Deuteronomy 20:19

KJV

When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them: for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down (for the tree of the field [is] man's [life]) to employ [them] in the siege:

KJV (with Strong's)

When thou shalt besiege {H6696} a city {H5892} a long {H7227} time {H3117}, in making war {H3898} against it to take {H8610} it, thou shalt not destroy {H7843} the trees {H6086} thereof by forcing {H5080} an axe {H1631} against them: for thou mayest eat {H398} of them, and thou shalt not cut them down {H3772}(for the tree {H6086} of the field {H7704} is man's {H120} life) to employ {H935} them in the siege {H6440}{H4692}:

Complete Jewish Bible

"When, in making war against a town in order to capture it, you lay siege to it for a long time, you are not to destroy its trees, cutting them down with an axe. You can eat their fruit, so don't cut them down. After all, are the trees in the field human beings, so that you have to besiege them too?

Berean Standard Bible

When you lay siege to a city for an extended time while fighting against it to capture it, you must not destroy its trees by putting an axe to them, because you can eat their fruit. You must not cut them down. Are the trees of the field human, that you should besiege them?

American Standard Version

When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by wielding an axe against them; for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down; for is the tree of the field man, that it should be besieged of thee?

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Deuteronomy 20:19 articulates a unique and profound law within the context of ancient Israelite warfare, mandating the preservation of fruit-bearing trees during a prolonged siege. This divine injunction establishes a principle of environmental stewardship and long-term prudence that transcends the immediate exigencies of conflict, emphasizing the intrinsic value of life-sustaining resources and setting clear limits on permissible destruction, even in the pursuit of military victory.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Deuteronomy 20:19 is situated within a broader section of laws concerning warfare in [Deuteronomy chapter 20](/deuteronomy/20 "Deuteronomy 20 - Laws of Warfare"). This chapter meticulously outlines the conduct of war, beginning with instructions for preparing for battle, including specific exemptions from military service ([Deuteronomy 20:5-8](/deuteronomy/20-5-8 "Deuteronomy 20:5-8 - Exemptions from Military Service")). It then details the procedures for besieging cities, distinguishing between distant cities and those within the promised land. While some regulations permit the complete destruction of certain Canaanite cities due to their idolatry and wickedness ([Deuteronomy 20:16-18](/deuteronomy/20-16-18 "Deuteronomy 20:16-18 - Laws for Conquering Canaanite Cities")), verse 19 introduces a crucial limitation on this destructive capacity, specifically regarding agricultural resources. This particular law stands out as a testament to God's desire for His people to exercise restraint and wisdom, even in the harsh realities of ancient warfare, setting them apart from the typical "scorched earth" policies of other nations.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** Ancient Near Eastern warfare was frequently characterized by brutal tactics, including the widespread destruction of enemy infrastructure, crops, and trees. Such practices, often termed "scorched earth" policies, served not only to deprive the enemy of immediate resources but also as a psychological weapon, aiming to render the land uninhabitable or unproductive for the defeated population and future generations. In this context, the command in Deuteronomy 20:19 is remarkably counter-cultural and progressive. It reflects a divine standard that prioritizes long-term sustainability and the preservation of life-sustaining resources over immediate, indiscriminate destruction. Fruit trees were vital for sustenance in an agrarian society, providing essential food for both the besiegers and, more importantly, for future inhabitants of the land. The law implicitly recognizes the enduring value of these natural resources beyond the temporary conflict, demonstrating foresight uncommon in the ancient world.
* **Key Themes:** This verse powerfully contributes to several overarching themes within Deuteronomy and the broader Pentateuch. Firstly, it underscores **Environmental Stewardship and Conservation**, presenting an early biblical precedent for responsible management of creation, a theme rooted in the cultural mandate given in [Genesis 1:28](/genesis/1-28 "Genesis 1:28 - The Cultural Mandate") and Adam's role in [Genesis 2:15](/genesis/2-15 "Genesis 2:15 - Adam's Role in Eden"). Secondly, it highlights **Prudence and Long-Term Thinking**, instructing Israel to consider future needs and the sustainability of resources rather than engaging in short-sighted, total destruction. This reflects God's own wisdom and abundant provision, encouraging His people to imitate His character. Thirdly, the law establishes **Limits to Warfare and Destruction**, demonstrating that even in conflict, there are ethical boundaries and a divine call for restraint, contrasting sharply with the practices of surrounding nations. Finally, the potent parenthetical phrase "for the tree of the field is man's life" emphasizes **Human Dependence on Creation**, illustrating the profound interconnectedness between humanity and the natural world, particularly for sustenance and survival, echoing God's initial provision of plants for food in [Genesis 1:29](/genesis/1-29 "Genesis 1:29 - God's Provision of Plants for Food").

