Habakkuk 1:3

KJV

Why dost thou shew me iniquity, and cause [me] to behold grievance? for spoiling and violence [are] before me: and there are [that] raise up strife and contention.

KJV (with Strong's)

Why dost thou shew {H7200} me iniquity {H205}, and cause me to behold {H5027} grievance {H5999}? for spoiling {H7701} and violence {H2555} are before me: and there are that raise up {H5375} strife {H7379} and contention {H4066}.

Complete Jewish Bible

Why do you make me see wrongdoing, why do you permit oppression? Pillage and cruelty confront me, so that strife and discord prevail.

Berean Standard Bible

Why do You make me see iniquity? Why do You tolerate wrongdoing? Destruction and violence are before me. Strife is ongoing, and conflict abounds.

American Standard Version

Why dost thou show me iniquity, and look upon perverseness? for destruction and violence are before me; and there is strife, and contention riseth up.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Habakkuk 1:3 encapsulates the prophet's profound distress and earnest lament to God over the pervasive moral decay and rampant injustice he observes in Judah. It marks the opening salvo of his theological complaint, questioning divine inaction in the face of widespread iniquity, grievance, spoiling, violence, strife, and contention that plague his society. This verse sets the stage for a dramatic dialogue between the prophet and the Almighty concerning the problem of evil and God's sovereign response.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Habakkuk 1:3 is an integral part of the prophet's initial lament to God, immediately following his desperate cry in [Habakkuk 1:2](/habakkuk/1-2 "Habakkuk 1:2 - Habakkuk's Lament") where he asks, "How long, O LORD, shall I cry, and thou wilt not hear!" This verse elaborates on the specific nature of the wickedness that burdens Habakkuk, detailing the "iniquity," "grievance," "spoiling," "violence," "strife," and "contention" that are constantly before his eyes. It serves as the concrete evidence supporting his plea for divine intervention, setting up God's surprising response in [Habakkuk 1:5-11](/habakkuk/1-5-11 "Habakkuk 1:5-11 - God's Response Regarding the Chaldeans"), where He reveals His plan to use the Chaldeans (Babylonians) as an instrument of judgment. The prophet's complaint here forms the first half of a theological dialogue that continues through [Habakkuk 2](/habakkuk/2 "Habakkuk 2 - God's Answer and Woes").
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The prophet Habakkuk likely ministered in Judah during the late 7th century BCE, a tumultuous period preceding the Babylonian exile. This was a time of significant moral and spiritual decline within the kingdom, following the brief revival under King Josiah but quickly reverting to idolatry and social injustice under his successors (Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin, Zedekiah). The people of Judah, including their leaders, had largely abandoned the covenant laws of God, leading to widespread corruption, exploitation of the poor, and a breakdown of the legal system. The "spoiling and violence" Habakkuk observes were not merely individual acts but systemic issues, indicating a society where the powerful oppressed the weak with impunity, and justice was perverted. The "strife and contention" point to a fractured community, indicative of a society devoid of peace and order, mirroring the internal decay that would eventually make Judah vulnerable to external powers like Babylon.
* **Key Themes:** Habakkuk 1:3 introduces several critical themes that permeate the book. Foremost is the **problem of evil (theodicy)**, as the prophet grapples with how a just and holy God can seemingly tolerate such rampant wickedness among His own people. This verse highlights the theme of **divine justice**, questioning why God's righteous judgment appears delayed or absent. It underscores the **prophetic lament**, a common biblical motif where a prophet or righteous individual voices deep anguish and confusion directly to God concerning prevailing injustice. Furthermore, it sets the stage for the overarching theme of **faith in the midst of suffering and uncertainty**, which culminates in the pivotal declaration of [Habakkuk 2:4](/habakkuk/2-4 "Habakkuk 2:4 - The Righteous Live by Faith"), "the just shall live by his faith." Habakkuk's honest questioning here is a testament to his deep commitment to God's righteousness and his struggle to reconcile it with the observable reality of his day.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **Iniquity (Hebrew, _ʼâven'_):** This term (H205) refers to "nothingness" or "vanity," but also profoundly signifies "trouble," "wickedness," and "sorrow." It denotes not merely evil acts, but the inherent emptiness and destructive nature of sin, often leading to affliction and disaster. Habakkuk sees the very essence of worthlessness and moral depravity.
* **Grievance (Hebrew, _ʻâmâl'_):** This word (H5999) speaks of "toil," "wearing effort," and consequently, "worry" or "misery." It particularly points to the pain and suffering that result from oppression or burdensome labor. For Habakkuk, the grievance is not just observed; it is a heavy burden, a painful reality that wears him down as he beholds it.
* **Violence (Hebrew, _châmâç'_):** This powerful term (H2555) denotes "violence," "wrong," and "unjust gain," often implying brutality and oppression. It describes not merely physical force but actions that are fundamentally unjust and cruel, violating moral and social order. This same word is famously used in [Genesis 6:11](/genesis/6-11 "Genesis 6:11 - The Earth Filled with Violence") to describe the pervasive wickedness before the flood, underscoring the severity of the moral decay Habakkuk witnesses.
* **Strife (Hebrew, _rîyb'_):** This word (H7379) signifies a "contest" or "quarrel," often in a legal or personal sense. It points to disputes, contentions, and a general state of conflict, indicating a breakdown of harmony and justice within the community.
* **Contention (Hebrew, _mâdôwn'_):** Closely related to "strife," this term (H4066) also means "a contest or quarrel," emphasizing brawling, discord, and persistent disputation. Together with "strife," it paints a picture of a society consumed by internal conflict and a lack of peace.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"Why dost thou shew me iniquity, and cause [me] to behold grievance?"**: This opening rhetorical question expresses the prophet's deep anguish and confusion. Habakkuk is not merely observing evil; he feels that God is actively *allowing* him to witness and be burdened by the pervasive moral corruption and the resulting suffering. The verbs "shew" (H7200, _râʼâh_, to see, perceive) and "behold" (H5027, _nâbaṭ_, to look intently, consider) suggest an inescapable, vivid encounter with wickedness, implying that God, in His sovereignty, is permitting this painful exposure. It's a plea for understanding from a faithful servant who struggles to reconcile God's holiness with the apparent allowance of evil.
* **"for spoiling and violence [are] before me:"**: This clause provides the immediate justification for Habakkuk's lament. The terms "spoiling" (H7701, _shôd_, devastation, robbery) and "violence" (H2555, _châmâç_, brutal injustice) describe specific, tangible forms of oppression and lawlessness. The phrase "before me" emphasizes the immediacy and inescapable nature of these evils; they are not distant rumors but prominent, undeniable realities directly impacting his experience and the fabric of his society.
* **"and there are [that] raise up strife and contention."**: This final clause further details the societal breakdown, moving from overt acts of oppression to internal discord. The verb "raise up" (H5375, _nâsâʼ_, to lift, stir up) implies active instigation of conflict. "Strife" (H7379, _rîyb_, legal or personal dispute) and "contention" (H4066, _mâdôwn_, brawling, discord) depict a community characterized by constant quarreling, legal wrangling, and a general absence of peace and harmony. This indicates a profound moral decay that has corrupted not only individual actions but also the very social structures.

