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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Ephesians 2:4–10. His two-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
Here the apostle begins his account of the glorious change that was wrought in them by converting grace, where observe,
I.By whom, and in what manner, it was brought about and effected.
1.Negatively: Not of yourselves, Eph 2:8. Our faith, our conversion, and our eternal salvation, are not the mere product of any natural abilities, nor of any merit of our own: Not of works, lest any man should boast, Eph 2:9. These things are not brought to pass by any thing done by us, and therefore all boasting is excluded; he who glories must not glory in himself, but in the Lord. There is no room for any man's boasting of his own abilities and power; or as though he had done any thing that might deserve such immense favours from God.
2.Positively: But God, who is rich in mercy, etc., Eph 2:4. God himself is the author of this great and happy change, and his great love is the spring and fontal cause of it; hence he resolved to show mercy. Love is his inclination to do us good considered simply as creatures; mercy respects us as apostate and as miserable creatures. Observe, God's eternal love or good-will towards his creatures is the fountain whence all his mercies vouch-safed to us proceed; and that love of God is great love, and that mercy of his is rich mercy, inexpressibly great and inexhaustibly rich. And then by grace you are saved (Eph 2:5), and by grace are you saved through faith - it is the gift of God, Eph 2:8. Note, Every converted sinner is a saved sinner. Such are delivered from sin and wrath; they are brought into a state of salvation, and have a right given them by grace to eternal happiness. The grace that saves them is the free undeserved goodness and favour of God; and he saves them, not by the works of the law, but through faith in Christ Jesus, by means of which they come to partake of the great blessings of the gospel; and both that faith and that salvation on which it has so great an influence are the gift of God. The great objects of faith are made known by divine revelation, and made credible by the testimony and evidence which God hath given us; and that we believe to salvation and obtain salvation through faith is entirely owing to divine assistance and grace; God has ordered all so that the whole shall appear to be of grace. Observe,
II.Wherein this change consists, in several particulars, answering to the misery of our natural state, some of which are enumerated in this section, and others are mentioned below.
1.We who were dead are quickened (Eph 2:5), we are saved from the death of sin and have a principle of spiritual life implanted in us. Grace in the soul is a new life in the soul. As death locks up the senses, seals up all the powers and faculties, so does a state of sin, as to any thing that is good. Grace unlocks and opens all, and enlarges the soul. Observe, A regenerate sinner becomes a living soul: he lives a life of sanctification, being born of God; and he lives in the sense of the law, being delivered from the guilt of sin by pardoning and justifying grace. He hath quickened us together with Christ. Our spiritual life results from our union with Christ; it is in him that we live: Because I live, you shall live also.
2.We who were buried are raised up, Eph 2:6. What remains yet to be done is here spoken of as though it were already past, though indeed we are raised up in virtue of our union with him whom God hath raised from the dead. When he raised Christ from the dead, he did in effect raise up all believers together with him, he being their common head; and when he placed him at his right hand in heavenly places, he advanced and glorified them in and with him, their raised and exalted head and forerunner. - And made us sit together in heavenly places in Christ Jesus. This may be understood in another sense. Sinners roll themselves in the dust; sanctified souls sit in heavenly places, are raised above the world; the world is as nothing to them, compared with what it has been, and compared with what the other world is. Saints are not only Christ's freemen, but they are assessors with him; by the assistance of his grace they have ascended with him above this world to converse with another, and they live in the constant expectation of it. They are not only servants to the best of masters in the best work, but they are exalted to reign with him; they sit upon the throne with Christ, as he has sat down with his Father on his throne.
III.Observe what is the great design and aim of God in producing and effecting this change: And this,
1.With respect to others: That in the ages to come he might show, etc. (Eph 2:7), that he might give a specimen and proof of his great goodness and mercy, for the encouragement of sinners in future time. Observe, The goodness of God in converting and saving sinners heretofore is a proper encouragement to others in after-time to hope in his grace and mercy, and to apply themselves to these. God having this in his design, poor sinners should take great encouragement from it. And what may we not hope for from such grace and kindness, from riches of grace, to which this change is owing? Through Christ Jesus, by and through whom God conveys all his favour and blessings to us.
