Exodus 22:13

Commentary on Exodus 22:13 (KJV)

This verse from the Book of Exodus is part of the "Book of the Covenant" (Exodus 20:22-23:33), a collection of civil and ceremonial laws given by God to Moses for the nation of Israel at Mount Sinai. Specifically, Exodus 22 addresses laws concerning property rights, theft, and responsibility for entrusted goods or animals, reflecting the practical concerns of an agrarian society.

Context

Exodus 22:13 follows a series of regulations concerning the responsibility of a person who has been entrusted with another's animal (a concept known as "bailment"). Verses 10-12 discuss scenarios where an animal dies, is injured, or is stolen while in the care of a neighbor. The general principle is that the caretaker is liable for damages unless they can prove the loss was due to circumstances beyond their control. Verse 13 provides a specific exception where the loss is due to a wild animal attack.

Key Themes

• Responsibility and Exemption: While the law generally holds a caretaker responsible for entrusted property, this verse outlines a clear exemption. If an animal is "torn in pieces" (likely by a wild beast), the caretaker is not held liable for its loss.
• Justice and Fairness: The law demonstrates a concern for equitable justice, distinguishing between losses due to negligence or theft (where restitution is due) and those caused by an unavoidable, violent act of nature. It prevents undue burden on the caretaker for events truly beyond their control.
• Importance of Evidence: The phrase "let him bring it for witness" is crucial. It underscores the necessity of providing tangible proof to substantiate the claim that the animal was indeed killed by a predator. The torn remains serve as the undeniable evidence, preventing fraudulent claims. This principle of requiring proof is foundational to biblical justice, as seen in other legal contexts like Deuteronomy 19:15 regarding multiple witnesses.

Linguistic Insights

The Hebrew phrase for "torn in pieces" is ṭārop ṭorap (טָרֹף טֹרַף), which is a strong, emphatic expression indicating a violent tearing, typically by a predator. This specific phrasing highlights the nature of the destruction, making it clear that it was not a natural death or something that could have been prevented by ordinary care. The word "witness" (עֵד - 'ed) refers to evidence or testimony, emphasizing the legal requirement for verifiable proof.

Practical Application

The principle embedded in Exodus 22:13 remains relevant today in various forms of contracts and agreements. It teaches us about:

• Fairness in Agreements: Modern legal systems often include provisions for "acts of God" or "force majeure" clauses, which exempt parties from liability for events beyond their control. This verse demonstrates God's ancient wisdom in establishing such equitable principles.
• Value of Evidence: The requirement to "bring it for witness" highlights the enduring importance of documentation, proof, and verifiable facts in resolving disputes and ensuring justice. Whether in business, legal, or personal matters, clear evidence is essential.
• God's Concern for Order: Even in detailed civil laws, God's character as a God of justice and order is evident. He provides practical guidelines for human interaction, ensuring fairness and accountability within society. This divine wisdom undergirds all aspects of life, from the spiritual to the mundane, calling His people to live with integrity and truth (Micah 6:8).