Isaiah 19:23

Translation
King James Version
In that day shall there be a highway out of Egypt to Assyria, and the Assyrian shall come into Egypt, and the Egyptian into Assyria, and the Egyptians shall serve with the Assyrians.
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KJV (with Strong's)
In that day H3117 shall there be a highway H4546 out of Egypt H4714 to Assyria H804, and the Assyrian H804 shall come H935 into Egypt H4714, and the Egyptian H4714 into Assyria H804, and the Egyptians H4714 shall serve H5647 with the Assyrians H804.
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Complete Jewish Bible
On that day there will be a highway from Egypt to Ashur. Ashur will come to Egypt and Egypt to Ashur, and Egypt will worship with Ashur.
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Berean Standard Bible
In that day there will be a highway from Egypt to Assyria. The Assyrians will go to Egypt, and the Egyptians to Assyria. The Egyptians and Assyrians will worship together.
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American Standard Version
In that day shall there be a highway out of Egypt to Assyria, and the Assyrian shall come into Egypt, and the Egyptian into Assyria; and the Egyptians shall worship with the Assyrians.
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World English Bible Messianic
In that day there will be a highway out of Egypt to Assyria, and the Assyrian shall come into Egypt, and the Egyptian into Assyria; and the Egyptians will worship with the Assyrians.
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Geneva Bible (1599)
In that day shall there be a path from Egypt to Asshur, and Asshur shall come into Egypt, and Egypt into Asshur: so the Egyptians shall worship with Asshur.
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Young's Literal Translation
In that day is a highway out of Egypt to Asshur, And come in have the Assyrians to Egypt, And the Egyptians into Asshur, And the Egyptians have served with the Assyrians.
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See also
Isaiah 11:16Ephesians 3:6Ephesians 3:8Ephesians 2:18Ephesians 2:22Isaiah 40:3Isaiah 40:5
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Prophecies Against Damascus, Cush, and Egypt
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In the KJVVerse 18,028 of 31,102

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SUMMARY

Isaiah 19:23 presents a breathtaking prophetic vision of a future era marked by profound peace and unprecedented unity between Egypt and Assyria, two nations historically defined by enmity and imperial rivalry. This "highway" symbolizes not merely a physical route but a spiritual reconciliation, enabling former adversaries to freely interact, travel, and most significantly, to serve the Lord together. This passage powerfully illustrates God's sovereign plan to transcend human conflict, drawing all peoples into a unified worship and shared purpose under His benevolent rule, culminating in a global community devoted to Him.

CONTEXT

  • Literary Context: Isaiah chapter 19 is part of a larger collection of "oracles concerning the nations" (Isaiah 13-23), where the prophet delivers pronouncements of judgment against various foreign powers. While the initial verses of chapter 19 detail severe judgments upon Egypt, including internal chaos, economic collapse, and the rise of a harsh ruler, there is a remarkable shift beginning in verse 18. This transition pivots from divine judgment to a profound promise of future blessing and restoration for Egypt, and eventually, for other nations. This pattern of judgment followed by a redemptive promise is a recurring motif in Isaiah, emphasizing God's ultimate redemptive purposes even for those who have historically opposed Him. Verse 23, therefore, stands as a pivotal moment, moving beyond condemnation to a vision of unprecedented peace and unity among nations that were once fiercely hostile, setting the stage for the even grander vision of a three-way blessing involving Israel in the subsequent verses, as seen in Isaiah 19:24-25.
  • Historical & Cultural Context: In the geopolitical landscape of the ancient Near East, Egypt and Assyria represented two dominant and often antagonistic empires. Both nations had a long history of conflict with each other and, significantly, with Israel. Egypt had enslaved Israel for centuries, while Assyria was the instrument of God's judgment against the Northern Kingdom of Israel, leading to the exile of Samaria in 722 BC, as recorded in 2 Kings 17:6. The very notion of a "highway" facilitating free and peaceful movement between these two formidable and often warring powers would have been utterly astonishing, even inconceivable, to Isaiah's original audience. Such a scenario defied all contemporary geopolitical realities, underscoring the miraculous and divine nature of this prophecy. Furthermore, the distinct religious practices and deep-seated animosities separating these cultures make their future unity in the worship of the one true God an even more radical and transformative vision.
  • Key Themes: This verse powerfully contributes to several overarching themes within the book of Isaiah and broader biblical theology. Firstly, it highlights the theme of divine sovereignty over all nations, demonstrating God's ultimate authority to orchestrate human history and bring about His purposes, even among those who seem most resistant. Secondly, it emphasizes reconciliation and peace among enemies, portraying a future where historical adversaries lay down their animosity to pursue common good and worship. This vision anticipates the breaking down of dividing walls, a theme profoundly developed in the New Testament. Thirdly, it underscores universal worship and service to God, extending God's redemptive plan beyond Israel to include Gentile nations. This theme is echoed in other prophetic passages, such as Micah 4:1-3, where nations come to learn God's ways and transform instruments of war into tools of peace. This prophecy reveals God's expansive heart for global peace and a unified, diverse body of worshippers.

EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

Key Word Analysis

  • day (Hebrew, yôwm', H3117): From an unused root meaning to be hot; a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb). In the prophetic phrase "In that day," this term consistently points to a future, divinely appointed time, often carrying eschatological implications. It signifies a significant, decisive era in salvation history when God's specific purposes, whether judgments or blessings, will be fully realized.
  • highway (Hebrew, mᵉçillâh', H4546): From סָלַל; a thoroughfare (as turnpiked), literally or figuratively; specifically a viaduct, a staircase. This word denotes more than a simple path; it implies an elevated, well-constructed, and prominent road, indicating an unimpeded and significant route for travel. In this prophetic context, it powerfully symbolizes open communication, free movement, and peaceful interaction, standing in stark contrast to the historical barriers and enmity between the nations of Egypt and Assyria.
  • serve (Hebrew, ʻâbad', H5647): A primitive root; to work (in any sense); by implication, to serve, till, (causatively) enslave, etc. While it broadly means to labor or work, its semantic range also encompasses "to serve" in the sense of religious devotion, worship, or allegiance. In the context of nations coming together under God's sovereignty, this "serving" implies a shared devotion, allegiance, and worship of the one true Lord, unifying them in a common spiritual purpose that transcends their former animosities.

Verse Breakdown

  • "In that day shall there be a highway out of Egypt to Assyria": This opening clause establishes the prophetic timeframe, pointing to a future, divinely ordained period. The "highway" symbolizes a radical transformation from hostility to open, peaceful relations between Egypt and Assyria, two historical adversaries. It signifies unimpeded travel, communication, and cooperation, marking an end to their long-standing animosity and the establishment of a new era of peace.
  • "and the Assyrian shall come into Egypt, and the Egyptian into Assyria": This part elaborates on the nature of the "highway," emphasizing reciprocal movement and interaction. It signifies a breakdown of nationalistic barriers and a free, mutual exchange between peoples who once viewed each other with suspicion and aggression. This mutual access highlights a new era of trust, shared life, and the erasure of historical divides.
  • "and the Egyptians shall serve with the Assyrians": This culminating phrase reveals the ultimate spiritual purpose of this reconciliation. The word "serve" (H5647, ʻâbad) carries the profound connotation of worship, devotion, and allegiance. Thus, it prophesies that these formerly antagonistic nations will not merely coexist but will unite in common service and worship of the one true God, signifying a profound spiritual transformation and alignment under divine sovereignty.

Literary Devices

Isaiah 19:23 masterfully employs several potent literary devices to convey its transformative and hopeful message. The most prominent is Symbolism, where the "highway" is not merely a literal road but a powerful symbol of peace, open communication, and profound reconciliation between nations that were historical adversaries. It represents the removal of barriers and the establishment of free, unimpeded interaction and fellowship. The phrase "In that day" functions as a Prophetic Marker, signaling a future, divinely appointed time for the fulfillment of this vision, often imbued with eschatological overtones, pointing to a decisive period of God's intervention. The very idea of Egypt and Assyria, two formidable and often warring empires, not only coexisting but also "serving with" each other, borders on Paradox or Hyperbole, emphasizing the extraordinary and miraculous nature of the peace God intends to bring. This stark contrast with their historical reality underscores the radical transformation envisioned by the prophet, highlighting the divine power required to achieve such unity.

THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS

Isaiah 19:23 stands as a profound testament to God's universal redemptive plan, transcending national boundaries and historical animosities. It unveils a divine heart that desires not only the salvation of Israel but also the reconciliation and inclusion of all peoples into His kingdom. This prophecy anticipates a future where the dividing walls of hostility are broken down, and former enemies are united in common purpose and worship of the one true God. It speaks to the ultimate triumph of God's peace over human conflict, demonstrating His absolute sovereignty over all nations and His boundless capacity to transform even the most entrenched hatreds into harmonious fellowship. This vision serves as a profound source of hope for a world perpetually plagued by division and strife, pointing to a time when God's will for global unity and peace will be fully realized under His righteous reign.

REFLECTION AND APPLICATION

Isaiah 19:23 offers a profound vision of hope and a challenging call to action for believers today. In a world still deeply fractured by geopolitical tensions, ethnic strife, and ideological divides, this prophecy reminds us that God's ultimate plan is for reconciliation, unity, and universal worship. It encourages us to cultivate a missionary heart, recognizing that God's grace extends to all peoples, even those we might consider "enemies" or "outsiders." This passage challenges us to actively pursue peace, bridge divides, and foster understanding in our own communities and globally, trusting that God can transform the most entrenched animosities into harmonious cooperation. It calls us to pray for and work towards the day when all nations will acknowledge and serve the Lord together, reflecting the unity found in His kingdom and anticipating the global worship of the Lamb.

Questions for Reflection

  • How does the vision of Egypt and Assyria serving together challenge my perceptions of who God desires to save and unite?
  • What "highways" of reconciliation might God be calling me to build in my personal relationships, community, or even in my understanding of global conflicts?
  • In what ways can I contribute to breaking down barriers and fostering unity among diverse groups, reflecting God's heart for all nations?

FAQ

What does "In that day" signify in this prophecy?

Answer: "In that day" (Hebrew: yôwm, H3117) is a common prophetic phrase in the Old Testament that points to a future, divinely appointed time. It often refers to a significant period when God will intervene decisively in human history, either in judgment or, as here, in blessing and salvation. While it can have immediate historical fulfillments, in contexts like Isaiah 19:23, it often carries eschatological weight, pointing to the ultimate culmination of God's redemptive plan, a time when His kingdom will be fully established and His purposes for all nations realized. It signifies a future era marked by God's direct and powerful action, bringing about His sovereign will.

How is it possible for Egypt and Assyria, historical enemies, to "serve with" each other?

Answer: The reconciliation and shared service between Egypt and Assyria described in Isaiah 19:23 is a profound testament to God's transformative power, transcending human capabilities. Historically, these nations were often at war, vying for control of the ancient Near East and frequently oppressing Israel. The "highway" between them symbolizes the removal of these barriers and the establishment of peaceful interaction. The Hebrew word ʻâbad (H5647) for "serve" can mean to work, labor, or, significantly, to worship or serve God. Therefore, their serving "with" each other implies a shared allegiance and devotion to the one true God, transcending their former nationalistic and religious differences. This unity is not based on human diplomacy but on a divine work of grace that brings former adversaries together under the banner of God's sovereignty, as seen in the broader vision for all nations coming to worship the Lord in passages like Zechariah 8:20-23.

CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT

Isaiah 19:23, with its astonishing vision of peace and unity between historical enemies, finds its ultimate and most profound fulfillment in the person and redemptive work of Jesus Christ. He is the true "highway" (Hebrew: mᵉçillâh, H4546) to God, declaring, "I am the way, the truth, and the life; no one comes to the Father except through Me" John 14:6. Through His atoning sacrifice on the cross, Christ broke down the "dividing wall of hostility" that separated Jew and Gentile, creating "one new humanity out of the two, thus making peace" Ephesians 2:14-16. Just as Egypt and Assyria were prophesied to be reconciled, so too are all peoples, regardless of their background, ethnicity, or former enmity, brought together into one body, the Church, united in their shared service and worship of God. The "serving" (Hebrew: ʻâbad, H5647) of Egyptians and Assyrians together foreshadows the universal call to discipleship, where people from "every tribe and language and people and nation" will serve the Lamb, as envisioned in Revelation 5:9-10. This prophecy anticipates the Great Commission, where the gospel bridges all divides, inviting all nations to come and worship the Lord, culminating in the eschatological vision of a new heaven and new earth where God dwells with His redeemed people, and all tears are wiped away Revelation 21:1-4.