2.With respect to the regenerated sinners themselves: For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus unto good works, etc., Eph 2:10. It appears that all is of grace, because all our spiritual advantages are from God. We are his workmanship; he means in respect of the new creation; not only as men, but as saints. The new man is a new creature; and God is its Creator. It is a new birth, and we are born or begotten of his will. In Christ Jesus, that is, on the account of what he has done and suffered, and by the influence and operation of his blessed Spirit. Unto good works, etc. The apostle having before ascribed this change to divine grace in exclusion of works, lest he should seem thereby to discourage good works, he here observes that though the change is to be ascribed to nothing of that nature (for we are the workmanship of God), yet God, in his new creation, has designed and prepared us for good works: Created unto good works, with a design that we should be fruitful in them. Wherever God by his grace implants good principles, they are intended to be for good works. Which God hath before ordained, that is, decreed and appointed. Or, the words may be read, To which God hath before prepared us, that is, by blessing us with the knowledge of his will, and with the assistance of his Holy Spirit; and by producing such a change in us. That we should walk in them, or glorify God by an exemplary conversation and by our perseverance in holiness.
Historical interpretation
Two Centuries of Reception
2 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
Select a marker to jump to its quote. Markers stagger vertically where authors wrote within a few decades of each other.
God, therefore, is one and the same, who rolls up the heaven as a book, and renews the face of the earth; who made the things of time for man, so that coming to maturity in them, he may produce the fruit of immortality; and who, through His kindness, also bestows eternal things, "that in the ages to come He may show the exceeding riches of His grace;" who was announced by the law and the prophets, whom Christ confessed as His Father.
"That in the ages to come, He might show the exceeding riches of His grace, in kindness towards us, in Christ Jesus." Whereas he had been speaking of the things which concerned Christ, and these might be nothing to us, (for what, it might be said, is it to us, that He rose) therefore he shows that they do moreover extend to us, inasmuch as He is made one with us. Only that our concern in the matter he states separately. "Us," saith he, "who were dead through our trespasses He raised up with Him, and made us sit with Him." Wherefore, as I was saying, be not unbelieving, take the demonstration he adduces both from former things, and from His Headship, and also from His desire to show forth His goodness. For how will He show it, unless this come to pass? And He will show it in the ages to come. What? that the blessings are both great, and more certain than any other. For now the things which are said may to the unbelievers seem to be foolishness; but then all shall know them. Wouldest thou understand too, how He hath made us sit together with Him? Hear what Christ Himself saith to the disciples, "Ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel." And again, "But to sit on My right hand and on My left hand is not Mine to give, but it is for them for whom it hath been prepared of My Father." So that it hath been prepared. And well saith he, "in kindness towards us in Christ Jesus," for to sit on His right hand is honor above all honor, it is that beyond which there is none other. This then he saith, that even we shall sit there. Truly this is surpassing riches, truly surpassing is the greatness of His power, to make us sit down with Christ, Yea, hadst thou ten thousand souls, wouldest thou not lose them for His sake? Yea, hadst thou to enter the flames, oughtest thou not readily to endure it?
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Summary
Ephesians 2:7 articulates the magnificent purpose behind God's gracious salvation of humanity: to perpetually display the immeasurable abundance of His unmerited favor throughout all future ages. This demonstration of divine generosity and benevolence, extended to us, is made possible exclusively through the person and work of Christ Jesus, serving as an eternal testament to God's character and redemptive power.
Context
Literary Context
Ephesians 2:7 serves as the climactic statement of purpose following Paul's profound exposition of salvation by grace. The preceding verses vividly portray humanity's dire spiritual condition, being "dead in trespasses and sins" and "children of wrath" by nature, alienated from God (Ephesians 2:1-3). However, this bleak reality is dramatically contrasted by God's rich mercy and great love, which moved Him to make believers "alive together with Christ," raising them and seating them with Him in the heavenly realms (Ephesians 2:4-6). Verse 7 then reveals why God performed such an astonishing act of redemption: not merely for our benefit, but for His eternal glory, as a public, ongoing display of His boundless grace.
Historical & Cultural Context
Paul wrote his letter to the Ephesians, a church in a prominent Roman city known for its diverse religious practices, including the worship of Artemis and various mystery cults. The audience was a mix of Jewish and Gentile believers, and a significant theme throughout Ephesians is the breaking down of the "dividing wall" between them, uniting them in Christ (Ephesians 2:14). The concept of "ages" (Greek: aiōnes) would have resonated with both Jewish apocalyptic thought, which often spoke of distinct ages or aeons (e.g., "this age" vs. "the age to come"), and Hellenistic philosophical ideas of cosmic periods. Paul's emphasis on God's "riches" and "kindness" would have countered the prevalent pagan notions of capricious deities or gods who demanded appeasement, instead presenting a God whose character is defined by overflowing generosity and benevolence, particularly to those who had no claim on it.
