Exodus 39:12

KJV

And the third row, a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst.

KJV (with Strong's)

And the third {H7992} row {H2905}, a ligure {H3958}, an agate {H7618}, and an amethyst {H306}.

Complete Jewish Bible

the third row an orange zircon, an agate and an amethyst;

Berean Standard Bible

the third row had a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst;

American Standard Version

and the third row, a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst;

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Exodus 39:12 meticulously details the specific precious stones—a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst—comprising the third row of the high priest's breastplate. This verse is part of the comprehensive account of the Tabernacle's construction, emphasizing the divine precision and sacred beauty required for the garments of the high priest, which served to represent the twelve tribes of Israel before God. It underscores the unwavering adherence to God's detailed blueprint for worship and sacred service.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Exodus 39 is situated within the latter portion of the book of Exodus, specifically detailing the fulfillment of the divine commands given earlier for the construction of the Tabernacle and its sacred furnishings. Chapters 25-31 record God's initial instructions to Moses on Mount Sinai, while chapters 35-40 describe the actual execution of these commands by skilled artisans like Bezalel and Oholiab. Exodus 39 focuses entirely on the creation of the priestly garments for Aaron and his sons, meticulously following the patterns revealed by God. Verse 12, in particular, is a direct fulfillment of the instructions found in [Exodus 28:19](/exodus/28-19 "Exodus 28:19 - Instructions for the Third Row of Stones"), which first specified the stones for the third row of the breastplate. The breastplate itself, described in [Exodus 28:15-21](/exodus/28-15 "Exodus 28:15-21 - Description of the Breastplate of Judgment"), was a central component, designed to bear the names of the twelve tribes of Israel before the Lord, emphasizing the high priest's representative and intercessory role.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** In the ancient Near East, precious stones held significant value, often associated with royalty, wealth, divine favor, and sometimes magical or protective properties. However, in the Israelite context, their use in the Tabernacle and priestly garments transcended mere aesthetic or superstitious purposes. The stones on the high priest's breastplate were not for personal adornment but served a sacred, symbolic function: to represent the twelve tribes of Israel before God's presence. The high priest, as the mediator between God and His people, bore the names of the tribes "on his heart" (as stated in [Exodus 28:29](/exodus/28-29 "Exodus 28:29 - Purpose of the Breastplate")) when he entered the holy place. This act underscored God's covenant faithfulness to His people and the priest's role in interceding for them. The meticulous detail in selecting and setting these stones also reflects the profound reverence for God's holiness and the sanctity of the worship space, contrasting with the often chaotic and polytheistic worship practices of surrounding nations.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **Ligure (Hebrew, לֶשֶׁם, _leshem_):** The exact identification of this stone remains a subject of scholarly debate. While the King James Version translates it as "ligure," many modern translations render it as "jacinth" or "amber." The Septuagint (ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament) uses "ligurion." It is generally understood to be a reddish-orange or yellowish-brown gemstone, possibly a type of zircon or tourmaline. Its inclusion signifies a precious, distinct stone, contributing to the breastplate's overall splendor.
* **Agate (Hebrew, שְׁבוֹ, _shevo_):** This stone is widely identified as agate, a common form of chalcedony known for its distinctive banded patterns and varied colors. Agate was a popular material for seals and ornaments in the ancient world. Its presence on the breastplate highlights the diversity and unique beauty of each stone, mirroring the distinctiveness of the tribes it represented.
* **Amethyst (Hebrew, אַחְלָמָה, _achlamah_):** This identification is broadly accepted as amethyst, a beautiful purple variety of quartz. The Hebrew name _achlamah_ is thought by some to be related to the root for "dream" or "healing," possibly alluding to ancient beliefs about the stone's properties, though its primary significance here is its intrinsic value and striking color, contributing to the breastplate's rich palette.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"And the third row,"**: This phrase emphasizes the systematic and ordered arrangement of the stones on the breastplate. The twelve stones were not placed haphazardly but in four distinct rows of three, reflecting a divine design that valued order and precision in worship. This structure ensured that each tribe had its specific, designated place.
* **"a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst."**: This specific enumeration of three distinct precious stones for the third row highlights God's meticulous attention to detail in the construction of the sacred garments. Each stone, with its unique color, texture, and value, contributed to the overall beauty and symbolic richness of the breastplate. Their individual beauty combined to form a unified, glorious representation of the entire nation of Israel before the Lord.

#### Literary Devices
The verse, though brief, employs several significant literary devices. **Enumeration** is prominent, with the precise listing of each stone emphasizing God's meticulousness and the exactitude required in fulfilling His commands. This detailed cataloging of materials is a recurring feature in the Tabernacle construction narratives, reinforcing the theme of divine blueprint and human obedience. **Imagery** is powerfully evoked through the mention of precious stones. Words like "ligure," "agate," and "amethyst" conjure vivid mental pictures of vibrant colors, dazzling light, and inherent value, contributing to the overall sense of holiness, glory, and beauty associated with God's presence and sacred service. Furthermore, the entire breastplate, of which this verse describes a part, functions as **symbolism**, representing the twelve tribes of Israel carried on the heart of the high priest before God, signifying His constant remembrance and care for His people.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Exodus 39:12, as part of the detailed description of the high priest's breastplate, powerfully communicates several profound theological truths. It underscores God's meticulousness and His desire for excellence in worship, demonstrating that every detail, down to the specific type and placement of a stone, matters to Him. The breastplate, with its twelve engraved stones, serves as a tangible symbol of God's covenant faithfulness and His constant remembrance of His people, carried close to the high priest's heart as he ministered before the Lord. This act of bearing the names of the tribes before God highlights the theme of representation and intercession, where one stands on behalf of many. The beauty and preciousness of the stones also reflect the glory and holiness of God, indicating that what is dedicated to Him should be of the highest quality and splendor.