#### Literary Devices
Habakkuk 1:3 is rich in literary devices that amplify the prophet's distress. The verse opens with a powerful **Rhetorical Question**, "Why dost thou shew me iniquity, and cause [me] to behold grievance?", which is not seeking information but expressing profound bewilderment, anguish, and a direct challenge to divine apparent inaction. This sets the tone of **Lament**, a common genre in prophetic and wisdom literature, where the speaker pours out their complaint to God. The subsequent clauses employ a form of **Parallelism** and **Accumulation**, listing various forms of wickedness ("spoiling and violence," "strife and contention"). This piling up of evils emphasizes their pervasive nature and the overwhelming burden they place on the prophet. The phrase "before me" can be seen as a form of **Synecdoche**, where the part (what is seen) stands for the whole (the inescapable reality of injustice). The vivid description of societal decay also utilizes **Imagery** that paints a bleak picture of a nation consumed by lawlessness and internal conflict.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Habakkuk 1:3 serves as a profound biblical exploration of the problem of evil, or theodicy. It articulates the universal human struggle to reconcile the existence of a sovereign, just, and loving God with the pervasive suffering and injustice in the world. The prophet's lament is not a sign of unbelief, but rather a testament to his deep faith in God's character, which makes the apparent divine inaction all the more perplexing. This tension between God's revealed nature and observable reality is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, prompting believers to seek deeper understanding and trust in God's ultimate purposes, even when His ways are mysterious. It highlights that God invites honest, even agonizing, questions from His people, affirming that true faith can grapple with profound theological dilemmas without collapsing.

* [Psalm 73:1-14](/psalms/73-1-14 "Psalm 73:1-14 - The Prosperity of the Wicked")
* [Jeremiah 12:1](/jeremiah/12-1 "Jeremiah 12:1 - Jeremiah's Complaint")
* [Job 21:7](/job/21-7 "Job 21:7 - Why Do the Wicked Live On?")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Habakkuk 1:3 offers profound spiritual nourishment for believers navigating a world rife with injustice and suffering. It validates the human experience of lament and questioning in the face of overwhelming evil. The prophet's honest cry to God demonstrates that it is not only permissible but often spiritually healthy to bring our deepest frustrations, confusion, and even anger directly to the Lord. We are reminded that God is big enough to handle our doubts and our pain. This verse encourages us to cultivate a posture of keen observation, not turning a blind eye to the injustices around us, but rather bringing them before the divine throne with fervent prayer. It teaches us that true faith does not demand immediate answers or a perfectly clear understanding of God's ways, but rather trusts in His ultimate sovereignty, justice, and goodness, even when His timing and methods are beyond our comprehension. In a world that often feels chaotic and unjust, Habakkuk's lament reminds us that our hope rests not in the absence of evil, but in the unwavering character of a God who hears, sees, and will ultimately act.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **What specific "iniquity" or "grievance" in your community or the world causes you the most distress?**
* **How does Habakkuk's honest lament encourage you to bring your own questions and frustrations to God?**
* **In what ways might God be "showing" you injustice, and what is your spiritual response?**
* **How can you maintain faith and trust in God's justice when His intervention seems delayed?**

