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Commentary on Ezekiel 22 verses 17–22
The same melancholy string is still harped upon, and various turns are given it, to make it affecting, that it may be influencing. The prophet must here show, or at least it is here shown him, that the whole house of Israel has become as dross and that as dross they shall be consumed. What David has said concerning the wicked ones of the world is here said concerning the wicked ones of the church, now that it is corrupt and degenerate (Psa 119:119): Thou puttest away all the wicked of the earth like dross.
I. See here how the wretched degeneracy of the house of Israel is described. That state, in David's and Solomon's time, had been a head of gold; when the kingdoms were divided it was as the arms of silver. But now, 1. It has degenerated into baser metal, of no value in comparison with what it formerly was: They are all brass, and tin, and iron, and lead, which some make to signify divers sorts of sinners among them. Their being brass denotes the impudence of some in their wickedness; they are brazen-faced, and cannot blush; their shoes had been iron and brass (Deu 33:25), but now their brow is so, Isa 48:4. Their being tin denotes the hypocritical profession of piety with which many of them cover their iniquity; they have a specious show, but no intrinsic worth. Their being iron denotes the cruel disposition of some, and their delight in war, according to the character of the iron age. Their being lead denotes their dulness, sottishness, and stupidity: though soft and pliable to evil, yet heavy and not movable to good. How has the gold become dross! How has the most fine gold changed! So is Jerusalem's degeneracy bewailed, Lam 4:1. Yet this is not the worst; these metals, though of less value, are yet of good use. But, 2. The house of Israel has become dross to me. So she is in God's account, whatever she is in her own and her neighbours' account. They were silver, but now they are even the dross of silver; the word signifies all the dirt, and rubbish, and worthless stuff, that are separated from the silver in the washing, melting, and refining of it. Note, Sinners, and especially degenerate professors, are in God's account as dross, vile, and contemptible, and of no account, as the evil figs which could not be eaten, they were so evil. They are useless and fit for nothing; of no consistency with themselves and no service to man.
II. How the woeful destruction of this degenerate house of Israel is foretold. They are all gathered together in Jerusalem; thither people fled from all parts of the country as to a city of refuge, not only because it was a strong city, but because it was the holy city. Now God tells them that their flocking into Jerusalem, which they intended for their security, should be as the gathering of various sorts of metal into the furnace or crucible, to be melted down, and to have the dross separated from them. They are in the midst of Jerusalem, surrounded by the forces of the enemy; and, being thus enclosed, 1. The fire of God's wrath shall be kindled upon this furnace, and it shall be blown, to make it burn fiercely and strongly, Eze 22:20, Eze 22:21. God will gather them in his anger and fury. The blowing of the fire makes a great noise, so will the judgments of God upon Jerusalem. When God stirs up himself to execute judgments upon a provoking people, from the consideration of his own glory and the necessity of making some examples, then he may be said to blow the fire of his wrath against sin and sinners, to heat the furnace seven times hotter. 2. The several sorts of metal gathered in it shall be melted; by a complication of judgments, as by a raging fire, their constitution shall be dissolved, they shall lose all their former shape and strength, and shall be utterly unable to stand before the wrath of God. The various sorts of sinners shall be melted down together, and united in a common overthrow, as brass and lead in the same furnace, as trees are bound in bundles for the fire. They came together into Jerusalem as a place of defence, but God brought them together there as unto a place of execution. 3. God will leave them in the furnace (Eze 22:20): I will gather you into the furnace and will leave you there. When God brings his own people into the furnace he sits by them, as the refiner by his gold, to see that they be not continued there any longer than is fitting and needful; but he will bring these people into the furnace, as men throw dross into it, which they design shall be consumed, and therefore are in no care about it, but leave it there. Compare with this Hos 5:14, I will tear and go away. 4. Hereby the dross shall be wholly separated and the good metal purified, the impenitent shall be destroyed and the penitent reformed and fitted for deliverance. Take away the dross from the silver, and there shall come forth a vessel for the finer, Pro 25:4. This judgment shall do that in the house of Israel for the doing of which other methods had been tried in vain, and reprobate silver shall they no more be called, Jer 6:30.
