Deuteronomy 10:1

KJV

¶ At that time the LORD said unto me, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first, and come up unto me into the mount, and make thee an ark of wood.

KJV (with Strong's)

At that time {H6256} the LORD {H3068} said {H559} unto me, Hew {H6458} thee two {H8147} tables {H3871} of stone {H68} like unto the first {H7223}, and come up {H5927} unto me into the mount {H2022}, and make {H6213} thee an ark {H727} of wood {H6086}.

Complete Jewish Bible

"At that time ADONAI said to me, 'Cut yourself two stone tablets like the first ones, come up to me on the mountain, and make yourself an ark of wood.

Berean Standard Bible

At that time the LORD said to me, “Chisel out two stone tablets like the originals, come up to Me on the mountain, and make an ark of wood.

American Standard Version

At that time Jehovah said unto me, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first, and come up unto me into the mount, and make thee an ark of wood.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Deuteronomy 10:1 records a pivotal moment in Israel's wilderness journey, where the LORD, in an act of profound grace, commands Moses to prepare new stone tablets and construct an ark of wood. This divine directive follows the catastrophic incident of the golden calf and the breaking of the first tablets, signifying God's unwavering commitment to renew His covenant with His rebellious people and to re-establish His presence among them. The verse encapsulates themes of divine restoration, the enduring importance of God's law, and the preparation for His dwelling in their midst.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Deuteronomy 10:1 is situated within Moses' second discourse to the Israelites on the plains of Moab, just before they enter the Promised Land. Moses is recounting the critical events of their forty-year wilderness wandering, particularly focusing on the giving and renewal of the Law at Mount Horeb (Sinai). The immediate preceding chapters (Deuteronomy 9) vividly describe Israel's egregious sin of idolatry with the golden calf, which led Moses to [shatter the first tablets](/exodus/32-19 "Exodus 32:19 - Moses Breaks the Tablets") in righteous anger. This verse, therefore, marks a dramatic shift from divine wrath and human failure to God's initiative of reconciliation and covenant restoration, setting the stage for the detailed exposition of the Law that follows in the book. It serves as a crucial bridge, reaffirming God's faithfulness despite Israel's unfaithfulness and preparing the people for renewed covenant obligations.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The command in Deuteronomy 10:1 takes place against the backdrop of ancient Near Eastern treaty-making conventions, where covenants between a suzerain (superior king) and a vassal (subordinate people) were often formalized with written documents. The breaking of the first tablets symbolized the rupture of the covenant due to Israel's egregious breach of its terms. God's command to "hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first" is an extraordinary act of divine condescension and grace, initiating a renewal process that was not typically afforded to rebellious vassals in human treaties. The instruction to build an "ark of wood" also resonates with ancient Near Eastern practices where deities were often associated with cultic objects or mobile shrines that housed their presence or symbols of their authority, though the Ark of the Covenant's unique design and purpose set it apart as the dwelling place of the one true God among His people, emphasizing His unique nature and relationship with Israel.
* **Key Themes:** This verse is rich with several foundational themes. Foremost is the theme of **Covenant Renewal and Divine Grace**. Despite Israel's profound sin (as detailed in [Deuteronomy 9:7-29](/deuteronomy/9-7-29 "Deuteronomy 9:7-29 - Israel's Rebellion at Horeb")), God takes the initiative to restore the broken relationship, demonstrating His steadfast love and willingness to forgive. This act of renewal underscores God's faithfulness, which endures even when His people fail. Another key theme is the **Enduring Importance of God's Law**. The need for new tablets emphasizes that God's commandments are not abrogated by human disobedience but remain the foundational bedrock of Israel's identity and their relationship with God. The Law, though broken, is reaffirmed as essential for their life and prosperity in the land, as seen throughout the subsequent chapters of [Deuteronomy](/deuteronomy/1 "Deuteronomy 1 - Moses' First Speech"). Finally, the command to "make thee an ark of wood" introduces the theme of **Divine Presence**. The Ark was destined to house the tablets and serve as the central symbol of God's dwelling among His people, a constant reminder of His holy presence and covenant promises, foreshadowing the intimate relationship God desires with humanity, as later seen in the Tabernacle and Temple, and ultimately in Christ.