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Commentary on Isaiah 19 verses 18–25

Out of the thick and threatening clouds of the foregoing prophecy the sun of comfort here breaks forth, and it is the sun of righteousness. Still God has mercy in store for Egypt, and he will show it, not so much by reviving their trade and replenishing their river again as by bringing the true religion among them, calling them to, and accepting them in, the worship of the one only living and true God; and these blessings of grace were much more valuable than all the blessings of nature wherewith Egypt was enriched. We know not of any event in which this prophecy can be thought to have its full accomplishment short of the conversion of Egypt to the faith of Christ, by the preaching (as is supposed) of Mark the Evangelist, and the founding of many Christian churches there, which flourished for many ages. Many prophecies of this book point to the days of the Messiah; and why not this? It is no unusual thing to speak of gospel graces and ordinances in the language of the Old Testament institutions. And, in these prophecies, those words, in that day, perhaps have not always a reference to what goes immediately before, but have a peculiar significancy pointing at that day which had been so long fixed, and so often spoken of, when the day-spring from on high should visit this dark world. Yet it is not improbable (which some conjecture) that this prophecy was in part fulfilled when those Jews who fled from their own country to take shelter in Egypt, when Sennacherib invaded their land, brought their religion along with them, and, being awakened to great seriousness by the troubles they were in, made an open and zealous profession of it there, and were instrumental to bring many of the Egyptians to embrace it, which was an earnest and specimen of the more plentiful harvest of souls that should be gathered in to God by the preaching of the gospel of Christ. Josephus indeed tells us that Onias the son of Onias the high priest, living an outlaw at Alexandria in Egypt, obtained leave of Ptolemy Philometer, then king, and Cleopatra his queen, to build a temple to the God of Israel, like that at Jerusalem, at Bubastis in Egypt, and pretended a warrant for doing it from this prophecy in Isaiah, that there shall be an altar to the Lord in the land of Egypt; and the service of God, Josephus affirms, continued in it about 333 years, when it was shut up by Paulinus soon after the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans; see Antiq. 13.62-79, and Jewish War 7.426-436. But that temple was all along looked upon by the pious Jews as so great an irregularity, and an affront to the temple at Jerusalem, that we cannot suppose this prophecy to be fulfilled in it.

Observe how the conversion of Egypt is here described.

I. They shall speak the language of Canaan, the holy language, the scripture-language; they shall not only understand it, but use it (Isa 19:18); they shall introduce that language among them, and converse freely with the people of God, and not, as they used to do, by an interpreter, Gen 42:23. Note, Converting grace, by changing the heart, changes the language; for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks. Five cities in Egypt shall speak this language; so many Jews shall come to reside in Egypt, and they shall so multiply there, that they shall soon replenish five cities, one of which shall be the city of Heres, or of the sun, Heliopolis, where the sun was worshipped, the most infamous of all the cities of Egypt for idolatry; even there shall be a wonderful reformation, they shall speak the language of Canaan. Or it may be taken thus, as we render it - That for every five cities that shall embrace religion there shall be one (a sixth part of the cities of Egypt) that shall reject it, and that shall be called a city of destruction, because it refuses the methods of salvation.

II. They shall swear to the Lord of hosts, not only swear by him, giving him the honour of appealing to him, as all nations did to the gods they worshipped; but they shall by a solemn oath and vow devote themselves to his honour and bind themselves to his service. They shall swear to cleave to him with purpose of heart, and shall worship him, not occasionally, but constantly. They shall swear allegiance to him as their King, to Christ, to whom all judgment is committed.

III. They shall set up the public worship of God in their land (Isa 19:19): There shall be an altar to the Lord in the midst of the land of Egypt, an altar on which they shall do sacrifice and oblation (Isa 19:21); therefore it must be understood spiritually. Christ, the great altar, who sanctifies every gift, shall be owned there, and the gospel sacrifices of prayer and praise shall be offered up; for by the law of Moses there was to be no altar for sacrifice but that at Jerusalem. In Christ Jesus all distinction of nations is taken away; and a spiritual altar, a gospel church, in the midst of the land of Egypt, is as acceptable to God as one in the midst of the land of Israel; and spiritual sacrifices of faith and love, and a contrite heart, please the Lord better than an ox or bullock.

