collector) is significant, highlighting his former occupation. Tax collectors were generally despised by their Jewish countrymen for collaborating with the Roman occupiers and for often engaging in extortion. His inclusion among the apostles demonstrates Jesus' radical call to people from all walks of life, even those considered outcasts. His call is detailed in Matthew 9:9.
• James [the son] of Alphaeus: Distinguished from James the son of Zebedee (who is listed in Matthew 10:2). He is also sometimes referred to as "James the Less."
• Lebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddaeus: This apostle is also known as Judas, but importantly, "not Iscariot" (John 14:22). The use of multiple names helps distinguish him from the betrayer.

Linguistic Insights

The term "publican" comes from the Greek word telōnēs (τελώνης), which specifically refers to a tax collector. This was a profession that brought shame and ostracization in Jewish society, making Matthew's transformation and inclusion among the twelve a powerful testament to the inclusive nature of Jesus' ministry.

Practical Application

Matthew 10:3, along with the full list of apostles, teaches us several important lessons:

1. God Uses Diverse People: The apostles came from varied backgrounds – fishermen, a zealot (Simon, listed in Matthew 10:4), and even a despised tax collector. This shows that God calls and equips ordinary people, regardless of their past or social standing, for extraordinary purposes.
2. Transformation is Possible: Matthew's inclusion serves as a powerful reminder that no one is beyond the reach of God's grace and transforming power. His past as a publican did not disqualify him from becoming a foundational leader in the early church and an author of Scripture.
3. Divine Calling: Jesus deliberately chose each of these men. This highlights the concept of divine calling, where God sovereignly selects individuals for His service, providing them with the necessary authority and gifting.