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **LORD (Hebrew, _Yᵉhôvâh'_):** This term (H3068) refers to the self-Existent or Eternal God, the Jewish national name of God, Jehovah. Its use here emphasizes the covenant-keeping God who initiates this command. Despite Israel's rebellion, it is the faithful, unchanging LORD who speaks, underscoring His steadfast character and His commitment to His covenant people, even when they have broken their side of the agreement.
* **tables (Hebrew, _lûwach'_):** This word (H3871) refers to a tablet, often polished, made of stone, wood, or metal. In this context, it specifically denotes the stone tablets upon which the Ten Commandments were inscribed. The command to create new "tables of stone like unto the first" highlights the continuity and unchanging nature of God's Law. These tablets represent the tangible embodiment of the covenant agreement, and their renewal signifies the re-establishment of that foundational relationship between God and Israel, despite their prior unfaithfulness.
* **mount (Hebrew, _har'_):** This term (H2022) refers to a mountain or range of hills. Here, it specifically denotes Mount Horeb (Sinai), the sacred place of divine revelation where the covenant was first established and now renewed. The mountain setting emphasizes the holiness and transcendence of God, and the solemnity of the encounter between God and Moses. It signifies a return to the place of divine encounter, a second opportunity for intimate communion and reception of divine truth after the previous breach.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"At that time the LORD said unto me,"**: This introductory phrase meticulously anchors the divine command in a specific historical moment, immediately following the tumultuous golden calf incident and Moses' fervent intercession. It emphatically highlights the divine initiative; it is God, not Israel, who speaks and acts to restore the broken covenant. The direct address "unto me" underscores Moses' unique and pivotal role as the divinely appointed mediator between a holy God and His chosen but rebellious people.
* **"Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first,"**: This is the core command for the renewal of the covenant. The instruction to "hew" implies Moses' active, human participation in preparing the physical medium for God's law, a contrast to the first tablets which were entirely God's work. The crucial phrase "like unto the first" confirms that the content of the covenant—the Ten Commandments—remains unchanged and eternally valid, despite Israel's failure to uphold it. This signifies God's steadfastness and the enduring nature of His moral and spiritual requirements for His people.
* **"and come up unto me into the mount,"**: This command reiterates Moses' ascent to Mount Horeb (Sinai), the sacred and awe-inspiring place of divine revelation. It signifies a renewed encounter with God, a second opportunity for intimate communion and reception of divine truth after the previous breach. The mountain setting emphasizes the holiness, transcendence, and sovereign authority of God, and the solemnity of the covenant renewal process. This ascent symbolizes a re-engagement with divine presence and purpose.
* **"and make thee an ark of wood."**: This final instruction introduces the construction of the Ark of the Covenant, which would serve as the sacred repository for the renewed tablets of the Law. The Ark was far more than a mere container; it was destined to become the most sacred object in Israel, symbolizing God's throne, His dwelling place, and the locus of His glory among His people. Its immediate mention alongside the tablets underscores the intimate and inseparable connection between God's holy word and His abiding presence, preparing the way for the detailed instructions for the Tabernacle's construction and the journey through the wilderness with God at their very center.

