Judges 5:15

KJV

And the princes of Issachar [were] with Deborah; even Issachar, and also Barak: he was sent on foot into the valley. For the divisions of Reuben [there were] great thoughts of heart.

KJV (with Strong's)

And the princes {H8269} of Issachar {H3485} were with Deborah {H1683}; even Issachar {H3485}, and also Barak {H1301}: he was sent {H7971} on foot {H7272} into the valley {H6010}. For the divisions {H6390} of Reuben {H7205} there were great {H1419} thoughts {H2711} of heart {H3820}.

Complete Jewish Bible

The princes of Yissakhar were with D'vorah, Yissakhar, along with Barak; into the valley they rushed forth behind him. Among the divisions of Re'uven they made great resolutions in their hearts.

Berean Standard Bible

The princes of Issachar were with Deborah, and Issachar was with Barak, rushing into the valley at his heels. In the clans of Reuben there was great indecision.

American Standard Version

And the princes of Issachar were with Deborah; As was Issachar, so was Barak; Into the valley they rushed forth at his feet. By the watercourses of Reuben There were great resolves of heart.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Judges 5:15, a poignant verse within the poetic "Song of Deborah and Barak," vividly contrasts the unwavering commitment of the tribe of Issachar with the regrettable indecision of Reuben during Israel's critical battle against Sisera. It highlights Issachar's active support for Deborah and Barak, whose courage led him into the perilous valley, while simultaneously lamenting Reuben's internal deliberations that prevented their participation, thereby underscoring the vital importance of unity and decisive action in times of national and spiritual crisis.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Judges 5:15 is deeply embedded within the "Song of Deborah and Barak" ([Judges 5](/judges/5 "Judges 5 - The Song of Deborah and Barak")), a magnificent poetic triumph that recounts Israel's miraculous victory over the formidable Canaanite forces led by Sisera. This song serves as a divine commentary and celebration, following the prose narrative of the battle in [Judges 4](/judges/4 "Judges 4 - Deborah and Barak Defeat Sisera"). Specifically, verse 15 forms an integral part of a tribal roll call (verses 14-18), where the poet meticulously praises those tribes who responded with courage and solidarity and, conversely, implicitly or explicitly critiques those who held back. The stark juxtaposition between Issachar's decisive engagement and Reuben's debilitating hesitation is a central rhetorical device within this section, powerfully underscoring the song's overarching themes of commitment, divine sovereignty, and the consequences of human obedience or failure.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The era of the Judges was a tumultuous period characterized by a loose confederacy of Israelite tribes, frequently experiencing cycles of apostasy, oppression by surrounding peoples, and subsequent divine deliverance through charismatic leaders. At this juncture, King Jabin of Hazor and his military commander Sisera posed an existential threat to the nascent Israelite nation, commanding a technologically superior army equipped with 900 iron chariots. The battle, strategically fought near the Kishon River, was a pivotal encounter that determined the trajectory of Israel's survival. In this tribal society, collective action and inter-tribal solidarity were paramount for defense and prosperity, yet internal divisions and varying degrees of commitment were common. The description of Barak being "sent on foot into the valley" highlights the immense personal danger and courage required to confront chariots on open, muddy terrain, emphasizing the high stakes of the conflict. Reuben, traditionally the firstborn tribe of Jacob, held a position of honor and expectation, making their absence from the battle particularly noteworthy and a source of implied shame within the song.
* **Key Themes:** This verse powerfully contributes to several overarching themes within the Song of Deborah and the broader book of Judges. First, it illuminates the theme of **Commitment and Loyalty**, exemplified by the "princes of Issachar" who stood decisively with Deborah and Barak. Their readiness to engage in the dangerous fight, mirroring Barak's courageous descent "on foot into the valley," underscores the importance of unwavering support for God-ordained leadership and the collective cause. Second, it highlights **Indecision and Division**, epitomized by Reuben's "great thoughts of heart." This phrase, implying deep internal deliberation or reluctance, points to a failure of unity and a prioritizing of self-interest or fear over the urgent call to defend their brethren. This inaction is implicitly criticized, serving as a cautionary tale about the detrimental impact of disunity during a national crisis, a recurring issue throughout the period of the Judges, as seen in other tribal conflicts like those in [Judges 12](/judges/12 "Judges 12 - Jephthah and Ephraim's Conflict"). Finally, the verse speaks to the **Call to Action**, emphasizing the divine mandate for God's people to respond courageously and without hesitation. While Issachar embodies swift obedience, Reuben's hesitation serves as a stark reminder of the cost of failing to embrace collective responsibility and divine purpose, a theme echoed in the call for all Israel to fight in [Judges 20](/judges/20 "Judges 20 - The War Against Benjamin").