Key Themes
This verse encapsulates several major theological themes prevalent in Ephesians and Pauline theology. Foremost is the theme of God's Sovereign Grace, which is not merely sufficient but "exceeding riches" of grace, highlighting its immeasurable quality and unmerited nature. This grace is inextricably linked to God's Benevolent Character, expressed through His "kindness" (chrēstotēs), demonstrating His inherent goodness and active disposition toward humanity. The verse also underscores the Centrality of Christ Jesus in all of God's redemptive work; salvation, grace, and kindness are channeled and actualized "through Christ Jesus," emphasizing His indispensable mediatorial role (Ephesians 1:7). Finally, the phrase "in the ages to come" introduces the theme of Eschatological Display and Eternal Purpose, signifying that God's redemptive acts in the present are not merely for the current generation but are part of an eternal plan, perpetually showcasing His glory and grace to all future generations and cosmic beings (Ephesians 3:10).
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
From the same root as aei (always), this term properly refers to an age or a period of time. By extension, it can mean perpetuity or eternity. In a Jewish context, it often refers to a Messianic period, either present or future. Here, "ages to come" (with epérchomai G1904, meaning "to come upon" or "supervene") signifies the ongoing, unfolding future, implying a demonstration that transcends any single temporal period and continues into eternity, serving as a perpetual testament.
Derived from en (in) and deiknýō (to show), this verb means "to indicate by word or act," "to display," or "to demonstrate." It implies a purposeful, public, and clear presentation. God is not merely having grace; He is actively showing it, making it evident and visible for all to observe and marvel at. This is a deliberate act of revelation.
Formed from hyper (over, beyond) and ballō (to throw), this word literally means "to throw beyond the usual mark." Figuratively, it means "to surpass," "to excel," or "to be supereminent." When combined with "riches," it conveys an immeasurable, incomparable, and overwhelming abundance. It is not just great grace, but grace that goes beyond all conceivable limits or expectations.
Verse Breakdown
"That in the ages to come"
This clause establishes the timeframe and purpose of God's action. "Ages to come" (Greek: tous aiōnas tous eperchomenous) points to the future, specifically the unfolding periods of eternity. God's display of grace is not a one-time event or limited to the present era; it is an ongoing, perpetual demonstration that will continue to unfold and be observed through all future generations and into eternity. This highlights the enduring and timeless nature of God's redemptive plan.
"he might shew"
This indicates God's deliberate and intentional purpose. The verb "shew" (Greek: endeíknymi) implies a public and clear demonstration. God's act of salvation is not hidden but is meant to be openly displayed, revealing His character and power to all creation, including angelic beings and future humanity. It is a divine exhibition.
"the exceeding riches of his grace"
This phrase describes what God intends to show. "Riches" (Greek: ploûtos) denotes abundance or wealth, while "exceeding" (Greek: hyperbállō) intensifies this, meaning "super-abundant" or "immeasurable." "Grace" (Greek: cháris) is God's unmerited favor, His benevolent disposition and action towards undeserving humanity. Together, "exceeding riches of his grace" portrays an overflowing, limitless, and incomprehensible abundance of divine favor that transcends all human understanding and expectation.
"in his kindness toward us"
This clause specifies the manner or medium through which God's grace is manifested. "Kindness" (Greek: chrēstótēs) signifies moral excellence, goodness, and benignity. It is the practical, active expression of God's gracious character. God's grace is not an abstract concept but is tangibly demonstrated through His benevolent and gentle disposition specifically directed "toward us" (Greek: pros hēmas), emphasizing the personal and relational aspect of His redemptive work.
"through Christ Jesus"
This final phrase is crucial, identifying the exclusive means by which this entire divine purpose is accomplished and actualized. All of God's "exceeding riches of his grace" and His "kindness toward us" are mediated and made effective solely "through Christ Jesus." He is the divine agent, the channel, and the very embodiment of God's redemptive love, without whom such salvation and subsequent display of grace would be impossible.
