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Commentary on Revelation 1 verses 9–20
We have now come to that glorious vision which the apostle had of the Lord Jesus Christ, when he came to deliver this revelation to him, where observe,
I. The account given of the person who was favoured with this vision. He describes himself, 1. By his present state and condition. He was the brother and companion of these churches in tribulation, and in the kingdom and patience of Christ. He was, at their time, as the rest of true Christians were, a persecuted man, banished, and perhaps imprisoned, for his adherence to Christ. He was their brother, though an apostle; he seems to value himself upon his relation to the church, rather than his authority in it: Judas Iscariot may be an apostle, but not a brother in the family of God. He was their companion: the children of God should choose communion and society with each other. He was their companion in tribulation: the persecuted servants of God did not suffer alone, the same trials are accomplished in others. He was their companion in patience, not only a sharer with them in suffering circumstances, but in suffering graces: if we have the patience of the saints, we should not grudge to meet with their trials. He was their brother and companion in the patience of the kingdom of Christ, a sufferer for Christ's cause, for asserting his kingly power over the church and the world, and for adhering to it against all who would usurp upon it. By this account he gives of his present state, he acknowledges his engagements to sympathize with them, and to endeavour to give them counsel and comfort, and bespeaks their more careful attention to what he had to say to them from Christ their common Lord. 2. By the place where he was when he was favoured with this vision: he was in the isle Patmos. He does not say who banished him thither. It becomes Christians to speak sparingly and modestly of their own sufferings. Patmos is said to be an island in the Aegean Sea, One of those called Cyclades, and was about thirty-five miles in compass; but under this confinement it was the apostle's comfort that he did not suffer as an evil-doer, but that it was for the testimony of Jesus, for bearing witness to Christ as the Immanuel, the Saviour. This was a cause worth suffering for; and the Spirit of glory and of God rested upon this persecuted apostle. 3. The day and time in which he had this vision: it was the Lord's day, the day which Christ had separated and set apart for himself, as the eucharist is called the Lord's supper. Surely this can be no other than the Christian sabbath, the first day of the week, to be observed in remembrance of the resurrection of Christ. Let us who call him our Lord honour him on his own day, the day which the Lord hath made and in which we ought to rejoice. 4. The frame that his soul was in at this time: He was in the Spirit. He was not only in a rapture when he received the vision, but before he received it; he was in a serious, heavenly, spiritual frame, under the blessed gracious influences of the Spirit of God. God usually prepares the souls of his people for uncommon manifestations of himself, by the quickening sanctifying influences of his good Spirit. Those who would enjoy communion with God on the Lord's day must endeavour to abstract their thoughts and affections from flesh and fleshly things, and be wholly taken up with things of a spiritual nature.
II. The apostle gives an account of what he heard when thus in the Spirit. An alarm was given as with the sound of a trumpet, and then he heard a voice, the voice of Christ applying to himself the character before given, the first and the last, and commanding the apostle to commit to writing the things that were now to be revealed to him, and to send it immediately to the seven Asian churches, whose names are mentioned. Thus our Lord Jesus, the captain of our salvation, gave the apostle notice of his glorious appearance, as with the sound of a trumpet.
III. We have also an account of what he saw. He turned to see the voice, whose it was and whence it came; and then a wonderful scene of vision opened itself to him.
1.He saw a representation of the church under the emblem of seven golden candlesticks, as it is explained in the last verse of the chapter. The churches are compared to candlesticks, because they hold forth the light of the gospel to advantage. The churches are not candles: Christ only is our light, and his gospel our lamp; but they receive their light from Christ and the gospel, and hold it forth to others. They are golden candlesticks, for they should be precious and pure, comparable to fine gold; not only the ministers, but the members of the churches ought to be such; their light should so shine before men as to engage others to give glory to God.
