Ezekiel 2:10
“The Scroll of Judgment”Ezekiel 2:9–10
Bible text: King James Version (1769 Blayney text) · Public domain
Bible text: Berean Standard Bible · Public domain
Bible text: American Standard Version (1901) · Public domain
Bible text: World English Bible, Messianic edition · Public domain
Bible text: Geneva Bible (1599) · Public domain
Bible text: Young's Literal Translation · Public domain
- וַיִּפְרֹשׂvai·yif·Rosand he spread outH6566Conj-w ¦ V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3msVerb Qal Consecutive Imperfect 3rd Singular Masculineוַandיִּפְרֹשׂhe spread out
- אוֹתָהּ'o·Tah[obj.] itH853DirObjM ¦ 3fsParticle Object Indicatorאוֹתָ[obj.]הּit
- לְפָנַיle·fa·Nai[to] before meH6440Prep-l ¦ N-mpc ¦ 1csNoun Plural Masculine Construct with suffixלְ[to]פָנַbeforeיme
- וְהִיאve·Hi'and itH1931Conj-w ¦ Pro-3fsPronoun Personal 3rd Singular Feminineוְandהִיאit
- כְתוּבָהkhe·tu·Vah[was] writtenH3789V-Qal-PassPrtcpl-fsVerb Qal Participle Passive Singular Feminine Absolute
- פָּנִיםpa·NimfaceH6440N-mpNoun Plural Masculine Absolute
- וְאָחוֹרve·'a·Chorand backH268Conj-w ¦ N-msNoun Singular Masculine Absoluteוְandאָחוֹרback
- וְכָתוּבve·kha·Tuvand [was] writtenH3789Conj-w ¦ V-Qal-PassPrtcpl-msVerb Qal Participle Passive Singular Masculine Absoluteוְandכָתוּב[was] written
- אֵלֶיהָ'e·Lei·hato itH413Prep ¦ 3fsPrepositionאֵלֶיtoהָit
- קִנִיםki·NimlamentationsH7015N-mpNoun Plural (-îm ending) Absolute
- וָהֶגֶהva·He·gehand moaningH1899Conj-w ¦ N-msNoun Singular Masculine Absoluteוָandהֶגֶהmoaning
- וָהִיva·Hiand wailingH1958Conj-w ¦ N-msNoun Singular Masculine Absoluteוָandהִיwailing
English is a literal word-by-word gloss of the Hebrew, not the KJV's wording. Why?
This is the original text the KJV's translators worked from — each Hebrew word with its own literal English meaning in this verse, prepared by scholars at Tyndale House, Cambridge. The KJV translates whole sentences, not word by word, so its wording differs: one Hebrew word can become several English words, and the KJV may choose “the LORD” where the gloss reads “Yahweh”. Both are faithful — they answer different questions. For the KJV's own rendering, switch to the KJV text.
Words in [ ] are added by the English.
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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry wrote on whole passages, and this entry covers Ezekiel 2:6–10. He set out his notes in a three-level outline, kept here as he numbered it.
The prophet, having received his commission, here receives a charge with it. It is a post of honour to which he is advanced, but withal it is a post of service and work, and it is here required of him,
I.That he be bold.
He must act in the discharge of this trust with an undaunted courage and resolution, and not be either driven off from his work or made to drive on heavily, by the difficulties and oppositions that he would be likely to meet with in it: Son of man, be not afraid of them, Ezekiel 2:6. Note, Those that will do any thing to purpose in the service of God must not be afraid of the face of man; for the fear of men will bring a snare, which will be very entangling to us in the work of God.
