Isaiah 36:3

KJV

Then came forth unto him Eliakim, Hilkiah's son, which was over the house, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah, Asaph's son, the recorder.

KJV (with Strong's)

Then came forth {H3318} unto him Eliakim {H471}, Hilkiah's {H2518} son {H1121}, which was over the house {H1004}, and Shebna {H7644} the scribe {H5608}, and Joah {H3098}, Asaph's {H623} son {H1121}, the recorder {H2142}.

Complete Jewish Bible

Elyakim the son of Hilkiyahu, who was in charge of the household, Shevnah the general secretary and Yo'ach the son of Asaf the foreign minister went out to meet him.

Berean Standard Bible

Then Eliakim son of Hilkiah the palace administrator, Shebna the scribe, and Joah son of Asaph the recorder, went out to him.

American Standard Version

Then came forth unto him Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, who was over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah, the son of Asaph, the recorder.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Isaiah 36:3 introduces the three high-ranking officials King Hezekiah dispatched to meet with Rabshakeh, the Assyrian field commander, who had arrived to demand Jerusalem's surrender. These key figures—Eliakim, the palace administrator; Shebna, the royal scribe; and Joah, the recorder—represent Hezekiah's formal and strategic response to the formidable Assyrian threat, setting the stage for the dramatic confrontation and divine intervention that follows in this pivotal historical narrative.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is situated at the very beginning of a crucial historical narrative within the book of Isaiah (chapters 36-39), which largely parallels the account found in [2 Kings 18-20](/2_kings/18-20 "2 Kings 18-20 - Hezekiah's Reign and Assyrian Invasion"). Following the general prophecies against nations and the initial call to repentance, Isaiah 36 shifts to a historical account detailing the Assyrian invasion of Judah under King Sennacherib. [Isaiah 36:1-2](/isaiah/36-1-2 "Isaiah 36:1-2 - Sennacherib's Invasion and Rabshakeh's Arrival") describes Sennacherib's advance and the arrival of Rabshakeh at the Upper Pool's highway. Verse 3 immediately follows, introducing the Judean delegation sent by Hezekiah to engage with the Assyrian official, thus initiating the diplomatic and spiritual standoff that will dominate the subsequent chapters, culminating in God's miraculous deliverance of Jerusalem.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The events of Isaiah 36 occurred in 701 BC during the reign of King Hezekiah of Judah, a period of immense geopolitical tension. The Neo-Assyrian Empire, under Sennacherib, was the dominant superpower of the ancient Near East, known for its brutal military campaigns and effective siege warfare. Judah, a small kingdom, had become a vassal state to Assyria, but Hezekiah, encouraged by prophetic counsel, had initiated reforms and sought to throw off Assyrian dominance, relying on God. The Assyrian siege of Jerusalem was the culmination of this conflict, a direct challenge to Judah's sovereignty and, implicitly, to the God of Israel. The roles of the officials mentioned—steward of the house, scribe, and recorder—were essential positions in ancient Near Eastern royal courts, reflecting the sophisticated administration necessary for managing a kingdom and conducting international diplomacy. Their presence underscored the gravity of the Assyrian demands and the formal nature of the encounter.
* **Key Themes:** Isaiah 36:3 contributes significantly to several overarching themes within the book of Isaiah and the broader biblical narrative. Firstly, it highlights the theme of **Divine Sovereignty versus Human Power**, as the formidable Assyrian empire, representing the pinnacle of human military might, is ultimately confronted by the seemingly weak kingdom of Judah, whose strength lies in its reliance on God. Secondly, the verse introduces the theme of **Wise Leadership and Counsel**, as Hezekiah, facing an existential threat, strategically deploys his most trusted and capable advisors, demonstrating prudence in crisis, a theme echoed in wisdom literature like [Proverbs 11:14](/proverbs/11-14 "Proverbs 11:14 - Wisdom in Abundance of Counsel"). Finally, it sets the stage for the theme of **God's Deliverance and Faithfulness**, as the subsequent narrative in [Isaiah 37](/isaiah/37 "Isaiah 37 - God Delivers Jerusalem") dramatically illustrates God's miraculous intervention on behalf of His people, proving His power and faithfulness to His covenant promises when His people turn to Him in prayer and trust.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **came forth (Hebrew, _yâtsâʼ'_):** (H3318) This primitive root means "to go (causatively, bring) out, in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively, direct and proxim." In this context, it signifies the official and deliberate act of these high-ranking officials emerging from the city to meet the Assyrian delegation. It implies a formal procession and a direct engagement, not a casual encounter, underscoring the gravity of the diplomatic mission.
* **house (Hebrew, _bayith'_):** (H1004) From a root meaning "to build," this word refers to "a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.)." When used in the phrase "over the house" (as with Eliakim), it denotes the chief steward or administrator of the royal palace or household. This was a position of immense authority and trust, effectively functioning as a prime minister, responsible for the king's affairs, finances, and often serving as his chief representative.
* **recorder (Hebrew, _zâkar'_):** (H2142) This word derives from a primitive root meaning "to mark (so as to be recognized), i.e., to remember; by implication, to mention." As a noun, "recorder" refers to an official chronicler or keeper of records. This individual was responsible for documenting significant events, royal decrees, and diplomatic exchanges, ensuring that an accurate and official account of the proceedings, particularly Rabshakeh's demands, was preserved for the king and for posterity.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"Then came forth unto him Eliakim, Hilkiah's son, which was over the house,"**: This clause introduces the first and most prominent member of Hezekiah's delegation, Eliakim. His title, "over the house" (or "steward of the house"), signifies his role as the chief administrator of the royal household, akin to a prime minister. As Hilkiah's son, his lineage is noted, indicating his established status. His position as the lead delegate highlights the immense trust Hezekiah placed in him and the formal, high-stakes nature of the encounter with Rabshakeh.
* **"and Shebna the scribe,"**: The second official named is Shebna, identified by his crucial role as "the scribe." In ancient Near Eastern courts, the scribe was far more than a mere copyist; this official served as the royal secretary, responsible for drafting official documents, managing state archives, and handling foreign correspondence. Shebna's presence was essential for accurately recording the Assyrian demands and for composing any official response, emphasizing the need for precise documentation during this critical diplomatic exchange.
* **"and Joah, Asaph's son, the recorder."**: The third member of the delegation is Joah, identified as "Asaph's son" and "the recorder." The recorder's role involved chronicling significant events, royal decrees, and diplomatic negotiations for the official annals of the kingdom. Joah's inclusion ensured that a comprehensive and accurate historical record of Rabshakeh's insolent message and the subsequent interactions was meticulously kept, providing an official account for the king and for future generations.