2.He saw a representation of the Lord Jesus Christ in the midst of the golden candlesticks; for he has promised to be with his churches always to the end of the world, filling them with light, and life, and love, for he is the very animating informing soul of the church. And here we observe,
(1.)The glorious form in which Christ appeared in several particulars. [1.] He was clothed with a garment down to the foot, a princely and priestly robe, denoting righteousness and honour. [2.] He was girt about with a golden girdle, the breast-plate of the high priest, on which the names of his people are engraven; he was ready girt to do all the work of a Redeemer. [3.] His head and hairs were white like wool or snow. He was the Ancient of days; his hoary head was no sign of decay, but was indeed a crown of glory. [4.] His eyes were as a flame of fire, piercing and penetrating into the very hearts and reins of men, scattering terrors among his adversaries. [5.] His feet were like unto fine burning brass, strong and stedfast, supporting his own interest, subduing his enemies, treading them to powder. [6.] His voice was as the sound of many waters, of many rivers falling in together. He can and will make himself heard to those who are afar off as well as to those who are near. His gospel is a profluent and mighty stream, fed by the upper springs of infinite wisdom and knowledge. [7.] He had in his right hand seven stars, that is, the ministers of the seven churches, who are under his direction, have all their light and influence from him, and are secured and preserved by him. [8.] Out of his mouth went a two-edged sword, his word, which both wounds and heals, strikes at sin on the right hand and on the left, [9.] His countenance was as the sun shining, its strength too bright and dazzling for mortal eyes to behold.
(2.)The impression this appearance of Christ made upon the apostle John (Rev 1:17): He fell at the feet of Christ as dead; he was overpowered with the greatness of the lustre and glory in which Christ appeared, though he had been so familiar with him before. How well is it for us that God speaks to us by men like ourselves, whose terrors shall not make us afraid, for none can see the face of God and live!
(3.)The condescending goodness of the Lord Jesus to his disciple: He laid his hand upon him, Rev 1:17. He raised him up; he did not plead against him with his great power, but he put strength into him, he spoke kind words to him. [1.] Words of comfort and encouragement: Fear not. He commanded away the slavish fears of his disciple. [2.] Words of instruction, telling him particularly who he was that thus appeared to him. And here he acquaints him, First, with his divine nature: The first and the last. Secondly, With his former sufferings: I was dead; the very same that his disciples saw upon the cross dying for the sins of men. Thirdly, With his resurrection and life: "I live, and am alive for evermore, have conquered death and opened the grave, and am partaker of an endless life." Fourthly, With his office and authority: I have the keys of hell and of death, a sovereign dominion in and over the invisible world, opening and none can shut, shutting so that none can open, opening the gates of death when he pleases and the gates of the eternal world, of happiness or misery, as the Judge of all, from whose sentence there lies no appeal. Fifthly, With his will and pleasure: Write the things which thou hast seen, and the things which are, and which shall be hereafter. Sixthly, With the meaning of the seven stars, that they are the ministers of the churches; and of the seven candlesticks, that they are the seven churches, to whom Christ would now send by him particular and proper messages.
"And His head and His hairs were white as it were white wool, and as it were snow." On the head the whiteness is shown; "but the head of Christ is God." in the white hairs is the multitude of abbots6 like to wool, in respect of simple sheep; to snow, in respect of the innumerable crowd of candidates taught from heaven.
"His eyes were as a flame of fire." God's precepts are those which minister light to believers, but to unbelievers burning.
The white hair is the multitude of those made white, that is, he is speaking of the neophytes who come forth from baptism. He speaks of wool because they are the sheep of Christ. He speaks of snow because just as snow falls freely from heaven, so also the grace of baptism comes apart from any preceding merits. For those who are baptized are Jerusalem, which each day comes down as though snow from heaven. That is, the church is said to descend from heaven because that grace is from heaven through which she is both freed from sins and joined to Christ, who is her eternal head and heavenly spouse.… The beast from the abyss is said to ascend, that is, an evil people is born from an evil people. For just as by descending humbly Jerusalem is exalted, so the beast, that is, that prideful people which arrogantly ascends, is cast down.
The head of Christ is God, and he himself is white on account of the brightness of the purity of the Unbegotten and on account of the unmixed light of the Only Begotten and on account of the pure radiance of the Holy Spirit and the immaculate glory of his righteousness. And not without reason is he called white, because he is compared to white wool and to snow on account of his tenderness which he gives without ceasing to the sinners. As it is written: “Though your sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; and though they are red as crimson, they shall become as wool.”
And his eyes were as a flame of fire. The eyes of the Lord are the preachers, providing spiritual fire and light to the faithful, and burning to the unbelievers.