1.God tells the prophet what was the character of those to whom he sent him, as before, Ezekiel 2:3, Ezekiel 2:4. They are briers and thorns, scratching, and tearing, and vexing a man, which way soever he turns. They are continually teazing God's prophets and entangling them in their talk (Matthew 22:15); they are pricking briers and grieving thorns. The best of them is as a brier, and the most upright sharper than a thorn-hedge, Micah 7:4. Thorns and briers are the fruit of sin and the curse, and of equal date with the enmity between the seed of the woman and the seed of the serpent. Note, Wicked men, especially the persecutors of God's prophets and people, are as briers and thorns, which are hurtful to the ground, choke the good seed, hinder God's husbandry, are vexatious to his husbandmen; but they are nigh unto cursing and their end is to be burned. Yet God makes use of them sometimes for the correction and instruction of his people, as Gideon taught the men of Succoth with thorns and briers, Judges 8:16. Yet this is not the worst of their character: they are scorpions, venomous and malignant. The sting of a scorpion is a thousand times more hurtful than the scratch of a brier. persecutors are a generation of vipers, are of the serpent's seed, and the poison of asps is under their tongue; and they are more subtle than any beast of the field. And, which makes the prophet's case the more grievous, he dwells among these scorpions; they are continually about him, so that he cannot be safe nor quiet in his own house; these bad men are his bad neighbours, who thereby have many opportunities, and will let slip none, to do him a mischief. God takes notice of this to the prophet, as Christ to the angel of one of the churches, Revelation 2:13. I know thy works, and where thou dwellest, even where Satan's seat is. Ezekiel had been, in vision, conversing with angels, but when he comes down from this mount he finds he dwells with scorpions.
2.He tells him what would be their conduct towards him, that they would do what they could to frighten him with their looks and their words; they would hector him and threaten him, would look scornfully and spitefully at him, and do their utmost to face him down and put him our of countenance, that they might drive him off from being a prophet, or at least from telling them of their faults and threatening them with the judgments of God; or, if they could not prevail in this, that they might vex and perplex him, and disturb the repose of his mind. They were now themselves in subjection, divested of all power, so that they had no other way of persecuting the prophet than with their looks and their words; and so they did persecute him. Behold, thou hast spoken and done evil things as thou couldest, Jeremiah 3:5. If they had had more power, they would have done more mischief. They were now in captivity, smarting for their rebellion, and particularly their misusing God's prophets; and yet they are as bad as ever. Though thou brag a fool in a mortar, yet will not his foolishness depart from him; no providences will of themselves humble and reform men, unless the grace of God work with them. But, how malicious soever they were, Ezekiel must not be afraid of them nor dismayed, he must not be deterred from his work, or any part of it, nor be disheartened or dispirited in it by all their menaces, but go on in it with resolution and cheerfulness, assuring himself of safety under the divine protection.
II.It is required that he be faithful, Ezekiel 2:7.
1. he must be faithful to Christ who sent him: Thou shalt speak my words unto them. Note, As it is the honour of prophets that they are entrusted to speak God's words, so it is their duty to cleave closely to them and to speak nothing but what is agreeable to the words of God. Ministers must always speak according to that rule. 2. He must be faithful to the souls of those to whom he was sent: Whether they will hear of whether they will forbear, he must deliver his message to them as he received it. He must bring them to comply with the word, and not study to accommodate the word to their humours. "It is true they are most rebellious, they are rebellion itself; but, however, speak my words to them, whether they are pleasing or unpleasing." Note, The untractableness and unprofitableness of people under the word are no good reason why ministers should leave off preaching to them; nor must we decline an opportunity by which good may be done, though we have a great deal of reason to think no good will be done.
III.It is required that he be observant of his instructions.
1.Here is a general intimation what the instructions were that were given him, in the contents of the book which was spread before him, Ezekiel 2:10.
(1.)His instructions were large; for the roll was written within and without, on the inside and on the outside of the roll. It was as a sheet of paper written on all the four sides. One side contained their sins; the other side contained the judgments of God coming upon them for those sins. Note, God has a great deal to say to his people when they have degenerated and become rebellious.
(2.)His instructions were melancholy. He was sent on a sad errand; the matter contained in the book was, lamentations, and mourning, and woe. The idea of his message is taken from the impression it would make upon the minds of those that carefully attended to it; it would set them a weeping and crying out, Woe! and, Alas! Both the discoveries of sin and the denunciations of wrath would be matter of lamentation. What could be more lamentable, more mournful, more woeful, than to see a holy happy people sunk into such a state of sin and misery as it appears by the prophecy of this book the Jews were at this time? Ezekiel echoes to Jeremiah's lamentations. Note, Though God is rich in mercy, yet impenitent sinners will find there are even among his words lamentations and woe.