IV. There shall be a face of religion upon the nation, and an open profession made of it, discernible to all who come among them. Not only in the heart of the country, but even in the borders of it, there shall be a pillar, or pillars, inscribed, To Jehovah, to his honour, as before there had been such pillars set up in honour of false gods. As soon as a stranger entered upon the borders of Egypt he might perceive what God they worshipped. Those that serve God must not be ashamed to own him, but be forward to do any thing that may be for a sign and for a witness to the Lord of hosts. Even in the land of Egypt he had some faithful worshippers, who boasted of their relation to him and made his name their strong tower, or bulwark, on their borders, with which their coasts were fortified against all assailants.

V. Being in distress, they shall seek to God, and he shall be found of them; and this shall be a sign and a witness for the Lord of hosts that he is a God hearing prayer to all flesh that come to him, Isa 19:20. See Psa 65:2. When they cry to God by reason of their oppressors, the cruel lords that shall rule over them (Isa 19:4) he shall be entreated of them (Isa 19:22); whereas he had told his people Israel, who had made it their own choice to have such a king, that they should cry to him by reason of their king, and he would not hear them, Sa1 8:18.

VI. They shall have an interest in the great Redeemer. When they were under the oppression of cruel lords perhaps God sometimes raised them up mighty deliverers, as he did for Israel in the days of the judges; and by them, though he had smitten the land, he healed it again; and, upon their return to God in a way of duty, he returned to them in a way of mercy, and repaired the breaches of their tottering state. For repenting Egyptians shall find the same favour with God that repenting Ninevites did. But all these deliverances wrought for them, as those for Israel, were but figures of gospel salvation. Doubtless Jesus Christ is the Saviour and the great one here spoken of, whom God will send the glad tidings of to the Egyptians, and by whom he will deliver them out of the hands of their enemies, that they may serve him without fear, Luk 1:74, Luk 1:75. Jesus Christ delivered the Gentile nations from the service of dumb idols, and did himself both purchase and preach liberty to the captives.

VII. The knowledge of God shall prevail among them, Isa 19:21. 1. They shall have the means of knowledge. For many ages in Judah only was God known, for there only were the lively oracles found; but now the Lord, and his name and will, shall be known to Egypt. Perhaps this may in part refer to the translation of the Old Testament out of Hebrew into Greek by the Septuagint, which was done at Alexandria in Egypt, by the command of Ptolemy king of Egypt; and it was the first time that the scriptures were translated into any other language. By the help of this (the Grecian monarchy having introduced their language into that country) the Lord was known to Egypt, and a happy omen and means it was of his being further known. 2. They shall have grace to improve those means. It is promised not only that the Lord shall be known to Egypt, but that the Egyptians shall know the Lord; they shall receive and entertain the light granted to them, and shall submit themselves to the power of it. The Lord is known to our nation, and yet I fear there are many of our nation that do not know the Lord. But the promise of the new covenant is that all shall know the Lord, from the least even to the greatest, which promise is sure to all the seed. The effect of this knowledge of God is that they shall vow a vow to the Lord and perform it. For those do not know God aright who either are not willing to come under binding obligations to the Lord or do not make good those obligations.