#### Literary Devices
The primary literary device at play in Isaiah 36:3 is **Delegation and Formal Introduction**. By explicitly naming the three high-ranking officials and their specific roles, the text immediately establishes the gravity and formality of the impending confrontation. This detailed introduction serves to emphasize the strategic importance Hezekiah placed on this encounter. Furthermore, there is an element of **Anticipation**, as the dispatching of these key figures sets the stage for the dramatic dialogue and the ensuing spiritual and military crisis that unfolds in the subsequent chapters. The precise listing of their titles also functions as a form of **Verisimilitude**, lending historical authenticity and weight to the narrative by grounding it in the known administrative structures of ancient Judah.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Isaiah 36:3, by introducing the specific officials sent by Hezekiah, underscores the principle of wise leadership and the importance of seeking counsel in times of crisis. Hezekiah, rather than acting impulsively, dispatches his most trusted and competent advisors to assess the formidable Assyrian threat. This act of delegation highlights a king who understands the need for strategic engagement and accurate information gathering, even when facing overwhelming odds. The subsequent narrative, where these officials report back to Hezekiah, leading to his fervent prayer and God's miraculous intervention, demonstrates that while human wisdom and strategy are valuable, ultimate reliance must be placed on divine power and faithfulness. It sets the stage for a profound theological lesson: even the most dire human circumstances can be transformed by God's sovereign hand when His people turn to Him in humility and faith.

* [2 Kings 18:18](/2_kings/18-18 "2 Kings 18:18 - Parallel Account of the Officials")
* [Isaiah 37:1-7](/isaiah/37-1-7 "Isaiah 37:1-7 - Hezekiah's Response and God's Message")
* [Proverbs 11:14](/proverbs/11-14 "Proverbs 11:14 - Wisdom in Abundance of Counsel")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Isaiah 36:3 offers valuable insights for contemporary life, particularly in how we approach overwhelming challenges. King Hezekiah, faced with an existential threat from the Assyrian superpower, did not panic or act in isolation. Instead, he thoughtfully dispatched his most capable and trusted officials—Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah—to gather information and engage with the adversary. This demonstrates the wisdom of seeking counsel and delegating responsibility to competent individuals in times of crisis. For us, this means recognizing that we are not meant to bear every burden alone. When confronted with difficult decisions, overwhelming circumstances, or external pressures, it is prudent and wise to seek the advice of trusted mentors, spiritual leaders, or skilled professionals. Moreover, the narrative that follows this verse reminds us that while human strategy is important, it is ultimately our reliance on God that secures true deliverance. Hezekiah's subsequent turn to prayer and God's miraculous intervention serve as a powerful testament to the truth that even the most formidable human threats are subject to God's ultimate power and faithfulness. We are called to exercise wisdom in our preparations and actions, but always to anchor our hope and trust in the Lord.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **When facing significant challenges, what is your first inclination: to act alone or to seek counsel and delegate?**
* **How can you identify and cultivate a trusted circle of advisors or mentors in your life?**
* **In what ways does Hezekiah's initial strategic response, followed by his reliance on God, model a balanced approach to crisis management for believers today?**