#### Literary Devices
Deuteronomy 10:1 employs several significant literary devices that enrich its theological meaning. **Repetition** is evident in the command to create tablets "like unto the first," which echoes the initial giving of the Law and powerfully emphasizes the continuity and unwavering nature of God's covenant. This repetition serves to underscore divine faithfulness despite human failure. **Symbolism** is profoundly at play with both the "tables of stone" and the "ark of wood." The tablets symbolize the unchangeable, enduring nature of God's Law and His covenant promises, while the ark symbolizes God's holy presence dwelling among His people, serving as a tangible representation of His commitment to be with them. The shattered first tablets and the command for new ones also act as a powerful **juxtaposition**, highlighting the stark contrast between Israel's profound sin and God's boundless grace and willingness to restore. Furthermore, the command to build the ark here serves as **foreshadowing**, pointing forward to the detailed instructions for the Tabernacle and the Ark's central role in Israel's worship and journey, ultimately anticipating God's desire for intimate dwelling with humanity.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Deuteronomy 10:1 stands as a powerful testament to the enduring grace and faithfulness of God. It reveals a God who, despite His people's egregious rebellion and covenant breach, initiates reconciliation and restoration. This is not a God who abandons His promises but one who actively seeks to renew relationship, even when it requires extraordinary divine condescension. The command to prepare new tablets and an ark signifies that God's holy standards remain, and His desire to dwell among His people persists. It teaches us that divine forgiveness is not an excuse for sin but a profound act of mercy that calls for renewed obedience and commitment. This passage lays the groundwork for understanding that God's presence is intrinsically linked to His word and His covenant, a truth that echoes throughout salvation history and culminates in Christ.

* [Exodus 34:1-10](/exodus/34-1-10 "Exodus 34:1-10 - God Renews the Covenant")
* [Jeremiah 31:31-34](/jeremiah/31-31-34 "Jeremiah 31:31-34 - The New Covenant Prophecy")
* [Hebrews 8:6-13](/hebrews/8-6-13 "Hebrews 8:6-13 - Christ, Mediator of a Better Covenant")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Deuteronomy 10:1 offers profound spiritual encouragement for believers today. It reminds us that our God is a God of second chances, always willing to restore those who genuinely repent, even after significant failures. Just as He did for Israel, He extends His grace and mercy to us, inviting us back into covenant relationship when we stray. This passage challenges us to reflect on our own faithfulness to God's word and to embrace the transformative power of His forgiveness. It underscores that God's unchanging word remains foundational for our lives, guiding us in righteousness and truth, and providing the framework for a life pleasing to Him. Moreover, the concept of God desiring to dwell among His people, symbolized by the Ark, foreshadows the ultimate indwelling of the Holy Spirit in believers and the presence of Christ with His church, affirming that God desires to be intimately involved in our lives. We are called to live in light of this incredible grace, cherishing His word and inviting His presence into every aspect of our existence, allowing His restorative power to transform our brokenness into renewed purpose.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does God's command to renew the tablets, despite Israel's sin, speak to His character of grace and forgiveness in your own life?**
* **In what ways does the enduring importance of God's Law, as symbolized by the new tablets, challenge or affirm your commitment to His word today?**
* **How does the concept of God desiring to "dwell" among His people, represented by the Ark, shape your understanding of His presence in your life and in the church?**
* **What "broken covenants" or areas of failure in your life might God be calling you to allow Him to restore and renew, just as He did for Israel?**

### FAQ

**Why did Moses have to "hew" the second set of tablets, unlike the first set which God prepared?**

Answer: The first set of tablets was uniquely "the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, graven upon the tables" ([Exodus 32:16](/exodus/32-16 "Exodus 32:16 - The First Tablets")). The command for Moses to "hew" the second set himself ([Deuteronomy 10:1](/deuteronomy/10-1 "Deuteronomy 10:1 - God Commands New Tablets")) introduces a subtle but significant difference. Theologically, this may highlight a few points: (1) It could underscore the consequences of sin; while God's grace is abundant, there are still human responsibilities and efforts involved in the process of restoration. (2) It might symbolize humanity's role in preparing to receive and preserve God's revelation, even if the content itself is divinely given. (3) It could emphasize Moses' unique mediatorial role, where he participates in the very act of preparing the covenant instruments, bridging the gap between a holy God and a sinful people. Despite Moses hewing the stone, God still miraculously [wrote the words upon them](/exodus/34-1 "Exodus 34:1 - God Writes on the New Tablets"), affirming the divine origin and authority of the Law.

