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Commentary on Numbers 4 verses 1–20
We have here a second muster of the tribe of Levi. As that tribe was taken out of all Israel to be God's peculiar, so the middle-aged men of that tribe were taken from among the rest to be actually employed in the service of the tabernacle. Now observe,
I. Who were to be taken into this number. All the males from thirty years old to fifty. Of the other tribes, those that were numbered to go forth to war were from twenty years old and upward, but of the Levites only from thirty to fifty; for the service of God requires the best of our strength, and the prime of our time, which cannot be better spent than to the honour of him who is the first and best. And a man may make a good soldier much sooner than a good minister. Now,
1.They were not to be employed till they were thirty years old, because till then they were in danger of retaining something childish and youthful and had not gravity enough to do the service, and wear the honour, of a Levite. They were entered as probationers at twenty-five years old, (Num 8:24), and in David's time, when there was more work to be done, at twenty (Ch1 23:24, and so Ezr 3:8); but they must be five years learning and waiting, and so fitting themselves for service; nay, in David's time they were ten years in preparation, from twenty to thirty. John Baptist began his public ministry, and Christ his, at thirty years old. This is not in the letter of it obligatory on gospel ministers now, as if they must either not begin their work till thirty years old or must leave off at fifty; but it gives us two good rules: - (1.) That ministers must not be novices, Ti1 3:6. It is a work that requires ripeness of judgment and great steadiness, and therefore those are very unfit for it who are but babes in knowledge and have not put away childish things. (2.) That they must learn before they teach, serve before they rule, and must first be proved, Ti1 3:10.
2.They were discharged at fifty years old from the toilsome part of the service, particularly that of carrying the tabernacle; for that is the special service to which they are here ordained, and which there was most occasion for while they were in the wilderness. When they began to enter upon old age, they were dismissed, (1.) In favour to them, that they might no be over-toiled when their strength began to decay. Twenty years' good service was thought pretty well for one man. (2.) In honour to the work, that it might not be done by those who, through the infirmities of age, were slow and heavy. The service of God should be done when we are in the most lively active frame. Those do not consider this who put off their repentance to old age, and so leave the best work to be done in the worst time.
II. How their work is described. They are said to enter into the host, or warfare, to do the work in the tabernacle. The ministry is a good work (Ti1 3:1): ministers are not ordained to the honour only, but to the labour, not only to have the wages, but to do the work. It is also a good warfare, Ti1 1:18. Those that enter into the ministry must look upon themselves as entered into the host, and approve themselves good soldiers, Ti2 2:3. Now, as to the sons of Kohath in particular, here is,
1.Their service appointed them, in the removes of the tabernacle. Afterwards, when the tabernacle was fixed, they had other work assigned them; but this was the work of the day, which was to be done in its day. Observe, Wherever the camp of Israel went, the tabernacle of the Lord went with them, and care must be taken for the carriage of it. Note, Wherever we go, we must see to it that we take our religion along with us, and not forget that or any part of it. Now the Koliathites were to carry all the holy things of the tabernacle. They were charged with those things before (Num 3:31), but here they have more particular instructions given them. (1.) Aaron, and his sons the priests, must pack up the things which the Kohathites were to carry, as here directed, Num 4:5, etc. God had before appointed that none should come into the most holy place, but only Aaron once a year with a cloud of incense (Lev 16:2); and yet, the necessity of their unsettled state requiring it, that law is here dispensed with; for every time they removed Aaron and his sons went in to take down the ark, and make it up for carriage; for (as the learned bishop Patrick suggests) the shechinah, or display of the divine majesty, which was over the mercy-seat, removed for the present in the pillar of cloud, which was taken up, and then the ark was not dangerous to be approached. (2.) All the holy things must be covered, the ark and table with three coverings, all the rest with two. Even the ashes of the altar, in which the holy fire was carefully preserved and raked up, must have a purple cloth spread over them, Num 4:13. Even the brazen altar, though in the court of the sanctuary it stood open to the view of all, yet was covered in the carriage of it. All these coverings were designed, [1.] For safety, that these holy things might not be ruffled with the wind, sullied with the rain, nor tarnished with the sun, but that they might be preserved in their beauty; for on all the glory shall be a defence. The coverings of badgers' skins, being thick and strong, would keep out wet; and, while we are in our passage through the wilderness of this world, it concerns us to be fenced for all weathers, Isa 4:5, Isa 4:6. [2.] For decency and ornament. Most of these things had a cloth of blue, or purple, or scarlet, spread outmost; and the ark was covered with a cloth wholly of blue (Num 4:6), an emblem (say some) of the azure skies, which are spread like a curtain between us and the Majesty on high, Job 26:9. Those that are faithful to God should endeavour likewise to appear beautiful before men, that they may adorn the doctrine of God our Saviour. [3.] For concealment. It signified the darkness of that dispensation. That which is now brought to light by the gospel, and revealed to babes, was then hidden from the wise and prudent. They saw only the coverings, not the holy things themselves (Heb 10:1); but now Christ has destroyed the face of the covering, Isa 25:7. (3.) When all the holy things were covered, then the Kohathites were to carry them on their shoulders. These things that had staves were carried by their staves (Num 4:6, Num 4:8, Num 4:11, Num 4:14); those that had not were carried upon a bar, or bier, or bearing barrow, Num 4:10, Num 4:12. See how the tokens of God's presence in this world are movable things; but we look for a kingdom that cannot be moved.