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **Destroy (Hebrew, _shâchath'_):** The Hebrew verb שָׁחַת (_shâchath_) means "to spoil, corrupt, ruin, destroy." It is a strong term indicating complete devastation or rendering something unusable. Its prohibition here emphasizes that the act of cutting down fruit trees is not merely an act of war, but an act of profound destruction that goes against divine principles of preservation and long-term sustainability. The use of this word highlights the severity of the forbidden action.
* **Tree (Hebrew, _ʻêts'_):** The Hebrew word עֵץ (_ʻêts_) refers to a "tree," and by extension, "wood." In this context, particularly when paired with "of the field" and the command to eat from them, it clearly denotes a cultivated, fruit-bearing tree, which provides sustenance. The specificity of this term underscores the economic and life-sustaining value of the trees being protected, distinguishing them from trees that might be used for siege works (which the law implicitly allows to be cut down, if they are not fruit trees).
* **Man (Hebrew, _ʼâdâm'_):** The Hebrew word אָדָם (_ʼâdâm_) refers to "man" or "human being." In the notoriously difficult parenthetical phrase, "for the tree of the field is man's life," the connection between the tree and "man" is central. While interpretations vary (some suggesting a rhetorical question "Is man a tree of the field, that he should be besieged?"), the KJV's rendering, which emphasizes the tree's vital role in sustaining human life, highlights the profound dependence of humanity on these natural resources. The law thus frames the preservation of trees as an act of preserving human well-being and life itself.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it":** This opening clause sets the specific scenario for the law: a prolonged military siege aimed at capturing a city. It acknowledges the harsh realities of ancient warfare, where cities could be cut off and starved into submission over extended periods. The duration ("a long time") implies that the besiegers would be present for an extended period, making the preservation of local resources particularly relevant for both current and future inhabitants.
* **"thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them":** This is the direct prohibition. The command is explicit: do not use an axe to destroy the trees. The emphasis is on the deliberate, destructive act against the trees themselves, particularly those that are fruit-bearing. This prohibition is a direct counterpoint to the common ancient Near Eastern practice of "scorched earth" tactics, demonstrating a divine restraint.
* **"for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down":** This provides the immediate, practical rationale for the prohibition. The trees are valuable because they provide food ("thou mayest eat of them"), highlighting their utility and long-term benefit. The command "thou shalt not cut them down" reinforces the initial prohibition, specifically linking it to the purpose of food provision and sustained life.
* **"(for the tree of the field [is] man's [life]) to employ [them] in the siege":** This parenthetical clause offers the deeper theological and practical justification. As discussed in "Key Word Analysis," the KJV interprets this as emphasizing the tree's vital role in sustaining human life, either directly through food or metaphorically as essential to human well-being. The final phrase "to employ [them] in the siege" clarifies that the prohibition is against cutting down fruit trees for siege works (e.g., building ramps, towers, or battering rams), implying that non-fruit-bearing trees could be used for such purposes without violating this specific command.

#### Literary Devices
Deuteronomy 20:19 employs several literary devices to convey its profound message. The most prominent is **Didacticism**, as the verse functions as a direct instruction or teaching from God to Israel, guiding their conduct in a specific scenario. The use of a **Parenthetical Statement** ("for the tree of the field is man's life") serves to provide a deep, underlying justification for the law, elevating it beyond mere practical advice to a principle rooted in the fundamental relationship between humanity and creation. This parenthetical statement also functions as a powerful **Metaphor** or **Symbolism**, where the tree represents life, sustenance, and the very foundation of human existence. The stark contrast between the destructive nature of war and the preserving command for trees creates a subtle **Juxtaposition**, highlighting God's concern for life and order even amidst chaos. Furthermore, the explicit command "thou shalt not destroy" followed by "thou shalt not cut them down" is a form of **Repetition** for emphasis, reinforcing the absolute nature of the prohibition and its underlying rationale.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Deuteronomy 20:19 is a remarkable testament to God's character as a God of life, order, and long-term provision, even in the context of warfare. It extends the biblical principle of responsible dominion over creation, first articulated in Genesis, into the realm of conflict. This law teaches that human actions, even in times of extreme duress, should reflect divine wisdom and a respect for the created order, recognizing that natural resources are not merely disposable commodities but vital provisions for sustained life. It underscores that God's covenant people are called to a higher ethical standard than surrounding nations, demonstrating mercy and prudence even towards their enemies' potential future sustenance. This command prefigures a broader biblical ethic of environmental care and a holistic understanding of human well-being tied to the flourishing of creation, reflecting God's own benevolent nature.