### FAQ

**Who were Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah, and what were their specific roles in King Hezekiah's administration?**

Answer: These three individuals were among the highest-ranking officials in King Hezekiah's royal court, each holding a critical administrative position. Eliakim, Hilkiah's son, held the esteemed title of "over the house" (or "steward of the house"), which was essentially the chief minister or prime minister. He managed the king's household, finances, and often acted as the king's chief representative and advisor. Shebna, the scribe, was a royal secretary responsible for drafting official documents, managing state archives, and handling foreign correspondence. This role required literacy, diplomacy, and administrative skill. Joah, Asaph's son, was "the recorder," whose duty was to chronicle significant events, royal decrees, and diplomatic negotiations for the official annals of the kingdom. Their collective presence underscored the formal and serious nature of the encounter with Rabshakeh, ensuring that the king received accurate information and that the events were properly documented.

**Why did King Hezekiah send these specific officials to meet with Rabshakeh, the Assyrian commander?**

Answer: King Hezekiah sent these particular officials because their roles were essential for handling a high-stakes diplomatic and military confrontation. Eliakim, as the chief administrator, was the most suitable representative to engage in direct dialogue with the Assyrian commander, embodying the king's authority. Shebna, the scribe, was crucial for accurately recording Rabshakeh's demands and any subsequent negotiations, ensuring that no detail was lost. Joah, the recorder, was present to officially document the entire exchange for the kingdom's historical archives, providing an undisputed account of the Assyrian aggression. Their combined presence ensured a comprehensive and formal response to the Assyrian challenge, reflecting Hezekiah's strategic prudence in the face of an existential threat to Jerusalem, as detailed in [Isaiah 36](/isaiah/36 "Isaiah 36 - Sennacherib's Invasion").

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The delegation of Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah to confront the Assyrian threat in Isaiah 36:3, while a historical event, subtly foreshadows aspects of Christ's mission and the nature of God's redemptive plan. Just as Hezekiah sent his trusted representatives to engage with an overwhelming enemy, God the Father sent His Son, Jesus Christ, as the ultimate and perfect representative to confront the greatest enemy of humanity: sin and death. Jesus is the true "Steward over the House" of God, managing and building His spiritual household, the Church, as referenced in [Hebrews 3:6](/hebrews/3-6 "Hebrews 3:6 - Christ as Son Over His House"). He is the living Word, the ultimate "Scribe" who perfectly reveals the Father's will and truth, embodying the very wisdom of God that was "recorded" for us in the Scriptures ([John 1:1-3](/john/1-1-3 "John 1:1-3 - The Word Made Flesh")). Furthermore, Jesus is the divine "Recorder" who perfectly fulfills all prophecy and records the names of His redeemed in the Book of Life ([Revelation 20:12](/revelation/20-12 "Revelation 20:12 - The Book of Life")). The limited human delegation in Isaiah 36 ultimately relied on God's miraculous intervention for deliverance, pointing forward to Christ, who is not merely a delegate but God Himself, who achieved ultimate victory over sin and death through His sacrifice and resurrection, securing eternal deliverance for all who believe ([Colossians 2:15](/colossians/2-15 "Colossians 2:15 - Christ's Triumph Over Principalities")). The historical deliverance of Jerusalem becomes a type of the spiritual deliverance offered through Christ, the true King and Savior.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

2 Samuel 8:16

And Joab the son of Zeruiah [was] over the host; and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud [was] recorder;

2 Samuel 8:17

And Zadok the son of Ahitub, and Ahimelech the son of Abiathar, [were] the priests; and Seraiah [was] the scribe;

2 Samuel 20:24

And Adoram [was] over the tribute: and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud [was] recorder:

2 Samuel 20:25

And Sheva [was] scribe: and Zadok and Abiathar [were] the priests:

Isaiah 22:15

¶ Thus saith the Lord GOD of hosts, Go, get thee unto this treasurer, [even] unto Shebna, which [is] over the house, [and say],

Isaiah 22:21

And I will clothe him with thy robe, and strengthen him with thy girdle, and I will commit thy government into his hand: and he shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and to the house of Judah.