(Verse 35, 36, and following) And I will bring you into a desert of peoples, and there I will judge you face to face. Just as I contended with your fathers in the desert of the land of Egypt, so I will judge you, says the Lord. And I will subject you to my scepter, and I will bring you into the bonds of the covenant, and I will choose from among you the transgressors and the wicked: from their place of residence I will bring them out, and they will not enter the land of Israel, and you will know that I am the Lord. Thus says the Lord: I will do for you who are in Babylon, and now serve idols, what I did for your ancestors in Egypt. I will lead you into the desert of the peoples, and there I will judge you face to face, just as I contended with them in judgment when they came out of Egypt. And after I have judged you, I will subject you to my scepter and rule, and I will make a covenant with you and bring you into your land with the bonds of love, so that bound by my love, you will never be able to depart from me. But I will choose from among you the transgressors and the wicked, who persist in the hardness of their hearts in evil deeds, not for possession, but for rejection. And I will indeed bring them out of the land of their dwelling, so that when they are brought out, they will not enter the land of Israel; but they will perish in various regions. And by the distinction between good and evil, you shall know that I am the Lord, who judges all things. The rest of the discourse hastens, and we briefly go through each point, in order to provide only the meaning to the readers.
(Ver. 23, 24 onwards) Again, I raised my hand against them in the wilderness, to scatter them among the nations and disperse them in the lands, because they had not performed my judgments, and had rejected my commandments, and had violated my Sabbaths, and their eyes had been after the idols (or thoughts) of their fathers. Therefore, I also gave them statutes that were not good, and judgments in which they would not live, and I defiled them in their offerings (or transgressions), as they offered (or led astray) everything that opens the womb because of their sins (for which the Septuagint translated, to destroy them and what they had overlooked): and they will know that I am the Lord. Where in the Old Testament, against their children, who fell in the wilderness, the Lord lifted up His hand to scatter them among the nations, Scripture does not say; but it is to be believed that this was done in accordance with what is reported here. Or he signifies by this, that after they entered the promised land, they were given over at various times, for many sins, to different nations and kings, and at that time the commandments of the Lord, which were good according to their nature, and the judgments by which believers could live, were made not good for them, since they were in no way able to keep the precepts of the law in captivity, and to do what the divine word commanded. He did not say, 'I gave them evil commandments,' but, 'not good commandments.' For it does not immediately follow that what is not good is evil, as the Apostle teaches, it is good for a man not to touch a woman; but because of incontinence, let each possess his own vessel in sanctification and honor (I Cor. VII). And if he does not do this, it is neither good nor evil. Therefore, God gave them, dispersed among the nations, not good commandments, that is, he allowed them to follow their own thoughts and desires, to do what is not appropriate. And he defiled them in his gifts: just as a Priest separates lepers from the people, and shows that they are defiled; while they offer to idols what they should offer to God. And they pass everything that opens the womb through the fire of Baal, that is, the firstborn; so that after they have deserted God and been handed over to the worship of idols, then they may understand that He is the Lord whom they have provoked to anger by their own fault. Symmachus interpreted this passage more explicitly, treating the future as past. Therefore, I will also give them bad precepts and judgments for which they will not live, and I will defile them because of their gifts, as they consecrate and offer everything that opens the womb, so that I may destroy them, and they will know that I am the Lord. And the meaning is this: because I have seen the sons of the fathers equaling the wickedness of their ancestors and doing the same things for which they offended God, I wanted to divide them into nations and disperse them throughout the whole world, and give them bad precepts and judgments in which they would not live, so that I may defile them with their gifts, for they consecrated everything that opens the womb to idols, and I may destroy them forever, and they will know that I am the Lord. Through which he showed that he had not given them good commandments who dwelt in the wilderness, but to those whom he wanted to scatter among the nations, and to make foreigners in the whole world, he gave them a desire for things that he did not give: so that there they would do good commandments of God, not good because of their own fault, while they exhibited to idols what God had commanded to be exhibited. This can also be said, that before the offense, they received only the Ten Commandments; but after idolatry and blasphemy, they received multiple ceremonies of the law, so that they would offer victims to God rather than to demons, and by comparison with sacrilege, what was not good in itself became lighter, and by no means evil, because it was offered to God, and yet not good, because they offended the author of good.
