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Study this verse
Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Zechariah 2:1–5. His three-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
This prophet was ordered, in God's name, to assure the people (Zac 1:16) that a line should be stretched forth upon Jerusalem. Now here we have that promise illustrated and confirmed, that the prophet might deliver that part of his message to the people with the more clearness and assurance.
I.He sees, in a vision, a man going to measure Jerusalem (Zac 2:1, Zac 2:2):
He lifted up his eyes again, and looked. God had shown him that which was very encouraging to him, (Zac 1:20), and therefore now he lifted up his eyes again and looked. Note, The comfortable sights which by faith we have had of God's goodness made to pass before us should engage us to lift up our eyes again, and to search further into the discoveries made to us of the divine grace; for there is still more to be seen. In the close of the foregoing chapter he had seen Jerusalem's enemies baffled and broken, so that now he begins to hope she shall not be ruined. But that is not enough to make her happy, and therefore that is not all that is promised. Here is more carpenter's work to be done. When David had resolved to cut off the horns of the wicked he engaged likewise that the horns of the righteous should be exalted, Psa 75:10. And so does the Son of David here; for he is the man, even the man Christ Jesus, whom the prophet sees with a measuring line in his hand; for he is the master builder of his church (Heb 3:3), and he builds exactly by line and level. Zechariah took the boldness to ask him whither he was going and what he designed to do with that measuring line. And he readily told him that he was going to measure Jerusalem, to take a particular account of the dimensions of it each way, that it might be computed what was necessary for the making of a wall about it, and that it might appear, by comparing its dimensions with the vast numbers that should inhabit it, what additions were necessary to be made for the receiving and containing of them; when multitudes flock to Jerusalem (Isa 60:4) it is time for her to enlarge the place of her tent, Isa 54:2. Note, God takes notice of the extent of his church, and will take care that, when ever so many guests are brought in to the wedding supper, still there shall be room, Luk 14:22. In the New Jerusalem, my Father's house above, there are many mansions.
II.He is informed that this vision means well to Jerusalem, that the measuring line he saw was not a line of confusion (as that Isa 34:11), not a line to mete out for destruction, as when God purposed to destroy the wall of the daughter of Zion he stretched out a line (Lam 2:8); but it is as when he divided the inheritance by line, Psa 78:55. The angel that talked with the prophet went forth, as he designed, to measure Jerusalem, but another angel went out to meet him, to desire that he would first explain this vision to the prophet, that it might not occasion him any uneasy speculations: Run, and speak to this young man (for, it seems, the prophet entered upon his prophecy when he was young, yet no man ought to despise his youth when God thus highly honoured it); he is a young man, not experienced, and may be ready to fear the worst; therefore bid him hope the best; tell him that Jerusalem shall be both safe and great,
1.As safe and great as numbers of men can make it (Zac 2:4): Jerusalem shall be inhabited as towns without walls; the inhabitants of it shall increase, and multiply, and replenish it to admiration, so that it shall extend itself far beyond the present dimensions which now there is an account taken of. The walls of a city, as they defend it, so they straiten and confine it, and keep its inhabitants from multiplying beyond such a pitch; but Jerusalem, even when it is walled, to keep off the enemy, shall be inhabited as towns without walls. The city shall be in a manner lost in the suburbs, as London is, where the out-parishes are more populous than those within the walls. So shall it be with Jerusalem; it shall be extended as freely as if it had no walls at all, and yet shall be as safe as if it had the strongest walls, such a multitude of men (which are the best walls of a city) shall there be therein, and of cattle too, to be not only food, but wealth too, for those men. Note, The increase of the numbers of a people is a great blessing, is a fruit of God's blessing on them and an earnest of further blessings, Psa 107:38. They are multiplied, for he blesses them.
2.As safe and great as the presence of God can make it, Zac 2:5.
(1.)It shall be safe, for God himself will be a wall of fire round about it. Jerusalem had no walls about it at this time, but lay naked and exposed; formerly, when it had walls, the enemies not only broke through them, but broke them down; but now God will be unto her a wall of fire. Some think it alludes to shepherds that made fires about their flocks, or travellers that made fires about their tents in desert places, to frighten wild beasts from them. God will not only make a hedge about them as he did about Job (Zac 1:10), not only make walls and bulwarks about them, Isa 26:1 (those may be battered down), not only be as the mountains round about them, Psa 125:2 (mountains may be got over), but he will be a wall of fire round them, which cannot be broken through, nor scaled, nor undermined, nor the foundations of it sapped, nor can it be attempted, or approached, without danger to the assailants. God will not only make a wall of fire about her, but he will himself be such a wall; for our God is a consuming fire to his and his church's enemies. He is a wall of fire, not on one side only, but round about on every side.