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **Princes (Hebrew, _sar'_):** From H8269, meaning "a head person (of any rank or class); captain (that had rule), chief (captain), general, governor, keeper, lord,(-task-)master, prince(-ipal), ruler, steward." The mention of "princes of Issachar" signifies that the leadership, and by extension, the entire tribe of Issachar, was actively and decisively involved. This indicates a unified and committed front from this tribe, highlighting their role in mobilizing and participating in the battle alongside Deborah and Barak.
* **Thoughts (Hebrew, _chêqeq'_):** From H2711, meaning "an enactment, a resolution; decree, thought." In this context, "thoughts" (plural, `ḥiqrê`) refers to deep internal deliberations or resolutions. For Reuben, these were "great thoughts of heart," implying a profound, perhaps agonizing, internal process that ultimately led to inaction. It suggests a preoccupation with their own affairs or fears, preventing them from joining the crucial battle and highlighting a failure of resolve and unity.
* **Heart (Hebrew, _lêb'_):** From H3820, a form of `lêbâb`, referring to "the heart; also used (figuratively) very widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect; likewise for the centre of anything." When combined with "thoughts," "heart" emphasizes that Reuben's indecision was not merely a logistical issue but stemmed from their innermost being—their will, emotions, and reasoning. It points to a deep-seated reluctance or internal conflict that prevented them from acting decisively in a moment of national crisis.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"And the princes of Issachar [were] with Deborah; even Issachar, and also Barak:"** This clause powerfully establishes the active and unified support of the tribe of Issachar. The specific mention of "princes" indicates that their leadership was fully aligned, and the subsequent repetition of "Issachar" emphasizes the collective presence and commitment of the entire tribe. This signifies their decisive participation and solidarity with Deborah, the divinely appointed prophetess and judge, and Barak, the military commander, in the face of the Canaanite threat.
* **"he was sent on foot into the valley."** This phrase specifically refers to Barak, the commander. It vividly portrays his courageous and vulnerable leadership. To go "on foot" into the "valley" (likely the Kishon Valley, where Sisera's chariots held a significant advantage) signifies extreme personal risk and direct engagement in the most dangerous part of the conflict. This act of frontline leadership stands in stark contrast to the hesitation of other tribes and sets a high standard for commitment and bravery.
* **"For the divisions of Reuben [there were] great thoughts of heart."** This clause introduces a sharp and critical contrast to Issachar's commitment. "Divisions" (Hebrew, `pᵉlaggâh`, meaning "runlet" or "gully," suggesting internal factions, geographical separation, or perhaps the various clans of the tribe) of Reuben implies a lack of cohesion. The "great thoughts of heart" indicate deep, perhaps agonizing, internal deliberations, indecision, or a preoccupation with their own affairs that ultimately prevented the tribe of Reuben from joining the crucial battle. This is a pointed lament and criticism, highlighting their failure to act decisively when unity and immediate action were paramount for the collective good.

#### Literary Devices
The primary literary device at play in Judges 5:15 is **Contrast**. The verse starkly juxtaposes the decisive, unified action of Issachar and Barak with the debilitating indecision and internal conflict of Reuben. This contrast serves to highlight the virtues of commitment, courage, and solidarity while implicitly critiquing hesitation, disunity, and self-interest. Additionally, there is an element of **Synecdoche** or **Metonymy**, where "Reuben" represents the entire tribe, and "heart" stands for their inner thoughts, intentions, and will. The poetic nature of the "Song of Deborah" also employs **Repetition** ("Issachar, even Issachar") for powerful emphasis, reinforcing the tribe's complete engagement and unwavering support. The vivid imagery of Barak going "on foot into the valley" functions as **Symbolism**, representing the personal risk, vulnerability, and courageous self-sacrifice inherent in true commitment to a divine cause.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Judges 5:15 offers profound theological insights into the nature of divine calling, human response, and the indispensable importance of corporate unity in accomplishing God's purposes. The stark contrast between Issachar and Reuben powerfully illustrates the biblical principle that while God initiates and empowers His work, human obedience and decisive action are crucial for the fulfillment of His sovereign plans. The "great thoughts of heart" of Reuben serve as a cautionary tale against spiritual paralysis caused by internal deliberation, fear, or self-interest, reminding us that indecision can be as detrimental to God's kingdom work as outright rebellion. Conversely, Issachar's swift and unified response exemplifies the blessing and effectiveness that flow from wholehearted commitment to God's appointed leaders and His mission. The verse implicitly teaches that true faith is demonstrated not merely in intellectual belief, but in courageous, unified action when God calls His people to step forward.