2.Eleazar, now the eldest son of Aaron, is appointed overseer of the Kohathites in this service (Num 4:16); he must take care that nothing was forgotten, left behind, or displaced. As a priest he had more honour than the Levites, but then he had more care; and that care was a heavier burden, no doubt, upon his heart, than all the burdens that were laid upon their shoulders. It is much easier to do the work of the tabernacle than to discharge the trusts of it, to obey than to rule.
3.Great care must be taken to preserve the lives of these Levites, by preventing their unseasonable irreverent approach to the most holy things: Cut you not off the Kohathites, Num 4:18. Note, Those who do not what they can to keep others from sin do what they can to cut them off. [1.] The Kohathites must not see the holy things till the priests had covered them, Num 4:20. Even those that bore the vessels of the Lord saw not what they bore, so much were even those in the dark concerning the gospel whose office it was to expound the law. And, [2.] When the holy things were covered, they might not touch them, at least not the ark, called here the holy thing, upon pain of death, Num 4:15. Uzza was struck dead for the breach of this law. Thus were the Lord's ministers themselves then kept in fear, and that was a dispensation of terror, as well as darkness; but now, through Christ, the case is altered; we have seen with our eyes, and our hands have handles, the word of life (Jo1 1:1), and we are encouraged to come boldly to the throne of grace.
Why did God command that some of the sacred vessels should be covered with blue veils and others with purple veils?Only the veils of the more precious vessels were blue. The color suggests the sky. For this reason God commanded the objects behind the veil to be covered with blue tapestry but the objects outside it with purple and colors like it. For the sky is not subject to punishment, but the earth is punished for transgressions of the law. The color purple signifies a kingdom. The kingdom of God is divine, without beginning and indestructible. Hence the objects outside the tent were covered with veils both purple and blue. When the household of Kohath exercised their office, the law commanded that the priests should first enter the sanctuary and cover the ark and the other vessels with the veils already mentioned. Only then would the household of Kohath transport these objects, lest they lay eyes on things that are sacred and secret and that would destroy those who see them accidentally.
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SUMMARY
Numbers 4:6 meticulously details the final layers of covering applied to the Ark of the Covenant by the Kohathites before its transport through the wilderness. This verse highlights the profound holiness of God's presence, symbolized by the Ark, and the precise divine instructions essential for its handling. The use of durable outer coverings and a vibrant inner blue cloth underscores both the practical necessity for protection during travel and the symbolic representation of God's heavenly majesty and the sacredness of His covenant with Israel, ensuring reverence and safety for those involved in its movement.