* [Genesis 1:29](/genesis/1-29 "God's Provision of Plants for Food")
* [Psalm 1:3](/psalms/1-3 "Psalm 1:3 - The Righteous Like a Tree")
* [Proverbs 11:28](/proverbs/11-28 "Proverbs 11:28 - Trust in Riches vs. Righteousness")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Deuteronomy 20:19 offers timeless wisdom that transcends its ancient military context, challenging believers to cultivate a mindset of stewardship, long-term vision, and ethical restraint in all areas of life. It calls us to recognize the intrinsic value of creation, not just for our immediate consumption, but for the sustenance of future generations and the overall flourishing of the earth. This principle extends to how we manage all resources—financial, natural, and relational—urging us to avoid short-sighted exploitation and instead practice thoughtful conservation. In our personal conflicts, whether with others or within ourselves, this verse encourages us to seek constructive solutions that preserve potential for future growth and reconciliation, rather than resorting to destructive tactics that leave lasting devastation. It reminds us that God's character is one of life and provision, and we are called to embody that character in our interactions with the world and each other, seeking to build up rather than tear down.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does this ancient law challenge modern attitudes towards environmental exploitation and resource management?**
* **In what areas of your life might you be tempted to "cut down the fruit trees" for short-term gain, neglecting long-term sustainability?**
* **How can the principle of "limits to warfare" be applied to our personal conflicts and disagreements, encouraging restraint and preservation of relationships?**
* **What does "the tree of the field is man's life" mean for your understanding of human dependence on God's creation and your responsibility to it?**

### FAQ
**Why did God specifically prohibit cutting down fruit trees, but not necessarily other trees?**

Answer: The distinction between fruit trees and other trees is crucial because fruit trees provide direct, sustained sustenance ("thou mayest eat of them"). They represent a long-term food source vital for human life and the future productivity of the land. Other trees, not bearing edible fruit, could be used for siege works (like building ramps or towers) as they did not have the same direct life-sustaining value. This highlights God's practical wisdom and His concern for the preservation of essential resources that contribute to life and flourishing, even in the midst of conflict, demonstrating a priority on sustenance over mere destruction.

**Does this law have any relevance for modern warfare or environmental ethics today?**

Answer: Absolutely. While the context is ancient warfare, the underlying principles are highly relevant. For modern warfare, it speaks to the ethics of conflict, challenging "scorched earth" tactics and promoting humanitarian considerations, such as protecting civilian infrastructure and food sources. For environmental ethics, it serves as a foundational biblical text for **environmental stewardship** and **conservation**. It underscores the idea that natural resources are not merely tools for immediate exploitation but vital provisions to be managed responsibly for future generations, aligning with themes found in the cultural mandate of [Genesis 1:28](/genesis/1-28 "Genesis 1:28 - The Cultural Mandate") and the declaration that [the earth is the Lord's in Psalm 24:1](/psalms/24-1 "Psalm 24:1 - The Earth is the Lord's").

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Deuteronomy 20:19, with its emphasis on preserving life-sustaining resources and limiting destruction, finds its ultimate fulfillment and deepest meaning in Jesus Christ. He is the embodiment of divine wisdom and the ultimate provider of true sustenance. While the Old Testament law protects physical fruit trees, Jesus declares Himself to be [the "true vine"](/john/15-1 "John 15:1 - Jesus the True Vine"), from whom all spiritual fruit and life flow. He came not to destroy but to give life, and give it [abundantly](/john/10-10 "John 10:10 - The Good Shepherd"). His ministry was characterized by healing, feeding the hungry (as seen in [Matthew 14:13-21](/matthew/14-13-21 "Matthew 14:13-21 - Feeding the Five Thousand")), and restoring brokenness, rather than causing wanton destruction. Just as the law protected the tree that is "man's life," Christ is the very source of eternal life for humanity, the [true "bread of life"](/john/6-35 "John 6:35 - Jesus the Bread of Life") and the ["living water"](/john/4-10 "John 4:10 - Jesus and the Samaritan Woman"). His sacrifice on the cross was not an act of destruction but the ultimate act of preservation, taking away the sin of the world so that humanity might be reconciled to God and flourish eternally, embodying the deepest possible care for human life and its ultimate sustenance.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

John 15:2

Every branch in me that beareth not fruit he taketh away: and every [branch] that beareth fruit, he purgeth it, that it may bring forth more fruit.

John 15:8

Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit; so shall ye be my disciples.

Matthew 3:10

And now also the axe is laid unto the root of the trees: therefore every tree which bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire.

Deuteronomy 26:6

And the Egyptians evil entreated us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage:

Matthew 21:19

And when he saw a fig tree in the way, he came to it, and found nothing thereon, but leaves only, and said unto it, Let no fruit grow on thee henceforward for ever. And presently the fig tree withered away.

Luke 13:7

Then said he unto the dresser of his vineyard, Behold, these three years I come seeking fruit on this fig tree, and find none: cut it down; why cumbereth it the ground?

Luke 13:9

And if it bear fruit, [well]: and if not, [then] after that thou shalt cut it down.