His head and his hairs were white like wool, etc. The antiquity and immortality of majesty are shown in the whiteness of His head, to which all the chief ones cling like hair, resembling wool because of the sheep that will be on the right hand, and like snow because of the countless multitude of the purified and the chosen given by heaven.
And his head and his hairs were white, as white wool, and as snow. Christ's head is God the Father; whence the apostle: The head of Christ is God; [1 Cor. 11:3] whose eternity is represented, according to the habit of human speech, by the whiteness of the head. Allegorically, the head of the Church is its Redeemer, according to this: The head of man is Christ. [Ibid.] The hairs are the most excellent people in the Church, who are compared to lambs, that is to wool, because of their innocence, and to snow because of the resurrection. Because Christ has shown both in himself (i.e. innocence and resurrection, the former of which we are ordered to imitate, the latter of which we are ordered to expect) not only the hairs, but also the whole head is assimilated to white wool and snow. And his eyes were as a flame of fire. These eyes are those concerning which it is said later, I saw a Lamb as it were slain, having seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God; [Rev. 5:6] for since the Holy Spirit both enlightens the Church to faith and burns it to the love of God, it is right for him to be assimilated to the lights of eyes and to a flame of fire. These eyes may also represent spiritual angels in the Church who enlighten the same Church with the light of knowledge and provide the fire of love.
"The seven lampstands," as John himself goes on to explain, are the seven churches to which he has been commanded to write; he calls them "lampstands" because they bear the light of the glory of Christ. For he does not call them lamps, but "lampstands." This lamp itself does not emit light; rather, it contains within itself the power to illuminate. Christ illuminates His churches spiritually. For just as the holy apostle encourages those who have received the faith: "Become like stars in the world, holding forth the word of life," (Philip. 2:15-16) so too, the star itself does not possess light by itself but is receptive to an external light. In the same way, here the evangelist saw the churches not as lamps themselves but as "lampstands." For it has been said concerning Christ, "you wonderfully illuminate from eternal mountains," (Ps. 75:3) perhaps that means angelic powers; and again, towards the Father; "send forth your light and your truth" (Ps. 43:3); and again, the illumination of your face, O Lord. (Ps. 44:3) The participants in the divine light were recorded, some as stars, others as lamps.
John says that the "lampstands" are "golden" because it is honorable and surpassing to receive the divine radiance.
And he says that "in the midst of the seven lampstands, one like a son of man"; for if the Lord Himself promises to dwell and walk among the souls that received Him, how would He not be "seen in the midst of the lampstands"?
He says that the "Son of Man," Christ, who humbled himself for us "taking the form of a servant," (Philip. 2:7) became the fruit of the womb according to the divine melody (Ps. 126:3); the womb of the undefiled and ever-virgin Mary; for since Mary is a human and our sister, it is fitting that the one born from her without seed, according to the flesh the Word of God, is called the "Son of Man."
And he has spoken carefully without saying "the son of man", but "like a son of man," and also God and Lord of all, Emmanuel; and the vision shows his varied form, outlining the shape from his works and powers.
And first, he puts on a priestly garment; for the long "robe" and the "belt" are priestly garments; for it is said to him from God and the Father: "You are a priest forever according to the order of Melchizedek." (Heb. 5:6; Ps. 109:4) But the apostle also calls Christ "a high priest and apostle of our confession," (Heb. 3:1) as one who performs priestly service and brings to himself and to the Father and the Spirit our confession of faith.
And he puts on "a golden belt," having a belt with decorated attire [φάρους], as prescribed by the law for priests. For it was necessary for the difference between slaves and master to be shown, between the shadowy law and the truth in the New Covenant.
"His head and his hair were white like wool, as white as snow." For the mystery according to Christ is new in its appearance, but indeed eternal in its good pleasure. For the divine apostle wrote concerning him the mystery hidden from the ages and from the generations, which now has been revealed to his saints, to whom he willed. Therefore, the ancient aspect of the mystery, as far as it reached into divine favor, reveals the gray of the head intermingled with "wool" and "snow."