2.Here is an express charge given to the prophet to observe his instructions, both in receiving his message and delivering it. he is now to receive it and is here commanded,
(1.)To attend diligently to it: son of man, hear what I say unto thee, Ezekiel 2:8. Note, Those that speak from God to others must be sure to hear from God themselves and be obedient to his voice: "Be not thou rebellious; do not refuse to go on this errand, or to deliver it; do not fly off, as Jonah did, for fear of disobliging thy countrymen. They are a rebellious house, among whom thou livest; but be not thou like them, do not comply with them in any thing that is evil." If ministers, who are reprovers by office, connive at sin and indulge sinners, either show them not their wickedness or show them not the fatal consequences of it, for fear of displeasing them and getting their ill-will, they hereby make themselves partakers of their guilt and are rebellious like them. If people will not do their duty in reforming, yet let ministers do theirs in reproving, and they will have the comfort of it in the reflection, whatever the success be, as that prophet had, Isaiah 50:5. The Lord God has opened my ear, and I was not rebellious. Even the best of men, when their lot is cast in bad times and places, have need to be cautioned against the worst of crimes.
(2.)To digest it in his own mind by an experience of the favour and power of it: "Do not only hear what I say unto thee, but open thy mouth, and eat that which I give thee. Prepare to eat it and eat it willingly and with an appetite." All God's children are content to be at their heavenly father's finding, and to eat whatever he gives them. That which God's hand reached out to Ezekiel was a roll of a book, or the volume of a book, a book or scroll of paper or parchment fully written and rolled up. Divine revelation comes to us from the hand of Christ; he gave it to the prophets, Revelation 1:1. When we look at the roll of thy book we must have an eye to the hand by which it is sent to us. He that brought it to the prophet spread it before him, that he might now swallow it with an implicit faith, but might fully understand the contents of it, and then receive it and make it his own. Be not rebellious, says Christ, but eat what I give thee. If we receive not what Christ in his ordinances and providences allots for us, if we submit not to his word and rod, and reconcile not ourselves to both, we shall be accounted rebellious.
Historical interpretation
Four Centuries of Reception
7 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
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I take it to be similar in the case of the book mentioned by Ezekiel, in which had been written lamentation, mourning and woe. The whole book contains the “woe” of those perishing, and the “mourning” of those being saved and the “lamentation” of those in between. John, too, who eats one roll on which there is writing on the back and the front, considered the whole Scripture as one book, which is thought to be sweet at the start, when one chews it, but bitter in the perception of each of those who come to know it.
But if you still cling in mind to the present age, if you still delight in earthly pleasures, you cannot love the eternal joys you hear about. Therefore learn the woe that is written in this volume, and drive from your soul through fear what you love, so that from the judgment you may be able to love the song you read. For there under the figure of one condemned the whole multitude of the reprobate is represented, when it is said by the voice of Truth: "Binding his feet and hands, cast him into the outer darkness; there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth." For then the reprobate fall into outer darkness, because now they cast themselves down into inner darkness of their own will, so that they would follow the light of truth neither by believing nor by doing good. Bound in feet and hands they are commanded to be cast out, because now while it is the time for working and running, they refused to have free hands and feet for good action. There the woe of the reprobate is written: "Their worm shall not die, and their fire shall not be quenched." There it is said to the damned and rejected: "Depart from me, you cursed, into eternal fire, which has been prepared for the devil and his angels."
In this volume, therefore, all things that edify, all things that instruct, are contained in writing. For you have sinned, and now you repent of having committed unlawful deeds—that you may be taught to do penance, there you find lamentations. You desire to refresh your mind with hope of heavenly joys—there you find a song for your consolation. But if you have both committed evils and do not repent of having committed them, but raise the neck of your mind, bow down to no lamentations of penance, and are corrected by no expectation of heavenly joys, whether you will or not, you shall hear the woe written there, so that he whom neither fear humbles to repentance nor hope exalts to heavenly rewards may now foresee the punishment of his damnation and fall into eternal torment without excuse.