(Vers. 17 seqq.) And the word of the Lord came to me, saying: Son of man, the house of Israel has become like dross to me. All of them, copper, tin, iron, and lead, are in the midst of the furnace; they have become silver dross. Therefore, thus says the Lord God: Because you have all become like dross, behold, I will gather you in the midst of Jerusalem as a gathering of silver, copper, iron, tin, and lead in the midst of the furnace, to kindle a fire in it for melting. Thus I will gather in my fury and in my wrath and I will rest and melt you, and I will kindle you in the fire of my wrath, and you shall be melted in its midst, like silver melted in the midst of a furnace. So you shall be in its midst, and you shall know that I am the Lord, when I have poured out my indignation upon you. The Hebrew word Sig (), Symmachus translates as dross, Aquila's first edition as grape stone and γίγαρτον, which signifies both grape seed and grape stalk. But the second translation of it, and the Septuagint's rendering, means a blending. Furthermore, it signifies dross, filth, and the waste of metals; so that subsequently, with the nearby captivity, or rather the impending destruction of the city, fire is applied: so that during the process of blending, pure silver remains, which had been mixed with and defiled by copper, tin, iron, and lead: three of which, copper, tin, and lead, are fusible substances, and are dissolved by fire. But truly, iron between the anvil and the hammer becomes soft and thin, and takes on various forms, according to the will of the craftsman. Just as, therefore, silver, which the aforementioned metals have tarnished, is put into the furnace, so that, with the impurities and foreign materials removed, it may remain pure, thus, he says, I will gather you in the midst of Jerusalem, and I will surround Babylon with siege, in order to kindle in you a fire for refining. And just as there the immense heat of flames is present, here hunger and pestilence will do the same: so that after I have gathered you and set you on fire with the fire of fury, then I will rest, and with the punishment of your contempt, I will restrain the pain. And I will do all this, so that after I have poured out my indignation upon you, the end of your torment may be known to me; and you shall know that I am the Lord, the judge of all and the avenger. And as for what is said to be a refiner, we read in many places, but especially in Malachi and Isaiah, of whom one says: 'Behold, the Lord will come like a refiner's fire, and like fuller's soap, and he will sit refining and purifying like gold and silver, and he will refine the sons of Levi.' (Mal. III, 1, 3). Moreover, the Lord will wash away the filth of the sons and daughters of Zion and cleanse the blood from their midst, with the spirit of judgment and the spirit of burning (Isa. IV, 4). And I believe this to sound like what is said in the Psalms: Examine me, O Lord, and test me (Ps. XXV, 2). After which it is said: Burn my kidneys and my heart, so that all the harmful fluids of the loins may be dried up, along with their wicked deeds, and the coverings that have been placed (Ps. XXV, 2). What we understand about Jerusalem, let us understand also about the state of souls, which were created pure by God: they have received gold in sense and wisdom, and silver in speech and eloquence, so that they may express with words what they have conceived in their minds. We read of silver: The speech of the Lord is pure speech; silver tried in a furnace of earth, refined seven times.\nSimilarly, the seventy-seventh psalm mentions gold and silver, where it is written: If you sleep among the nations wilees, and the wings of a silver dove, and its back parts are in greenness, or in the color of gold.\nFor all the glory of the daughter of the king is within, which speaks in the Song of Songs: The king has brought me into his chamber. He who has slept and rested between two Testaments will immediately assume the silver wings of a dove, and with gold in the treasure of his heart, he will shine with radiant light. I believe this has the meaning that for sinners and those who have earned the offense of God, the sky is made of brass and the earth is made of iron, especially the land of Egypt, from which the Lord brought forth Israel, as if from a fiery furnace. In Zechariah, also, wickedness sits upon a talent of lead (Zech. V). And in the Song of Exodus it is said: They were submerged like lead in violent waters (Exod. XV, 10). For they were burdened with the weight of their sins, and they could say: Heavy burdens are weighing down on me (Ps. XXXVII, 6). However, just as the appearance of gold deceitfully imitates the likeness of adulterated copper, so does tin simulate the whiteness of silver, which the simple and rustic cannot easily discern. And it often happens that gold and silver, mixed with heretical wickedness, are separated by the fire of the Holy Spirit and the judgment of the Lord, and pure gold and silver remain, of which the prophet says: I gave them silver and gold, but they made Baal out of them (Hosea II, 8). To whom is it similar: 'I led them out with silver and gold, and there was no feeble one among their tribes' (Psalm 104, 37). Let the end of all punishments be to know that the Lord himself is God. We read about a tin stone, or a tin mass, in Zechariah (Zechariah 4), which we have interpreted in its proper place.