* [Deuteronomy 20:8](/deuteronomy/20-8 "Deuteronomy 20:8 - Dismissing the Fainthearted")
* [James 1:8](/james/1-8 "James 1:8 - The Double-Minded Man")
* [Hebrews 10:39](/hebrews/10-39 "Hebrews 10:39 - Do Not Shrink Back")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Judges 5:15 presents a timeless and piercing challenge to believers today: are we like Issachar, ready to stand with conviction and courage in the face of spiritual battles and divine calls, or are we like Reuben, paralyzed by "great thoughts of heart"—indecision, fear, self-interest, or excessive deliberation—that prevent us from engaging fully and decisively in God's work? This verse calls us to a profound self-examination of our own readiness to respond to divine directives, whether in our personal discipleship, our active participation within our church communities, or our engagement in the broader mission field. It serves as a potent reminder that unity of purpose, courageous obedience, and decisive action are not mere preferences but are often essential prerequisites for spiritual victory and for the advancement of God's kingdom. To overcome internal hesitations, to prioritize the collective good over personal comfort, and to embrace courageous obedience are vital for the health, vitality, and effectiveness of the body of Christ. We are encouraged to move beyond mere contemplation to active, faith-filled participation, trusting that God empowers and uses those who step out in faith, even into the "valley" of perceived danger.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **In what specific areas of my life or ministry am I exhibiting the "great thoughts of heart" that lead to inaction, mirroring Reuben's indecision?**
* **How can I cultivate the decisive commitment, courageous action, and unified spirit exemplified by Issachar in my personal walk with God and within my community of faith?**
* **What specific fears, self-interests, or internal deliberations might be preventing me from fully engaging in God's call for my life or for the church's collective mission?**

### FAQ
**Why is Reuben singled out for criticism in the Song of Deborah?**

Answer: Reuben, as the traditional firstborn son of Jacob, held a position of significant prominence and leadership among the tribes of Israel. Their absence from such a critical battle, which was essential for the survival and freedom of the entire nation, was therefore particularly conspicuous and deeply disappointing. The phrase "great thoughts of heart" attributed to them suggests not an outright rebellion against God or His appointed leaders, but rather a debilitating internal deliberation, a preoccupation with their own affairs, or a profound indecision that ultimately prevented them from fulfilling their expected role. This failure to act, especially from a leading tribe, would have been seen as a significant blow to tribal unity and a dereliction of sacred duty, hence the pointed criticism in the song. While their geographical location (being on the east side of the Jordan River) or internal divisions ("divisions of Reuben") might have contributed to their hesitation, the song frames it primarily as a moral failing of commitment and resolve in a moment of dire national need, underscoring the importance of unity and obedience to God's call, as seen throughout [the book of Judges](/judges/1 "Judges 1 - Introduction to the Book of Judges").

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The tension between decisive action and debilitating indecision in Judges 5:15 finds its ultimate resolution and perfect fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ. While human leaders like Deborah and Barak, and tribes like Issachar, demonstrated commendable courage and obedience, their efforts were imperfect and their victories temporary. Jesus, however, is the perfect embodiment of decisive obedience, who did not allow "great thoughts of heart" or any internal deliberation to deter Him from His divine mission. He willingly went "on foot into the valley" of human suffering and death, taking on the form of a servant and humbling Himself, even to the point of death on a cross, as profoundly described in [Philippians 2:5-8](/philippians/2-5 "Philippians 2:5-8 - Christ's Humility and Obedience"). His unwavering resolve in the Garden of Gethsemane, where He prayed, "not my will, but yours be done" ([Luke 22:42](/luke/22-42 "Luke 22:42 - Jesus' Prayer in Gethsemane")), stands in stark contrast to Reuben's indecision, demonstrating perfect alignment with the Father's will and an ultimate commitment to the salvation of humanity. Through His ultimate sacrifice and victorious resurrection, Jesus enables His followers to overcome the "thoughts of heart" that lead to fear, inaction, and disunity, empowering them to live lives of unified, courageous obedience. He is the true leader who has already secured the decisive victory over sin and death, inviting us, His body, to participate in His ongoing mission without hesitation, looking to Him, "the pioneer and perfecter of faith, who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross" ([Hebrews 12:2](/hebrews/12-2 "Hebrews 12:2 - Jesus, the Pioneer and Perfecter of Faith")).

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Judges 4:14

And Deborah said unto Barak, Up; for this [is] the day in which the LORD hath delivered Sisera into thine hand: is not the LORD gone out before thee? So Barak went down from mount Tabor, and ten thousand men after him.

Judges 4:10

¶ And Barak called Zebulun and Naphtali to Kedesh; and he went up with ten thousand men at his feet: and Deborah went up with him.

Judges 4:6

And she sent and called Barak the son of Abinoam out of Kedeshnaphtali, and said unto him, Hath not the LORD God of Israel commanded, [saying], Go and draw toward mount Tabor, and take with thee ten thousand men of the children of Naphtali and of the children of Zebulun?

Acts 15:39

And the contention was so sharp between them, that they departed asunder one from the other: and so Barnabas took Mark, and sailed unto Cyprus;

2 Corinthians 11:2

For I am jealous over you with godly jealousy: for I have espoused you to one husband, that I may present [you as] a chaste virgin to Christ.

Acts 20:13

¶ And we went before to ship, and sailed unto Assos, there intending to take in Paul: for so had he appointed, minding himself to go afoot.

Proverbs 22:13

¶ The slothful [man] saith, [There is] a lion without, I shall be slain in the streets.