"and his eyes were like a flame." It is shown since Christ is also light, and He calls Himself this, saying "I am the light and the truth," (Jn. 8:12; 14:6) or He reveals the fearful things and the threat against the seven churches to which the things of the Revelation are sent, as those who are not following His laws perfectly. And He says,
"his feet were like gleaming bronze." They say that the copper mined in Mount Lebanon is both pure and self-originating, becoming purer after being purified in a furnace from the moderate impurity within it; through this, the firm and unshakable faith in Christ, bright and visible, is shown to have been firmly established in safekeeping. For Christ has been called the rock [πέτρα] by the apostle (1 Cor. 10:4), and a precious stone [λίθος] in the foundations of Zion by Isaiah (Isa. 28:16). Or he means that the "gleaming bronze" is incense that is bronze-like, which the physicians [ἰατρῶν παῖδες] have been accustomed to call male [ἄρρενα].
But this one is fragrant when it is burning; for the burning "furnace" is a sign that it is being burned. It shows that the foundation of the evangelical proclamation; for the foundation of the rest of the body are the "feet," which is Christ; for He is fragrant and, by fixing the spiritual fragrance, both the things in heaven and those on earth. The foundation is Christ, and Paul refers to this in a certain letter he wrote to the Corinthians, wisely saying, "I have laid the foundation as an expert builder; another is building upon it. Each person must consider how they build upon it, for no one can lay any foundation other than the one already laid, which is Jesus Christ." (1 Cor. 3:10-11) That Christ is fragrant in a spiritual sense is attested by the bride in the Song of Songs, who, having received a share of His fragrance, declares both that "the scent of your perfumes is more delightful than all spices" and that "your name is like a poured-out perfume." (Song 1:3) Moreover, the Lord Himself presents Himself as fragrant in His words to the bride, saying, "I am the flower of the field, the lily of the valleys." (Song 2:1) What then? Did not Paul also, having become fragrant from the participation [μετουσίας] in Christ, say: "that we are the fragrance of Christ?" (2 Cor. 2:15) And again: "and the aroma of the knowledge of Him is revealed to us." (2 Cor. 2:14)
"and his voice was like the sound of many waters," John said; and rightly so. For how else could his utterance have reached every part of the earth, and the proclamation about him to the ends of the inhabited world, if it were not unheard of? Not by audible loudness, but by the power of the proclamation.
"and he had seven stars in his right hand," he said. He himself interprets these stars as the angels of the seven churches, as the divine Gregory said in the presence of the bishops, addressing the ruling angels; "for I believe that each church is guarded by a different angel, as John teaches in the Revelation." I believe that the "stars" are called the holy angels because of the abundant illumination of Christ within them; and they "are in His right hand." For they are deemed worthy of the most honorable position before God, and as if they rest in the hand of God.
"and out of his mouth went a sharp two-edged sword." Therefore, the divine David says to the Lord, "Fix your sword upon your thigh, O mighty one." (Ps. 44:4) For at that time, the evangelical laws commanded us to observe them strictly, for violating them was deadly; therefore, the place of the thigh where the sword was placed indicated a delay in punishment, for it was not yet fully prepared for slaughter. Now from "his mouth" comes forth the "sword," signifying the riddle [αἰνίγματος] that those who are disobedient to the evangelical commandments face the danger of being cut in two by the sword of the soul. This is what the Lord declares in the Gospels, making this clear; and the apostle said: "for the word of God is living and active, and sharper than any two-edged sword" (Heb.4:12) against those who disobey, clearly indicating the threat it raises. Therefore, this sharpness is also attributed to John; it is the same as the sharp style found in the writings of Paul.
"and his face was like the sun shining in its power," John said. Well said, "like the sun"; for the Lord is "the sun of righteousness," according to the prophet Malachi. (Mal. 4:2) But so that you do not think the illumination of Christ's "face," which enlightens every person coming into the world (Jn. 1:9), is a physical body that is transparent and visibly shining, he attributed it to his power, as if to say: the light of Christ is intelligible, operating by power (Col. 1:29), not a bodily appearance, but one that enlightens the eyes of the soul.
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SUMMARY
Revelation 1:14 presents a profound and awe-inspiring description of the glorified Christ, depicting His head and hair as brilliantly white like wool and snow, and His eyes as a flame of fire. This vivid imagery powerfully communicates His eternal nature, pre-existence, profound wisdom, absolute purity, and omniscient, penetrating gaze that discerns all things and will execute righteous judgment.