(Verse 27, 29 onwards) Therefore speak to the house of Israel, son of man, and tell them: Thus says the Lord God: Moreover, your fathers have blasphemed against me and have treated me with contempt, even as they spurned me. And I brought them into the land that I had lifted my hand to give them ((Vulgate adds: that land)): they saw every high hill and every leafy tree, and there they offered their sacrifices and presented there the irritation of their offerings, and they placed there the fragrance of their sweetness, and they poured out their ((Vulgate is silent on this)) libations there. And I said to them, 'What is the high place to which you are going?' And its name was called the High Place until this day. Therefore speak to the house of Israel, son of man, and say to them, 'Thus says the Lord God: As for your fathers, they have provoked Me to anger by their iniquities, by the fact that they have fallen away from Me. So I brought them into the land that I had lifted My hand in an oath to give them.' They saw every high hill and every leafy tree, and there they offered their sacrifices. They also presented there the provocation of their gifts, and they set there their pleasing aroma, and they poured out there their drink offerings. And I said to them: What is abbana, because you enter there? And they called its name abbana until this day. I wanted, he said, to scatter them in the wilderness, and to give them not good precepts, so that they would sacrifice to idols what they should have offered to me, and consecrate all their first-fruits to them by fire, so that I might kill them and destroy them. But when he says, I wanted, he shows that he did not do what he wanted. And that which follows: 'And they shall know that I am the Lord,' is not found in the Septuagint. For it did not seem fitting to them to know after their destruction that he himself is the Lord. But you, son of man, speak again to them, that is, to the elders of the house of Israel, who have come to inquire of you: Your fathers, from whom you have descended, have also blasphemed against me and held me in contempt; after I brought them into the land which I had given them to possess, they turned against me to provoke me. For when they saw every high hill and leafy tree, they would sacrifice on the mountains and in the groves and thickets, and offer victims to the idols, and pour out libations. And when I saw this, I said to them: What is this, Bama? for it is called high: or why do you enter into such a place which you have chosen for yourselves in all the hills, so that even today these places are called Bamoth, and the ancient error retains its original name? Regarding Bama, which we translate as excelsum, there is an error in the Septuagint edition, where it is written as ἀββανὰ, which does not resonate in the Hebrew language. Bama can mean 'in which' if the two syllables are divided into two words, but in the present context, that sense does not fit. However, wherever it is written in the Books of Kings and Chronicles: 'The people still sacrificed and offered incense on the high places,' Bama in the singular and Bamoth in the plural mean 'high places.'
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SUMMARY
Ezekiel 22:22 powerfully declares God's impending and inescapable judgment upon Jerusalem, vividly portraying the city's inhabitants as silver consumed by the intense heat of a furnace. This potent imagery underscores the severity and totality of divine wrath poured out due to the pervasive corruption and sin within the city, culminating in a forced recognition of the Lord's absolute sovereignty and righteous character.