* [Exodus 28:29](/exodus/28-29 "Exodus 28:29 - Purpose of the Breastplate")
* [1 Peter 2:9](/1_peter/2-9 "1 Peter 2:9 - A Chosen Race, a Royal Priesthood")
* [Revelation 21:19](/revelation/21-19 "Revelation 21:19-20 - Foundations of the New Jerusalem")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The meticulous detail in Exodus 39:12, describing the specific stones on the high priest's breastplate, offers profound insights for our spiritual lives. It reminds us that God is a God of order, precision, and beauty, desiring excellence in all things, especially in our worship and service to Him. Just as each unique stone contributed to the overall splendor and purpose of the breastplate, so too does every individual believer, with their distinct gifts and personality, contribute to the body of Christ. God values each of us uniquely and intimately, carrying us "on His heart" through the intercession of our Great High Priest, Jesus. This passage calls us to consider the quality of our offering to God—not just in grand gestures, but in the small, often unseen details of our lives. It encourages us to live with a consciousness of being precious to God, represented before Him, and to embrace our own priestly calling to bear others in prayer before the Lord, reflecting His love and care for His people.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does God's meticulous attention to detail in the Tabernacle's design inform our understanding of His character and His expectations for our worship?**
* **In what ways do we, as believers, "bear the names" of others before God, reflecting the high priest's intercessory role?**
* **How can we cultivate a deeper appreciation for the beauty and holiness of God in our daily lives and in the way we approach spiritual disciplines?**

### FAQ
**Why were these specific stones chosen for the breastplate?**

Answer: The Bible does not explicitly state the symbolic meaning of each individual stone on the breastplate. However, the selection of precious and distinct stones was divinely commanded, emphasizing the high value and sacredness of the breastplate and its purpose. Collectively, the twelve stones, each engraved with the name of a tribe, symbolized the entire nation of Israel being carried before the Lord by the high priest. The beauty and rarity of the stones also reflected the glory and majesty of God, for whom the Tabernacle and its furnishings were made. The detailed instructions for their placement underscore God's desire for order, precision, and excellence in all aspects of worship.

**What was the overall significance of the high priest's breastplate?**

Answer: The breastplate, often called the "breastplate of judgment" ([Exodus 28:15](/exodus/28-15 "Exodus 28:15 - The Breastplate of Judgment")), was a central and highly symbolic garment worn by the high priest. Its primary significance was to represent the twelve tribes of Israel before God. By bearing the names of the tribes "on his heart" ([Exodus 28:29](/exodus/28-29 "Exodus 28:29 - Purpose of the Breastplate")) when he entered the holy place, the high priest continually brought the people into God's presence, signifying God's constant remembrance and care for His covenant people. Additionally, the breastplate contained the Urim and Thummim ([Exodus 28:30](/exodus/28-30 "Exodus 28:30 - Urim and Thummim")), mysterious objects used by the high priest to discern God's will and judgment for the nation, further emphasizing its role in mediation and divine guidance.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The meticulous detail of Exodus 39:12, describing the precious stones on the high priest's breastplate, finds its ultimate and glorious fulfillment in Jesus Christ. The Old Testament high priest, bearing the names of the twelve tribes "on his heart" before God, served as a powerful type and shadow of our Lord. Jesus is our [Great High Priest](/hebrews/4-14 "Hebrews 4:14 - Jesus, Our Great High Priest"), who has entered not into an earthly sanctuary made with hands, but into heaven itself, to appear in the presence of God on our behalf ([Hebrews 9:24](/hebrews/9-24 "Hebrews 9:24 - Christ's Heavenly Priesthood")). Unlike the Levitical priests who offered repeated sacrifices, Christ offered Himself once for all time, a perfect and sufficient sacrifice for sin ([Hebrews 9:11-14](/hebrews/9-11 "Hebrews 9:11-14 - Christ's Perfect Sacrifice")). He continually intercedes for us, carrying us, His redeemed people—His precious "jewels" ([Malachi 3:17](/malachi/3-17 "Malachi 3:17 - God's Special Possession"))—not merely on a breastplate, but eternally in His very heart before the Father ([Romans 8:34](/romans/8-34 "Romans 8:34 - Christ's Intercession") and [Hebrews 7:25](/hebrews/7-25 "Hebrews 7:25 - Christ's Eternal Intercession")). The beauty and value of the stones foreshadow the immeasurable worth Christ places upon His church, whom He purchased with His own blood, making us a "royal priesthood" ([1 Peter 2:9](/1_peter/2-9 "1 Peter 2:9 - A Royal Priesthood")) in Him.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.