CONTEXT
Literary Context: Numbers chapter 4 provides highly specific instructions concerning the duties of the Levite clans—the Kohathites, Gershonites, and Merarites—in the dismantling, transport, and reassembly of the Tabernacle and its sacred furnishings. The preceding verses (Numbers 4:1-5) detail the Kohathites' primary responsibility for the most holy objects, including the Ark of the Covenant, the Table of Showbread, the Lampstand, and the Altars. Numbers 4:6 specifically focuses on the Ark, the preeminent object, outlining the final two layers of covering applied after the veil of the Tabernacle had been placed over it (as described in Numbers 4:5). This meticulous layering underscores the Ark's supreme sanctity and the extreme danger associated with unauthorized viewing or contact, a warning explicitly stated later in Numbers 4:20). The precise order and materials for each covering were not arbitrary but divinely ordained, emphasizing the absolute reverence required when approaching God's dwelling place.
Historical & Cultural Context: The instructions in Numbers 4:6 are set against the backdrop of Israel's wilderness wanderings, a period of nomadic existence where the Tabernacle served as the central point of worship and the tangible symbol of God's presence among His people. The Ark of the Covenant, containing the tablets of the Law, represented the very throne of God and the locus of His covenant relationship with Israel. During travel, it was imperative that the Ark, along with other sacred items, be protected from the elements and from defilement, while also being prepared for efficient transport. The "badgers' skins" (often identified as dugong or porpoise hides, or a durable leather) provided a robust, weather-resistant outer layer, essential for safeguarding the Ark in the harsh desert environment. The "cloth wholly of blue" signified divinity, heaven, and purity, colors frequently used in the Tabernacle's construction and priestly garments, as seen in the detailed descriptions found in Exodus 26 and Exodus 28. The mention of the staves, which were never to be removed from the Ark (as commanded in Exodus 25:15), highlights the Ark's constant readiness for movement, symbolizing God's dynamic and portable presence, always journeying with His people.
Key Themes: Numbers 4:6 contributes significantly to several key themes within the book of Numbers and the Pentateuch. Foremost is the theme of Divine Holiness and Separation, emphasizing God's absolute transcendence and the strict protocols required for sinful humanity to approach His sacred presence. The multiple layers of covering, particularly the blue cloth and the protective outer skin, underscore the Ark's inherent sanctity and the danger of unauthorized access, reinforcing the need for mediation and divine instruction. Another prominent theme is Divine Order and Meticulousness, as the verse exemplifies God's precise and detailed commands for the Tabernacle's operation and transport. This attention to detail highlights God's sovereignty and His expectation of human obedience in worship and service. Finally, the verse speaks to God's Portable Presence and Providence. The Ark, with its staves always in place, symbolizes God's commitment to journey with His people, providing guidance and protection in their wilderness wanderings, a theme echoed throughout the narrative of Israel's journey (e.g., Numbers 9:15-23).
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
Numbers 4:6, though a seemingly simple instruction, is rich in literary devices that amplify its theological significance. Symbolism is paramount, with each element of the covering carrying deep meaning. The "covering of badgers' skins" symbolizes protection and durability, representing God's providential care for His holy dwelling. The "cloth wholly of blue" symbolizes divinity, the heavens, and purity, pointing to the transcendent nature of God and the Ark's sacred connection to His throne. The "staves" symbolize God's portable presence, His willingness to journey with His people, and the constant readiness of His divine guidance. The meticulous detail in the instructions themselves employs Repetition of divine command (across Numbers 4 and Exodus 25), reinforcing the absolute necessity of obedience and reverence in handling sacred things. There is also an element of Metonymy, where the Ark itself stands for God's presence, making the instructions for its covering implicitly instructions for how to approach and honor God Himself. The unseen holiness, protected by layers, also subtly employs Mystery, hinting at the unapproachable glory of God that must be veiled for human safety.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Numbers 4:6 profoundly illustrates the themes of divine holiness, meticulous order, and God's protective presence. The layers of covering over the Ark underscore the absolute sanctity of God, emphasizing His transcendence and the necessity of a mediator and specific protocol for sinful humanity to approach Him. This verse teaches that God is a God of order, whose commands are precise and whose expectations for obedience are absolute, particularly in matters pertaining to His worship and presence. The practical protection offered by the badgers' skins, combined with the symbolic purity of the blue cloth, signifies God's comprehensive care—both physical and spiritual—for His covenant symbols and, by extension, for His people. The constant readiness of the Ark for transport through its staves highlights God's immanent presence, His commitment to journey with His people, and His active guidance throughout their wilderness experience.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Numbers 4:6, though detailing ancient rituals, offers profound spiritual lessons for believers today. The meticulous care prescribed for the Ark of the Covenant reminds us of the profound reverence due to God and His Word. Just as the Ark symbolized God's presence, so too does the Holy Spirit indwell believers, making our bodies temples of the living God. This calls us to live lives of purity, holiness, and intentionality, honoring God in every aspect, recognizing His sacred presence within and among us. The divine order in the Tabernacle's handling challenges us to approach our service to God with diligence, faithfulness, and a commitment to His revealed will, rather than our own preferences. Furthermore, the Ark's constant readiness for movement with its staves assures us that God's presence is not static but dynamic, ever-journeying with us through life's wildernesses, providing guidance, protection, and companionship. We are called to trust in His abiding presence and to live in a way that reflects the glory of the One who walks with us.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why were there so many layers of covering for the Ark?