**What is the significance of the "ark of wood" being commanded at this specific point?**

Answer: The command to "make thee an ark of wood" immediately follows the instruction to prepare new tablets, underscoring the inseparable connection between God's holy word and His dwelling presence. The Ark of the Covenant was designed to house these sacred tablets, becoming the central symbol of God's presence among His people. Its instruction here, before the detailed plans for the Tabernacle are given (though they were revealed earlier in [Exodus 25](/exodus/25 "Exodus 25 - Instructions for the Tabernacle")), emphasizes that God's renewed covenant with Israel would be accompanied by His active, tangible presence. The Ark served as God's "footstool" or throne, the place where His glory would reside and from which He would communicate with Moses ([Exodus 25:22](/exodus/25-22 "Exodus 25:22 - God Speaks from the Ark")). Its inclusion in this verse signifies God's desire not just to restore a legal agreement, but to re-establish an intimate, abiding relationship with His people, journeying with them through the wilderness and into the Promised Land, a profound demonstration of His covenant faithfulness.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Deuteronomy 10:1, with its emphasis on covenant renewal and divine presence after human failure, profoundly foreshadows the redemptive work of Jesus Christ. The breaking of the first tablets due to Israel's sin and the subsequent command for new ones perfectly illustrates humanity's inherent inability to perfectly keep God's Law and the desperate need for divine intervention to restore the broken covenant relationship. This historical event points directly to Christ, who is the mediator of a [new and better covenant](/hebrews/8-6 "Hebrews 8:6 - Christ, Mediator of a Better Covenant"), not inscribed on tablets of stone but supernaturally written on the hearts of believers by the Holy Spirit ([Jeremiah 31:31-34](/jeremiah/31-31-34 "Jeremiah 31:31-34 - The New Covenant Prophecy"); [2 Corinthians 3:3](/2_corinthians/3-3 "2 Corinthians 3:3 - Written on Hearts")). Just as the Ark was built to house the Law and symbolize God's presence among His people, Jesus Christ is the ultimate embodiment of God's dwelling among humanity, the [Word made flesh](/john/1-14 "John 1:14 - The Word Became Flesh"), in whom the fullness of God dwells bodily ([Colossians 2:9](/colossians/2-9 "Colossians 2:9 - Fullness of Deity in Christ")). Through His sacrificial death on the cross, Christ bore the penalty for our covenant breaking, and through His victorious resurrection, He inaugurated a new era of grace and restoration, allowing God's Spirit to indwell believers, making them living temples where God's presence eternally resides ([1 Corinthians 6:19](/1_corinthians/6-19 "1 Corinthians 6:19 - Your Body is a Temple")). Thus, the grace extended in Deuteronomy 10:1 finds its ultimate and perfect fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus, who fully restores humanity's relationship with God and makes true, abiding divine presence possible for all who believe.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Exodus 34:1

¶ And the LORD said unto Moses, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon [these] tables the words that were in the first tables, which thou brakest.

Exodus 34:2

And be ready in the morning, and come up in the morning unto mount Sinai, and present thyself there to me in the top of the mount.

Exodus 25:10

¶ And they shall make an ark [of] shittim wood: two cubits and a half [shall be] the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth thereof, and a cubit and a half the height thereof.

Exodus 25:15

The staves shall be in the rings of the ark: they shall not be taken from it.

Exodus 34:4

And he hewed two tables of stone like unto the first; and Moses rose up early in the morning, and went up unto mount Sinai, as the LORD had commanded him, and took in his hand the two tables of stone.

Deuteronomy 10:3

And I made an ark [of] shittim wood, and hewed two tables of stone like unto the first, and went up into the mount, having the two tables in mine hand.

Deuteronomy 10:4

And he wrote on the tables, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the LORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the LORD gave them unto me.