Literary Devices
Ephesians 2:7 employs several powerful literary devices to convey its profound theological message. The phrase "exceeding riches" is a striking example of Hyperbole, an exaggeration used for emphasis. It is not merely "riches" but "exceeding riches," conveying an immeasurable, almost unbelievable abundance of God's grace, far beyond human comprehension or expectation. This hyperbole underscores the boundless nature of divine favor. The concept of God "showing" or "displaying" His grace and kindness can be seen as a form of Personification, where abstract qualities (grace, kindness) are presented as something that can be publicly exhibited, much like a tangible object or a performance. This vivid imagery helps the reader grasp the active and demonstrable nature of God's character. Furthermore, the entire verse functions as a Teleological Statement, clearly articulating the ultimate purpose or end goal of God's redemptive work in believers. The structure moves from the who (God), to the what (exceeding riches of grace and kindness), to the how (through Christ Jesus), and finally to the why (that He might show it in the ages to come), creating a comprehensive and purposeful declaration.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Ephesians 2:7 powerfully encapsulates the triune God's eternal purpose in salvation, emphasizing that human redemption is not merely for the benefit of humanity but primarily for the glory and display of God's own character. It reveals that the astonishing work of making us alive, raising us, and seating us with Christ is a perpetual, cosmic exhibition of His unmerited favor and active benevolence. This divine display is designed to be observed and marveled at throughout all future ages, signifying that the cross is not just a historical event but an eternal testament to God's love, justice, and power, continually unveiling new depths of His glory.
Reflection and Application
Ephesians 2:7 offers profound comfort and an eternal perspective for believers. It assures us that our salvation is not a temporary reprieve but an eternal reality, rooted in God's unchanging character and His boundless grace. This verse invites us to live with a deep sense of gratitude, knowing that we are not merely recipients of salvation but living testimonies to God's "exceeding riches of his grace." Our lives, transformed by Christ, become part of this eternal display, showcasing His kindness to a watching world and to future generations. This understanding should motivate us to walk in a manner worthy of such a high calling, reflecting His kindness to others and living as ambassadors of His grace. It reminds us that our present sufferings are temporary, and our future is secure, eternally enveloped in His kindness through Christ Jesus, inspiring us to persevere with hope and joy.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What does "ages to come" signify in this verse?
"Ages to come" (Greek: tous aiōnas tous eperchomenous) refers to the unending future, encompassing all subsequent periods of time, extending into eternity. It signifies that God's display of His grace is not limited to the present age or to the initial act of salvation. Instead, it is an ongoing, perpetual revelation that will continue to unfold and be observed by all creation—humanity, angels, and perhaps other cosmic beings—throughout eternity. It emphasizes the enduring and timeless nature of God's redemptive plan and His character, ensuring that His grace will be a source of wonder and praise forever.
What is the difference between "grace" and "kindness" as used here?
While closely related and often used in conjunction, "grace" (Greek: cháris) primarily refers to God's unmerited favor and benevolent disposition towards undeserving humanity. It is the source and foundation of our salvation, God giving us what we do not deserve. "Kindness" (Greek: chrēstótēs), on the other hand, describes the practical, active, and gentle expression of that grace. It speaks to God's moral excellence, goodness, and benignity as demonstrated in His dealings with us. So, God's grace is His disposition, and His kindness is the tangible way that disposition is put into action, particularly in saving us "through Christ Jesus."
Why is it so important that God's grace is shown "through Christ Jesus"?
The phrase "through Christ Jesus" is absolutely central to Christian theology and this verse. It underscores that Jesus Christ is the sole mediator and means by which God's "exceeding riches of his grace" and "kindness" are extended to humanity. Without Christ's atoning sacrifice and resurrection, there would be no basis for God's grace to be poured out upon sinners. He is the embodiment of God's love and the channel through whom reconciliation with God is made possible (Romans 5:8). Therefore, all the blessings of salvation, including the display of God's grace, flow exclusively through Him, making Him indispensable to God's eternal plan and our salvation (John 14:6).
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Ephesians 2:7 finds its ultimate Christ-centered fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus, who is the very embodiment and means of God's "exceeding riches of his grace." The "kindness toward us" that God displays is perfectly demonstrated in the incarnation, life, death, and resurrection of Christ. Jesus, as the Son of God, willingly entered human history, lived a sinless life, and offered Himself as the perfect sacrifice for sin, thereby becoming the unique channel through whom God's unmerited favor could be poured out upon humanity (Romans 3:24-25). His resurrection and ascension to the right hand of the Father signify God's full acceptance of His work, and it is "in Christ Jesus" that believers are made alive, raised, and seated in heavenly places, becoming living testimonies to this divine grace (Ephesians 2:6). Thus, the "ages to come" will forever witness the glory of God's grace, not merely as an abstract concept, but as it is eternally manifest in and through the glorified Christ, the Lamb who was slain, whose redemptive work continues to elicit praise and wonder from all creation (Revelation 5:9-10).