(2.)It shall be great, for God himself will be the glory in the midst of it. His temple, his altar, shall be set up and attended there, and his institutions observed, and there then shall the tokens of his special presence and favour be, which will be the glory in the midst of them, will make them truly admirable in the eyes of all about them. God will have honour from them, and put honour upon them. Note, Those that have God for their God have him for their glory; those that have him in the midst of them have glory in the midst of them, and thence the church is said to be all glorious within. And those persons and places that have God to be the glory in the midst of them have him for a wall of fire round about them, for upon all that glory there is, and shall be, a defence, Isa 4:5. Now all this was fulfilled in part in Jerusalem, which in process of time became a very flourishing city, and made a very great figure in those parts of the world, much beyond what could have been expected, considering how low it was brought and how long it was ere it recovered itself; but it was to have its full accomplishment in the gospel-church, which is extended far, as towns without walls, by the admission of the Gentiles into it, and which has God, the Son of God, for its prince and protector.
Historical interpretation
Historical Reception
One surviving comment on this verse from the historical church.
(Chapter 2, Verses 1, 2.) And I lifted up my eyes and saw: and behold, a man, and in his hand a measuring line. And I said: Where are you going? And he said to me, to measure Jerusalem, and see how wide it is, and how long it is. (Alternate translation: And he said to me, to measure Jerusalem, and see how high it is, and how long it is.) Septuagint: And I lifted up my eyes and saw: and behold, a man, and in his hand a measuring cord, and I said to him: Where are you going? And he said to me, to measure Jerusalem, and see how wide it is, and how long it is. With his eyes raised, Quiprius had seen sad things on the four horns. Now he raises his eyes again, to see the man about whom it is written: 'Behold the man, his name is the East' (Zech. VI, 12); about whom we also read above: 'And behold, a man riding on a red horse, and he stood among the myrtle trees that were in the bottom, or in the shady mountains' (Zech. I, 8). And about whom the Father speaks: 'He has built my city' (Heb. XI), of which God is the architect and builder. Here it is seen also from Ezechiel, holding a rope in his hand, and a reed measuring a cubit, to measure Jerusalem, the description of which, namely, its width and length, the same prophet continues in mystical language (Ezek. 40). Some think that this was fulfilled in part under Zerubbabel, and Jesus, and Ezra, and Nehemiah, and other leaders or kings, who ruled the people of Israel until the coming of the Lord and Savior. But others, especially the Jews, interpret it as a thousand-year kingdom, seeking physical things. But many of us refer to the heavenly Jerusalem, and say that it must be rebuilt, as it had been destroyed by the sins of the souls. The heretics suspect this. However, we interpret Mount Zion, the mother of the firstfruits and the saints, as the Church, which was built in the passion and resurrection of the Lord, and is continually being built by him who knows the measures and merits of each individual. What we said about the Church can also be applied to the souls of the believers, which are daily built by the Lord and experience His peace that was left to the apostles.
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Summary
Zechariah 2:2 captures a pivotal moment in the prophet's third vision, where he encounters a celestial figure with a measuring line. The prophet's inquiry, "Whither goest thou?" elicits the response that the figure intends "To measure Jerusalem, to see what is the breadth thereof, and what is the length thereof." This seemingly mundane act of surveying, however, serves as a profound symbolic prelude to a divine promise: Jerusalem's future glory and expansion will be so immense that it will transcend all humanly imposed boundaries, relying instead on God's own presence as its ultimate protection and glory.
Context
Literary Context
Zechariah 2:2 is nestled within the third of Zechariah's eight nocturnal visions, which begin in Zechariah 1:7. The preceding verse, Zechariah 2:1, introduces "a man with a measuring line in his hand," immediately prompting the prophet's question in the current verse. This vision, unlike some others, directly involves the prophet's interaction and inquiry. The answer received in Zechariah 2:2 sets the stage for the dramatic revelation that follows in Zechariah 2:3-5, where an angel intervenes to declare that Jerusalem will expand so greatly that it will be "without walls for the multitude of men and cattle therein," with the Lord Himself serving as "a wall of fire round about" and "the glory in the midst of her." Thus, the measurement is not for limitation but for an astonishing, boundless future.
Historical & Cultural Context
The visions of Zechariah were given to the Jewish community in Jerusalem around 520-518 BC, roughly 16-18 years after their initial return from Babylonian exile. This was a period of significant challenge and discouragement. The Temple rebuilding project, initiated under Zerubbabel and Joshua, had stalled due and opposition and apathy (as seen in Haggai 1). Jerusalem itself was a desolate, partially rebuilt city, far from its former glory. The people were living under Persian rule, a stark contrast to their previous independence. In this context of physical ruin and spiritual weariness, the visions served as powerful divine encouragement, assuring the exiles of God's continued presence, protection, and ultimate plan for their restoration and prosperity, far beyond their current humble circumstances. The act of measuring a city was common for urban planning, but here it takes on a supernatural dimension.