VIII. They shall come into the communion of saints. Being joined to the Lord, they shall be added to the church, and be incorporated with all the saints. 1. All enmities shall be slain. Mortal feuds there had been between Egypt and Assyria; they often made war upon one another; but now there shall be a highway between Egypt and Assyria (Isa 19:23), a happy correspondence settled between he two nations; they shall trade with one another, and every thing that passes between them shall be friendly. The Egyptians shall serve (shall worship the true God) with the Assyrians; and therefore the Assyrians shall come into Egypt and the Egyptians into Assyria. Note, It becomes those who have communion with the same God, through the same Mediator, to keep up an amicable correspondence with one another. The consideration of our meeting at the same throne of grace, and our serving with each other in the same business of religion, should put an end to all heats and animosities, and knit our hearts to each other in holy love. 2. The Gentile nations shall not only unite with each other in the gospel fold under Christ the great shepherd, but they shall all be united with the Jews. When Egypt and Assyria become partners in serving God Israel shall make a third with them (Isa 19:24); they shall become a three-fold cord, not easily broken. The ceremonial law, which had long been the partition-wall between Jews and Gentiles, shall be taken down, and then they shall become one sheep-fold under one shepherd. Thus united, they shall be a blessing in the midst of the land, whom the Lord of hosts shall bless, Isa 19:24, Isa 19:25. (1.) Israel shall be a blessing to them all, because of them, as concerning the flesh, Christ came, and they were the natural branches of the good olive, to whom did originally pertain its root and fatness, and the Gentiles were but grafted in among them, Rom 11:17. Israel lay between Egypt and Assyria, and was a blessing to them both by bringing them to meet in that word of the Lord which went forth from Jerusalem, and that church which was first set up in the land of Israel. Qui conveniunt in aliquo tertio inter se conveniunt - Those who meet in a third meet in each other. Israel is that third in whom Egypt and Assyria agree, and is therefore a blessing; for those are real and great blessings to their generation who are instrumental to unite those that have been at variance. (2.) They shall all be a blessing to the world: so the Christian church is, made up of Jews and Gentiles; it is the beauty, riches, and support of the world. (3.) They shall all be blessed of the Lord. [1.] They shall all be owned by him as his. Though Egypt was formerly a house of bondage to the people of God, and Assyria an unjust invader of them, all this shall now be forgiven and forgotten, and they shall be as welcome to God as Israel. They are all alike his people whom he takes under his protection. They are formed by him, for they are the work of his hands; not only as a people, but as his people. They are formed for him; for they are his inheritance, precious in his eyes, and dear to him, and from whom he has his rent of honour out of this lower world. [2.] They shall be owned together by him as jointly his, his in concert; they shall all share in one and the same blessing. Note, Those that are united in the love and blessing of God ought, for that reason, to be united to each other in charity.

Matthew Henry (1662–1714) — Commentary on the Whole Bible. This section covers verses 18–25. Public domain.
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JeromeAD 420
Commentary on Isaiah
(Verse 23) On that day there will be a road from Egypt to Assyria, and Assyria will enter Egypt, and Egypt will enter Assyria; and the Egyptians will serve Assyria. Before the coming of Christ, each nation had its own king, and no one could go from one nation to another; but in the Roman empire, all became one. Let the learned reader review the ancient histories, and from the Euphrates to the Tigris, let them know that the whole region in between was inhabited by the Assyrians. Therefore, what the ancient Assyrians, whom we now call Syrians, called the whole from a part. Now, when it is said that the Egyptians serve the Syrians, it should be understood either that the Roman legions, equipped with Syrian soldiers, guard Egypt, or that there is trade between the two nations, and the cities of Syria benefit from the abundance of Egypt, just as, conversely, Egypt is irrigated by the goods of Palestine and Phoenicia. Some of our people mistakenly refer this to a thousand years and pronounce that it will happen in the manner of the Jews at the end of the world, when the Antichrist, coming from Assyria, will possess Egypt and Ethiopia.
JeromeAD 420
Commentary on Isaiah
(Verse 23) On that day there will be a highway from Egypt to Assyria. The Assyrians will go to Egypt and the Egyptians to Assyria. The Egyptians will worship with the Assyrians. As we have shown, the preceding events have been for the good of the Egyptians. Five cities in their land will speak the language of Canaan and swear allegiance to the Lord of Hosts. They will have an altar to the Lord in their midst, as well as a marker, testimony, sign, and savior to deliver them. The Egyptians will recognize the Lord and offer sacrifices, gifts, and vows. They will be healed and return to the Lord, finding favor and healing once again. Therefore, it should be understood that serving the Assyrians is also for the good of the Egyptians. For the Apostle serves the believers in order to make them gain (1 Corinthians 9). And Esau submits to his brother Jacob (Genesis 33), in order to become a partaker of his blessings. Therefore, those who were saved first from the Gentiles and have the altar of the Lord in themselves, will save those who persist in hardness through their servitude, and through their mixture and association with them, they will go to the Assyrians, so that they may bring the Assyrians to Egypt; and afterwards they may be able to reach the Israelite people. For this reason, I believe that a faithful woman should serve an unfaithful man, in order to gradually draw him from Egypt and Assyria to Judaea.
Source: Quotations drawn from early Church Fathers and historical Christian theologians (AD 100–1500). Some quotes address the surrounding passage context rather than this verse alone.
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