### FAQ

**Why does Habakkuk question God's actions, and is it acceptable for believers to do so?**

Answer: Habakkuk questions God not out of a lack of faith, but out of a deep and righteous indignation over the pervasive evil he witnesses, coupled with his understanding of God's holy and just character. He is struggling to reconcile what he knows about God with the observable reality of injustice and God's apparent inaction. This is known as the problem of theodicy. The Bible consistently shows that it is acceptable, and even encouraged, for believers to bring their honest questions, laments, and complaints to God. Figures like Job, Jeremiah, and many of the Psalmists (e.g., [Psalm 13](/psalms/13 "Psalm 13 - How Long, O Lord?")) openly express their struggles and confusion to God. Such honest dialogue demonstrates a trusting relationship, acknowledging God's sovereignty even in questioning His ways, and often leads to deeper understanding or renewed faith, as it does for Habakkuk in [Habakkuk 2:4](/habakkuk/2-4 "Habakkuk 2:4 - The Just Shall Live by Faith").

**What specific types of "iniquity" and "grievance" are described in this verse, and how do they relate to society?**

Answer: Habakkuk 1:3 paints a vivid picture of a morally bankrupt society. "Iniquity" (Hebrew _ʼâven_) refers to wickedness, trouble, and suffering, indicating a pervasive moral depravity. "Grievance" (Hebrew _ʻâmâl_) denotes toil, misery, and the pain resulting from oppression. The verse then specifies these abstract concepts with concrete examples: "spoiling" (robbery, plunder, economic exploitation), "violence" (physical brutality, unjust actions, oppression), "strife" (quarrels, disputes, legal wrangling), and "contention" (discord, brawling). These terms collectively describe a society where justice is perverted, the weak are exploited, and internal peace has disintegrated, reflecting a widespread disregard for God's covenant and the well-being of others. This societal breakdown is a direct result of sin and the absence of righteous leadership, as seen throughout the prophetic books (e.g., [Isaiah 5:7](/isaiah/5-7 "Isaiah 5:7 - The Vineyard of the Lord")).

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Habakkuk's lament in [Habakkuk 1:3](/habakkuk/1-3 "Habakkuk 1:3 - Habakkuk's Lament Over Injustice") profoundly foreshadows the ultimate answer to the problem of evil found in Jesus Christ. While Habakkuk grappled with God's apparent inaction in the face of rampant injustice, the New Testament reveals that God did not remain silent or passive. Instead, He entered into human history in the person of Jesus, who himself experienced the fullness of human suffering, injustice, and violence (e.g., [Isaiah 53:3-5](/isaiah/53-3-5 "Isaiah 53:3-5 - The Suffering Servant")). Christ, the righteous one, bore the iniquity and grievance of humanity on the cross, becoming the perfect sacrifice for sin and the ultimate answer to the question of evil ([2 Corinthians 5:21](/2_corinthians/5-21 "2 Corinthians 5:21 - Christ Became Sin for Us")). Furthermore, Jesus' first advent inaugurated God's kingdom, a realm where true justice and righteousness will ultimately prevail. His return will bring a definitive end to all spoiling, violence, strife, and contention, ushering in new heavens and a new earth where righteousness dwells ([Revelation 21:4](/revelation/21-4 "Revelation 21:4 - No More Tears, No More Pain")). Thus, the very evils that burdened Habakkuk are decisively addressed and ultimately conquered through the redemptive work and future reign of Christ, who is the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world ([John 1:29](/john/1-29 "John 1:29 - Jesus, the Lamb of God")).

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Psalms 55:9

¶ Destroy, O Lord, [and] divide their tongues: for I have seen violence and strife in the city.

Psalms 55:11

Wickedness [is] in the midst thereof: deceit and guile depart not from her streets.

Jeremiah 20:8

For since I spake, I cried out, I cried violence and spoil; because the word of the LORD was made a reproach unto me, and a derision, daily.

Ecclesiastes 5:8

If thou seest the oppression of the poor, and violent perverting of judgment and justice in a province, marvel not at the matter: for [he that is] higher than the highest regardeth; and [there be] higher than they.

Jeremiah 9:2

Oh that I had in the wilderness a lodging place of wayfaring men; that I might leave my people, and go from them! for they [be] all adulterers, an assembly of treacherous men.

Jeremiah 9:6

Thine habitation [is] in the midst of deceit; through deceit they refuse to know me, saith the LORD.

Micah 7:1

¶ Woe is me! for I am as when they have gathered the summer fruits, as the grapegleanings of the vintage: [there is] no cluster to eat: my soul desired the firstripe fruit.