Key Themes
This verse, within its broader context, contributes significantly to several key themes in Zechariah and the Old Testament. Firstly, it highlights Divine Sovereignty and Planning, demonstrating that God has a meticulously detailed, yet ultimately boundless, plan for His people and their dwelling place. The measurement is not arbitrary but part of His perfect design. Secondly, it powerfully conveys Restoration and Expansion, offering a vivid counter-narrative to the exiles' present desolation. The promise of a Jerusalem too vast to be contained by walls speaks to a future of unprecedented growth and blessing, echoing similar prophetic promises found in passages like Isaiah 54:2-3 and Isaiah 60:1-3. Thirdly, and most profoundly, it underscores the theme of Divine Protection and Presence. The measuring line ultimately points to the truth that Jerusalem's security will not come from human fortifications, but from the Lord Himself, who will be "a wall of fire round about" (as declared in Zechariah 2:5). This emphasizes that true security and glory are found in God's immanent presence.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
This primitive root signifies "to walk, to go" in a wide variety of applications, both literal and figurative. Here, it is used in the interrogative "Whither goest thou?" (לְאָן אַתָּה הֹלֵךְ), indicating the prophet's desire to understand the celestial figure's purpose and direction. The choice of this common verb highlights the seemingly ordinary nature of the action (walking, going) that is about to be revealed as profoundly significant.
This primitive root means "to stretch" or, by implication, "to measure (as if by stretching a line)." It conveys the act of surveying, assessing dimensions, or determining boundaries. In this context, the measuring is initially perceived as a practical act of urban planning or demarcation. However, the subsequent revelation in Zechariah 2:4-5 subverts this common understanding, transforming the act of measurement into a symbolic prelude to an immeasurable, divinely protected expansion.
This is the capital city of Palestine, likely meaning "founded peaceful" or "foundation of peace." In the biblical narrative, Jerusalem is far more than a geographical location; it is the city of David, the place where God chose to put His name, and the spiritual center of Israel. At the time of Zechariah's prophecy, Jerusalem was in ruins, its walls broken. The mention of measuring Jerusalem, therefore, carries immense theological weight, pointing to God's enduring covenantal commitment to His chosen city and His people, promising its restoration and future glory.
Verse Breakdown
"Then said I, Whither goest thou?"
This opening clause establishes the prophet Zechariah as an active participant in the vision, not merely a passive observer. His direct question to the angelic figure with the measuring line demonstrates his curiosity and desire for understanding. This human inquiry serves to draw the reader into the unfolding divine revelation, setting up the subsequent explanation of God's plans.
"And he said unto me,"
This simple connective phrase indicates the immediate response from the celestial figure. It signifies a direct, authoritative communication, emphasizing that the information Zechariah is about to receive is a divine revelation, not a human conjecture. The dialogue format makes the vision more dynamic and accessible.
"To measure Jerusalem,"
This is the initial, seemingly straightforward purpose stated by the angelic figure. The act of measuring a city typically implies a survey for rebuilding, planning, or establishing boundaries. In the post-exilic context, this would naturally suggest an assessment for the reconstruction of the city's walls and infrastructure. However, as the broader vision unfolds, this purpose is dramatically reinterpreted, revealing a measurement not for limitation, but for an unprecedented, boundless expansion.
"to see what [is] the breadth thereof, and what [is] the length thereof."
This final part of the verse specifies the objective of the measurement: to ascertain the dimensions of Jerusalem. The phrase "to see" (Hebrew, râʼâh) implies a thorough examination or discernment. The breadth and length represent the full extent of the city's physical boundaries. Yet, the divine irony is that this measurement is not to define limits, but to highlight that Jerusalem's future will defy all such humanly conceived constraints, becoming immeasurable due to God's presence and blessing.