CONTEXT
Literary Context: This verse serves as the climactic and devastating conclusion to a series of condemnations in Ezekiel 22, where the prophet meticulously details the widespread moral decay and spiritual apostasy of Jerusalem's leaders and people. The preceding verses, specifically Ezekiel 22:17-21, introduce the powerful metaphor of a refining furnace. Initially, Jerusalem's inhabitants are portrayed as "dross"—worthless impurities like copper, tin, iron, and lead mixed with silver, implying a process of purification. However, in verse 22, the imagery shifts subtly but significantly: instead of being purified, the people are themselves "melted" and consumed by the furnace. This progression signifies utter destruction rather than refinement, emphasizing the irreversible nature of the judgment due to the depth of their sin. The nation had passed the point of purification and was now ripe for complete dissolution under God's fiery indignation, a final, unsparing act of divine justice.
Historical & Cultural Context: Ezekiel's prophecies were delivered during a tumultuous period in Judah's history, specifically during the Babylonian exile. The prophet, himself exiled, spoke to a people who were either already in Babylon or still clinging to false hope in Jerusalem. The city, which would ultimately fall in 586 BC, was steeped in idolatry, social injustice, and moral depravity. Leaders, priests, and prophets alike had perverted justice, shed innocent blood, oppressed the vulnerable, and profaned God's holy things, as detailed throughout Ezekiel 22. The "furnace" imagery would have resonated deeply with an ancient audience familiar with metalworking processes, where intense heat was used to separate precious metals from impurities. However, the application here is inverted: the "silver" (the people) is not purged but melted away, symbolizing the complete disintegration of their societal and national structure under the weight of divine judgment. This destruction was a direct consequence of their covenant unfaithfulness, a stark warning to a people who believed their city was inviolable.
Key Themes: Ezekiel 22:22 powerfully articulates several core themes prevalent throughout the book of Ezekiel and the broader prophetic literature. Firstly, it highlights the theme of Divine Judgment and Wrath, unequivocally declaring God's active and direct intervention in bringing severe consequences for persistent sin. The "furnace" represents the intense suffering and destruction that will come upon Jerusalem, directly poured out by the Lord's "fury," underscoring God's unwavering justice in response to unrepentant rebellion. Secondly, the verse emphasizes the Consequences of Sin, particularly systemic corruption and injustice, serving as a stark reminder that such transgressions lead to national dissolution and divine retribution. The melting signifies a complete breakdown and disintegration of the nation under the weight of its collective transgressions. Finally, the phrase "ye shall know that I the LORD have poured out my fury upon you" powerfully conveys the theme of God's Sovereignty and Recognition. The judgment itself is not merely punitive but revelatory, forcing the people to acknowledge the Lord's power, authority, and righteous character, a recurring motif in Ezekiel, as seen in passages like Ezekiel 6:10 and Ezekiel 37:13.