"And there were written in it lamentations, a song, and woe." There is no doubt that "song" (carmen) is sometimes used in a good sense and sometimes in a bad sense, because we can speak of both a joyful song and a mournful song. But following the usage of Sacred Scripture, which almost always uses "song" in connection with prosperity, we take "song" in this passage as said in a good sense. For when almighty God had delivered His people from the Red Sea, it is written: "Then Moses and the children of Israel sang a song to the Lord." And when David had achieved victory over his enemies, it is written: "David spoke to the Lord the words of this song." Solomon also says: "Like vinegar on soda is one who sings songs to a wicked heart." For if vinegar is poured on soda, the soda immediately fizzes and bubbles up. And when a perverse mind is rebuked through correction, or is urged toward good through the sweetness of preaching, it becomes worse from the correction; and it is inflamed thereby into the wickedness of murmuring, when it ought to have been restrained from wickedness. Through Elihu also it is said concerning the ungrateful man who despairs of himself: "And he did not say, 'Where is He who made me, who gives songs in the night?'" For a song in the night is joy in tribulation. We receive a song in the night when amid present afflictions we are consoled by future joys. The Apostle was showing us a song in the night when he said: "Rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation." David indicates that he has a song in the night, saying: "You are my refuge from the distress that surrounds me; my exultation, deliver me from those surrounding me." For he who recounts that he is surrounded by distresses, and yet declares that God is his exultation, without doubt sings a song in the night. Therefore, since Sacred Scripture has almost always been accustomed to use "song" in a good sense, it ought to be understood by us in this passage in the same way.
Lamentations, that is, because repentance for sins is written in it. Song, because there the joys of the righteous are foretold. Woe, because there the damnation of the reprobate is expressed. Therefore, that you may punish your sins, read the lamentations written in this volume: "Rend your hearts, and not your garments." And again: "Be miserable and mourn; let your laughter be turned to mourning, and your joy to sorrow." But that you may rejoice in the promise of following joy, learn the songs of eternal praise written in this volume: "Blessed are they who dwell in your house, O Lord, they shall praise you forever and ever." And as it is said by a certain wise man concerning the heavenly Jerusalem: "And all its streets shall be paved with precious and pure stone, and through all its lanes alleluia shall be sung." The citizens of the heavenly homeland had come to announce this song to us, who cried out in harmony: "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to men of good will."
But "woe" in Sacred Scripture is more often understood of eternal grief than of present grief. Whence it is written: "Woe to the wicked unto evil; for the retribution of his hands shall be made to him." And blessed Job speaks, saying: "If I be wicked, woe unto me; but if I be just, I shall not lift up my head, being filled with affliction and misery." For the affliction of the just is temporal. Therefore the woe which he spoke he distinguished from temporal affliction, since he declared that the just man has affliction, and the wicked man has woe. Truth also says through herself: "Woe to the world because of scandals," and, "Woe to you who laugh, for you shall weep." And, "Woe to those who are pregnant and to those who are nursing in those days." Therefore we must consider how these three things are written in the sacred volume: lamentations, song, and woe.
What then, brothers, what must we wretched ones do, except that we awaken to the words of this book and punish with tears the evils we remember having committed, so that through the laments of repentance we may arrive at the song of life? Lest, if we are unwilling to be afflicted now by repenting, we feel woe afterward without end. Nor should the multitude of our wounds cast us down into despair, because the power of the physician is greater than the magnitude of our weakness. For what is there that he cannot restore to health, who was able to create all things from nothing? For he is the Only-begotten, coeternal with the almighty Father, who lives and reigns with him in the unity of the Holy Spirit, God through all ages of ages. Amen.
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This verse
The scroll is spread open before Ezekiel, written on both sides with lamentations, mourning and woe, the full weight of the judgment coming on a rebellious people.
“And he spread it before me;”
The one who holds the scroll unrolls it, so that Ezekiel sees the whole message laid open in front of him.
“and it was written within and without:”
Written on the inside and the outside, which scrolls normally were not. The message fills every surface.
“and there was written therein lamentations, and mourning, and woe.”
A dirge, a groan and a cry of lament. This is the content of Ezekiel’s early ministry, and it looks ahead to the fall of Jerusalem.
Passage studyEzekiel 2:9–10
God Hands Ezekiel a Scroll of Woe
Summary
Ezekiel has seen the glory of God and has been sent to a rebellious house. Now he looks, and a hand is stretched out to him holding a scroll. It is spread open before him, and it is written on both sides, front and back, with lamentations, mourning and woe. In two verses God shows his prophet that the message he is to carry comes from God’s own hand, that it is written and settled, and that for this people it is full of grief because of their sin.