Answer: The multiple layers of covering for the Ark of the Covenant, as detailed in Numbers 4:5-6, served both practical and theological purposes. Practically, the outermost layer of "badgers' skins" provided durable, weather-resistant protection against the harsh elements of the wilderness during transport. Theologically, the layers underscored the Ark's immense holiness and the unapproachable glory of God it represented. The innermost veil (mentioned in Numbers 4:5) and the blue cloth (from Numbers 4:6) symbolized the divine, heavenly, and pure nature of God's presence, shielding it from human sight. This meticulous veiling protected both the Ark from defilement and the people from God's overwhelming holiness, as unauthorized viewing or contact could result in death, as seen in Numbers 4:20. It emphasized the sacred distance between a holy God and sinful humanity, bridged only by divine command and priestly mediation.
What was the significance of the "cloth wholly of blue"?
Answer: The "cloth wholly of blue" (Hebrew: techelet) held profound symbolic significance in ancient Israel. Blue, particularly this specific dye, was associated with the heavens, divinity, and purity. It was used extensively in the Tabernacle's curtains, the high priest's garments, and the fringes on Israelite garments (as commanded in Numbers 15:38). Placing a blue cloth directly over the Ark, beneath the protective outer layer, visually communicated the Ark's heavenly origin and its connection to God's divine throne. It served as a constant reminder of the transcendent, pure, and holy nature of the God who dwelt among His people, even when His presence was veiled from direct sight.
Were the staves of the Ark ever removed?
Answer: No, the staves of the Ark were explicitly commanded never to be removed. Exodus 25:15 states, "The staves shall be in the rings of the ark: they shall not be taken from it." This perpetual placement ensured that the Ark was always ready for transport, symbolizing God's continuous and mobile presence with His people throughout their wilderness journey. It underscored that God was not confined to a single location but was actively leading and accompanying Israel wherever they went. The instruction in Numbers 4:6 to "put in the staves thereof" likely refers to ensuring they were properly seated and secured for the Kohathites to lift and carry, rather than their initial insertion.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Numbers 4:6, with its detailed instructions for covering and transporting the Ark of the Covenant, finds its ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ. The Ark, as the dwelling place of God's presence among His people, foreshadowed Christ, who is the true embodiment of God's presence on earth. Just as the Ark was covered to protect its sanctity and shield humanity from God's overwhelming holiness, so too did Christ, though fully God, take on human flesh, veiling His divine glory so that humanity could approach Him. John 1:14 declares that "the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us," with "dwelt" (Greek: eskēnōsen) literally meaning "tabernacled," signifying that Jesus is the ultimate Tabernacle where God truly resides among His people. The protective layers over the Ark, safeguarding God's covenant, point to Christ as the one who perfectly upholds and fulfills the Law, providing ultimate access to God without consuming judgment. He is the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world, making direct access possible through His sacrifice, as explained in Hebrews 10:19-20. Furthermore, the staves that ensured the Ark's constant readiness for movement symbolize Christ's enduring and portable presence through the Holy Spirit. He promised, "I am with you always, even unto the end of the world" (Matthew 28:20), signifying that God's presence is no longer confined to a physical object or temple but dwells within believers, guiding and accompanying them through every journey of life. Christ is the ultimate reality to which the Ark and its coverings pointed, providing perfect access, protection, and an abiding presence for all who believe.