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
Ezekiel 22:22 is rich with literary devices that amplify its message of impending judgment. The most prominent is Simile, explicitly comparing the melting of silver to the melting of the people ("As silver... so shall ye be melted"). This creates a powerful and easily graspable image of complete dissolution and destruction. The "furnace" itself functions as a potent Metaphor for the crucible of divine judgment, a place of intense, consuming heat that brings about a radical transformation—in this case, annihilation rather than purification. There is also a strong element of Irony, as a furnace typically refines and purifies, but here it utterly consumes, highlighting the irreversible nature of Jerusalem's fate due to the extent of its corruption. Furthermore, the phrase "I the LORD have poured out my fury upon you" employs Anthropomorphism, attributing human-like action (pouring out) and emotion (fury) to God, making His active involvement and intense displeasure more relatable and impactful to the audience. The entire verse also embodies Hyperbole, using extreme imagery to convey the overwhelming and inescapable nature of the divine wrath.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Ezekiel 22:22 profoundly articulates the theological truth of God's righteous judgment against sin, particularly when it becomes systemic and pervasive within a community. It underscores that God is not indifferent to injustice, idolatry, and moral corruption, and His holiness demands a response to unrepentant rebellion. The "fury" poured out is not arbitrary rage but a just consequence for a people who have consistently rejected His covenant and profaned His name. This judgment serves not only as punishment but also as a revelatory act, ensuring that those who experience it will "know" the Lord's power and character. This knowledge, though born of suffering, ultimately points to God's unyielding commitment to His own glory and justice, even if it means the dismantling of His chosen nation. It is a stark reminder that God's character is defined by both love and holiness, and His holiness necessitates a response to sin.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Ezekiel 22:22 serves as a sobering reminder that God's justice is an immutable aspect of His character, and His patience with sin is not infinite. While its immediate context is ancient Jerusalem, its principles resonate powerfully today, calling individuals and communities to profound self-examination and repentance. It compels us to consider whether our lives, our churches, or our societies are characterized by the "dross" of injustice, idolatry, and moral compromise that provokes divine displeasure. This verse challenges any notion of cheap grace or a God who turns a blind eye to sin, instead affirming that true holiness demands accountability. It urges us to take seriously the call to live righteously, to pursue justice, and to repent genuinely, recognizing that the consequences of unaddressed sin can be devastating. Ultimately, it invites us to acknowledge God's sovereignty not just in blessing, but also in judgment, leading us to a deeper reverence for His holy name and a more urgent pursuit of His will and righteousness in every sphere of life.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Does God still pour out His "fury" today in the same way described in Ezekiel?
Answer: While the specific historical context of Ezekiel 22:22 refers to the national judgment upon ancient Jerusalem leading to its destruction, the underlying principle of God's righteous wrath against sin remains constant. God's character as a holy and just God does not change (Malachi 3:6). Today, God's wrath is primarily revealed against sin through various means, including the natural consequences of sin, the conviction of the Holy Spirit, and ultimately, the final judgment at the end of time (Romans 1:18). For believers in Christ, the wrath due to their sin has been fully absorbed by Jesus on the cross. However, for those who reject Christ, the "fury" of God's judgment still awaits (John 3:36).
What does it mean to "know that I the LORD" have poured out fury? Is this a positive or negative knowledge?
Answer: In Ezekiel, the phrase "then they shall know that I am the LORD" is a recurring motif, often appearing in contexts of judgment. Here, in Ezekiel 22:22, it signifies a forced, experiential, and undeniable recognition of God's identity, power, and justice through the very act of judgment. It is a knowledge born of suffering and devastation, a grim acknowledgment of His sovereignty by those who previously ignored or defied Him. While the immediate experience is negative (the "fury" of judgment), the ultimate purpose is for humanity to acknowledge the true God. This recognition is foundational for any future possibility of repentance and restoration, though for Jerusalem in this context, it was primarily a recognition of their utter defeat and God's righteous hand in it, confirming His word and authority.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Ezekiel 22:22, with its stark imagery of a people consumed by the furnace of God's fury, finds its ultimate and profound Christ-centered fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ. While ancient Jerusalem faced a judgment of destruction for its unrepentant sin, humanity as a whole stood condemned under the righteous wrath of God, a wrath against all ungodliness and unrighteousness (Romans 1:18). The terrifying prospect of being "melted in the midst" of divine fury is precisely what Jesus, the Lamb of God, willingly entered for us. On the cross, Christ became the ultimate sin-bearer, absorbing the full outpouring of God's righteous indignation against humanity's sin, taking upon Himself the very "fury" that otherwise would have consumed us (Isaiah 53:5-6). He endured the furnace of divine judgment so that those who believe in Him might be spared from it. Through His sacrifice, the "knowledge" of the Lord's justice and holiness is revealed not through destructive judgment upon us, but through His redemptive love and the provision of salvation (John 17:3). Instead of being consumed, believers are now purified by His blood and made righteous, transformed by grace rather than dissolved by wrath (1 John 1:7). The furnace of judgment for sin was met and conquered by Christ, offering a path to life where only destruction once lay, demonstrating God's justice and His boundless mercy in one glorious act.