Where the scroll comes in Ezekiel’s call
Ezekiel was a priest living among the Judean exiles by the river Chebar in Babylon. He had been carried there in the deportation of 597 BC, along with King Jehoiachin and the leading people of Jerusalem, and he received this vision around 593 BC. The exiles had already felt God’s judgment in being taken from their land. Even so, many of them were unrepentant, struggling to square their circumstances with God’s covenant promises and holding on to the hope of a quick return to Jerusalem and its temple.
Ezekiel’s call fills the opening chapters of his book. In Ezekiel 1 he sees the glory of God. In Ezekiel 2:1–8 he is told to stand on his feet and is sent to the house of Israel, which God calls rebellious, stubborn and hard-hearted. These two verses are the climax of that encounter. What Ezekiel is shown here he is about to take into himself, for in Ezekiel 3:1–3 he is told to eat the scroll, and it is “in my mouth as honey for sweetness”. The words he will speak are first handed to him whole and then made part of him, and the rest of Ezekiel 3 completes his commission and warning.
The hand that holds out the scroll
“And when I looked, behold” opens on what Ezekiel sees. The verb for looked, râʼâh, is the usual word for seeing and perceiving, and Ezekiel is the one who receives. “Behold”, hinnēh, calls attention to something striking and unexpected, and the same word comes back as “lo” before the scroll is named.
The word for hand, yâd, is the ordinary Hebrew word, and in Scripture the hand stands for power and action. With “by” in front of it, “by the hand of” names the one through whom something is done, and God’s word sent through his prophets is one use of that phrase. The verb “sent”, shâlach, means to send or to stretch out, and it is used especially of stretching out the hand. So the picture is a hand stretched out toward Ezekiel, holding something for him to take. The initiative is all God’s. The message does not begin in Ezekiel’s mind or imagination. It is given to him from outside, by the God who called him.
Ezekiel sees this hand in a vision of God’s presence, and Scripture speaks of God’s hand in human terms so that we can understand his action, with no suggestion that he has a body like ours. The same hand acts all through Israel’s story. It was God’s mighty hand that delivered Israel from Egypt (Exodus 3:20), and the tables of the law were written with the finger of God (Exodus 31:18). When God called Jeremiah, he put forth his hand and touched the prophet’s mouth to give him the words he was to speak (Jeremiah 1:9). Ezekiel is called in the same way. He is a messenger, faithfully carrying a word that someone else has written.
Why God gives his word as a written scroll
“A roll of a book” joins two Hebrew words. Mᵉgillâh comes from the root “to roll” and means a scroll or volume. Çêpher means writing, a document or a book. Together they describe a written scroll, the common form of a document in Israel and the way laws, records and prophetic oracles were kept and passed on.
God could have spoken to Ezekiel only aloud, and he did speak to him. Here he also shows him the message as a finished text, complete before the prophet says a word of it. A written word is fixed and precise. It can be read, kept and handed on, and it stands as a lasting record of what God has said. That is how God gave his law: he gave Moses tables of stone (Exodus 24:12), and Moses wrote the words of the law in a book until they were finished (Deuteronomy 31:24). Isaiah was told to bind up the testimony and seal the law among his disciples (Isaiah 8:16). The scroll in Ezekiel’s vision belongs with these. God’s word to his people is written, settled and meant to last.
At the end of the Bible, John sees a scroll in the right hand of him that sits on the throne, “written within and on the backside” (Revelation 5:1), much like the one Ezekiel sees.
What happens when the scroll is spread open
“And he spread it before me” uses the verb pâras, which means to break apart, to disperse or to spread. Here it is to spread out or lay open. The one who holds the scroll unrolls it in front of Ezekiel so that all of it can be seen. Ezekiel did not go looking for this message. God lays it open before him in full, the hard parts with the rest.
The verb for “written”, kâthab, is the ordinary word for writing, from a root meaning to engrave or inscribe, and the word “written” comes back in the next clause. What is on this scroll has been set down and fixed. It is God’s decree, and it will be fulfilled.
Why was the scroll written on both sides?