Literary Devices
Zechariah 2:2 employs several significant Literary Devices. Foremost is Symbolism, where the "measuring line" itself is a potent symbol. Initially, it appears to symbolize human planning and the establishment of physical boundaries, a common practice in ancient city building. However, the subsequent revelation in Zechariah 2:4-5 subverts this expectation, transforming the measuring line into a symbol of God's assessment for boundless expansion, rather than limitation. It symbolizes divine foreknowledge and the meticulous nature of God's plan, which ultimately transcends human capacity. The city of Jerusalem itself is also highly symbolic, representing God's chosen people and the center of His dwelling, whose physical state reflects the spiritual condition of the nation. The dialogue format, specifically Question and Answer, between Zechariah and the angelic figure, serves to engage the reader and incrementally reveal the divine message, building anticipation for the full scope of God's promise. This interaction also highlights the prophet's role as an intermediary, seeking understanding for the benefit of the people. Furthermore, there is an element of Irony or Paradox, as the act of measuring, typically associated with defining limits, here foreshadows a reality of limitless growth and divine protection that renders physical walls obsolete.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Zechariah 2:2, with its seemingly simple act of measuring, unveils profound theological truths about God's character and His plans for His people. It teaches us that God's vision for His kingdom and His people is always far grander and more expansive than human imagination or current circumstances can conceive. The measurement is not to restrict, but to affirm God's meticulous knowledge and intention for a future of unparalleled blessing and growth. It underscores that true security and prosperity are not found in human endeavors or physical fortifications, but solely in the immanent presence and protective power of God Himself. This divine presence transforms a vulnerable, post-exilic city into a secure, boundless dwelling, foreshadowing the ultimate spiritual reality of God's people.
Reflection and Application
Zechariah 2:2 offers a powerful message of hope and a profound lesson in divine perspective for believers today. In times of perceived limitation, scarcity, or vulnerability, this verse reminds us that God's plans are not confined by our human understanding or current circumstances. Just as Jerusalem was promised an immeasurable expansion beyond its broken walls, so too does God intend for His kingdom and His work in our lives to flourish in ways we cannot fully grasp. This calls us to trust in His boundless vision, even when our immediate reality seems constrained. It encourages us to shift our focus from human efforts to secure ourselves (like building physical walls) to relying on God's omnipresent protection and provision, recognizing that His presence is our ultimate security and glory. We are called to live with an expansive faith, knowing that God is at work to fulfill promises that transcend our present limitations, inviting us to participate in His grand, unfolding story.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Who is the "man" with the measuring line in Zechariah 2:2?
The "man" with the measuring line in Zechariah 2:2 is generally understood to be an angelic figure, specifically a divine messenger. While not explicitly identified as the "angel of the Lord" (a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ), he is clearly a heavenly being sent by God to convey a prophetic message. His role is to initiate the vision by performing the symbolic act of measuring, which then leads to the more profound revelation by another angel concerning Jerusalem's future. This figure acts as an instrument of God's divine survey and a visual aid for Zechariah's understanding of God's expansive plans.
What is the significance of "measuring Jerusalem" if it's going to be boundless?
The act of "measuring Jerusalem" in Zechariah 2:2 is deeply symbolic and carries a profound significance that is revealed in the subsequent verses. Initially, it appears to be a practical survey, perhaps for rebuilding the city's walls and infrastructure after the exile. However, the angelic explanation in Zechariah 2:4-5 reveals the true meaning: the measurement is not to limit Jerusalem, but to assess its potential for a future so vast and populous that it will exceed any physical boundaries. It signifies God's precise knowledge and meticulous planning for an immeasurable expansion, where the city will be "without walls for the multitude of men and cattle therein." Ultimately, the measurement serves to highlight that Jerusalem's true security and glory will not depend on man-made defenses, but on God Himself, who will be "a wall of fire round about, and will be the glory in the midst of her." It's a divine paradox: measuring the immeasurable to demonstrate God's boundless blessing and protection.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Zechariah 2:2, with its vision of a boundless, divinely protected Jerusalem, finds its ultimate and most profound fulfillment in Jesus Christ and the New Covenant community, the Church. The Old Testament Jerusalem, though a physical city, always pointed to a greater spiritual reality—God's dwelling place among His people. In Christ, this dwelling place is no longer confined to a geographical location or physical walls. Jesus Himself declares, "In my Father's house are many mansions... I go to prepare a place for you" (John 14:2-3). The "Jerusalem without walls" foreshadows the Church, which is not bounded by physical or ethnic lines, but is a spiritual temple built upon Christ as the cornerstone (Ephesians 2:19-22). Believers, both Jew and Gentile, are now citizens of "the heavenly Jerusalem" (Hebrews 12:22-24), a spiritual reality that transcends earthly limitations. The promise of God being "a wall of fire" around Jerusalem is perfectly fulfilled in Christ, who is our ultimate protector and the source of our security. He is the "glory in the midst" of His people, dwelling among us through the Holy Spirit. This vision culminates in the New Jerusalem described in Revelation, which descends from heaven, needing no temple or sun, "for the glory of God did lighten it, and the Lamb is the light thereof" (Revelation 21:22-27). Thus, Zechariah's vision points directly to the expansive, secure, and glorious reality of God's kingdom established and perfected in Christ.