CONTEXT
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
Revelation 1:14 is rich in Imagery, creating a powerful and awe-inspiring mental picture of the glorified Christ. The use of Simile is prominent, with "white like wool, as white as snow" and "eyes were as a flame of fire" making abstract divine qualities tangible and comprehensible. These comparisons draw on familiar elements (wool, snow, fire) to convey profound spiritual truths. Symbolism is also central, where the color white symbolizes purity, eternity, and wisdom, and fire symbolizes omniscience, judgment, and divine presence. The verse also employs Allusion, specifically to the Old Testament vision of the "Ancient of Days" in Daniel 7:9, enriching the meaning by linking Christ directly to the eternal, sovereign God of Israel, thereby affirming His deity and pre-existence.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Revelation 1:14 offers a profound theological statement about the person of Jesus Christ. The description of His white hair unequivocally links Him to the "Ancient of Days" of Old Testament prophecy, a figure representing the eternal God. This connection asserts Christ's pre-existence, co-eternality with the Father, and His infinite wisdom, establishing Him as the ultimate authority and source of all truth. His eyes like a flame of fire underscore His omniscience and judicial power, revealing that He is the one who sees all things, discerns motives, and will execute perfect justice. This vision provides both comfort in the knowledge of an all-wise and pure Savior, and a sobering call to reverence before the one who knows all and will judge all.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The majestic vision of Christ in Revelation 1:14 calls believers to a deeper understanding of who He is and how that reality should shape their lives. His head and hair, white as wool and snow, remind us that our Savior is not bound by time; He is the eternal, all-wise God who has always been and always will be. This truth offers immense comfort and stability in a world of constant change and uncertainty. We can trust His counsel and His plan because His wisdom is infinite and His purity absolute. Simultaneously, His eyes like a flame of fire serve as a powerful reminder of His penetrating gaze. He sees beyond outward appearances, discerning the true condition of our hearts, our hidden motives, and our deepest secrets. This should inspire both reverence and a commitment to genuine holiness, knowing that we live under the watchful eye of our perfectly just and omniscient Lord. It encourages us to live authentically, with integrity, and to pursue purity of heart, knowing that nothing is hidden from Him.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What is the significance of Christ's white hair in this vision?
Answer: The description of Christ's head and hair as "white like wool, as white as snow" is highly significant. It primarily symbolizes His eternal nature, pre-existence, and profound wisdom. This imagery directly echoes the "Ancient of Days" in Daniel 7:9, a figure representing God's eternal sovereignty and judicial authority. By linking Jesus to this Old Testament divine figure, Revelation affirms Christ's deity and His co-equality with God the Father. Additionally, the brilliant whiteness conveys His absolute purity, holiness, and unblemished character, signifying that He is beyond time and corruption.
What do Christ's eyes like a flame of fire represent?
Answer: Christ's eyes "as a flame of fire" symbolize His omniscience and penetrating discernment. This imagery indicates that His gaze sees all things—nothing is hidden from Him. He discerns truth from falsehood, penetrates the deepest motives of the heart, and sees into every secret. This fiery gaze also speaks to His righteous judgment. It is a consuming fire that purifies and judges, ensuring that justice will ultimately prevail. This motif is repeated in Revelation, such as when He addresses the church in Thyatira in Revelation 2:18 and again at His return in Revelation 19:12, reinforcing the biblical truth that nothing is hidden from God's sight.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Revelation 1:14 presents a Christ-centered fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy, particularly the vision of the "Ancient of Days" in Daniel 7:9. While Daniel saw a figure representing God's eternal sovereignty, John's vision explicitly identifies this eternal, all-wise, and judging figure as the resurrected and glorified Jesus Christ. This confirms that Jesus is not merely a prophet or a king, but the very Son of God, co-eternal with the Father, possessing infinite wisdom and absolute purity. His white hair signifies His timelessness, assuring believers that the one who died and rose again is the same yesterday, today, and forever. His eyes like a flame of fire reveal His perfect knowledge and judicial authority, demonstrating that He is the one to whom all judgment has been committed by the Father. This Christ is the one who intimately knows His churches (Revelation 2:2), will return in power and glory to execute righteous judgment (2 Thessalonians 1:7-8), and holds the keys of death and Hades. Thus, this vision is a powerful declaration of Christ's divine identity, His sovereign rule, and His ultimate authority over all creation and history, providing both comfort and a call to worship for His followers.