The writing covers both sides because the message was so full. Scrolls in Israel were normally written on the inside only. This one is written “within and without”, on the inside and the outside, so the eye meets the writing before the scroll is even unrolled. The message is so large and so urgent that it fills every surface, and there is no room left on it for anything else.
For a rebellious people, that means grief from edge to edge. Israel’s sin has been fully accounted for, and God’s answer to it will be thorough and inescapable, with nothing in their rebellion left unaddressed. The full scroll also shows how complete God’s word is. Ezekiel receives it whole, and there is nothing for him to add to it.
Lamentations, and mourning, and woe
The last clause names what is written. “Lamentations” is qîynâh, a dirge, the mournful song sung at funerals and in times of national disaster, sometimes with beating of the breast or with instruments. “Mourning” is hegeh, a moaning, groaning or sighing sound that comes with deep grief. “Woe” is hîy, a cry of lament. The three words are stacked one on another, and together they speak of sorrow that is intense and complete.
These words name the grief that judgment will bring, and so they stand for the judgment itself. They also set the tone for much of what Ezekiel will say. The first half of his book centres on the coming destruction of Jerusalem and its temple (Ezekiel 4–24). The exiles hoped to go home soon, and the scroll tells Ezekiel that the city they longed for would fall.
This judgment is what God had long warned his people about. The covenant itself set out curses for disobedience (Deuteronomy 28:15), and a people who broke it persistently, with idolatry and unfaithfulness, would meet what God had said. Jeremiah was sent with a similar charge, to root out and pull down before he could build and plant (Jeremiah 1:10). The thoroughness of the scroll also points ahead to the books opened at the final judgment, when the dead are judged by what is written in them (Revelation 20:12).
God is merciful, patient and longsuffering, and his justice is sure, and what he declares he fulfils. His word holds warnings, calls to repentance and plain statements of what sin brings. They are given to wake a people to the gravity of their condition, and Ezekiel was sent to speak all of it, the woe included.
The scroll and Christ
Ezekiel received a written word from God’s hand. In Christ, God has given his Word in person. “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God,” and all things were made by him (John 1:1–3). God, who spoke by the prophets, “hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son” (Hebrews 1:1–2). The hand that sent the scroll to Ezekiel finds its fullest expression in the Father sending his Son into the world (John 3:16). And when John sees the sealed scroll of God’s final purposes, Christ alone has prevailed to open it (Revelation 5:5).
The scroll Ezekiel saw was full of woe for a sinful people, and Christ carried that woe. He is the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29), and he bore the suffering foretold of the servant in Isaiah 53. God made him to be sin for us so that we might be made righteous in him (2 Corinthians 5:21), and so there is no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus (Romans 8:1). The lamentation written on Ezekiel’s scroll was fully deserved, and in Christ God turns the mourning of his people into dancing (Psalm 30:11).
A word given whole from God’s hand
These verses show us where Scripture comes from. Ezekiel’s message reached him from God’s own outstretched hand, already written and complete, and the Bible we hold is that same kind of word: authoritative, settled and lasting. Ezekiel received it with reverence, took it into himself, and then spoke it, and the same word still shapes the people who receive it.
The scroll also shows that God’s word includes hard things. It was written front and back with grief, because God sees sin fully and judges it truly. That same God sent his Son to bear the woe, so the whole of his word, its warnings and its comfort together, comes to us from a God who is both just and merciful.
Ezekiel 2:9
“And when I looked, behold,”
Ezekiel’s seeing (râʼâh) is met at once by something striking, and hinnēh marks it as worth his full attention. He has just been charged to speak to a rebellious house (Ezekiel 2:5–7).
“an hand was sent unto me;”
A hand stretched out toward the prophet. God himself reaches out to the man he is sending.
“and, lo, a roll of a book was therein;”
“Therein” is in the hand. The scroll is held out for Ezekiel to take, and “lo” repeats the word behind “behold”.
Ezekiel 2:10 This verse
“And he spread it before me;”
The one who holds the scroll unrolls it, so that Ezekiel sees the whole message laid open in front of him.
“and it was written within and without:”
Written on the inside and the outside, which scrolls normally were not. The message fills every surface.
“and there was written therein lamentations, and mourning, and woe.”
A dirge, a groan and a cry of lament. This is the content of Ezekiel’s early ministry, and it looks ahead to the fall of Jerusalem.
Last revised