TRV
Translation
King James Version
And they caused their sons and their daughters to pass through the fire, and used divination and enchantments, and sold themselves to do evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger.
Complete Jewish Bible
They had their sons and daughters pass through fire [as a sacrifice]. They used divination and magic spells. And they gave themselves over to do what was evil from ADONAI's perspective, thereby provoking him;
Berean Standard Bible
They sacrificed their sons and daughters in the fire and practiced divination and soothsaying. They devoted themselves to doing evil in the sight of the LORD, provoking Him to anger.
American Standard Version
And they caused their sons and their daughters to pass through the fire, and used divination and enchantments, and sold themselves to do that which was evil in the sight of Jehovah, to provoke him to anger.
World English Bible Messianic
They caused their sons and their daughters to pass through the fire, and used divination and enchantments, and sold themselves to do that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger.
Geneva Bible (1599)
And they made their sonnes and their daughters passe thorowe the fire, and vsed witchcraft and inchantments, yea, solde them selues to doe euill in the sight of the Lord, to anger him.
Young's Literal Translation
and cause their sons and their daughters to pass over through fire, and divine divinations, and use enchantments, and sell themselves to do the evil thing in the eyes of Jehovah, to provoke Him;
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Commentary on 2 Kings 17 verses 7–23
7 ¶ For so it was, that the children of Israel had sinned against the LORD their God, which had brought them up out of the land of Egypt, from under the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and had feared other gods,
8 And walked in the statutes of the heathen, whom the LORD cast out from before the children of Israel, and of the kings of Israel, which they had made.
9 And the children of Israel did secretly those things that were not right against the LORD their God, and they built them high places in all their cities, from the tower of the watchmen to the fenced city.
10 And they set them up images and groves in every high hill, and under every green tree:
11 And there they burnt incense in all the high places, as did the heathen whom the LORD carried away before them; and wrought wicked things to provoke the LORD to anger:
12 For they served idols, whereof the LORD had said unto them, Ye shall not do this thing.
13 Yet the LORD testified against Israel, and against Judah, by all the prophets, and by all the seers, saying, Turn ye from your evil ways, and keep my commandments and my statutes, according to all the law which I commanded your fathers, and which I sent to you by my servants the prophets.
14 Notwithstanding they would not hear, but hardened their necks, like to the neck of their fathers, that did not believe in the LORD their God.
15 And they rejected his statutes, and his covenant that he made with their fathers, and his testimonies which he testified against them; and they followed vanity, and became vain, and went after the heathen that were round about them, concerning whom the LORD had charged them, that they should not do like them.
16 And they left all the commandments of the LORD their God, and made them molten images, even two calves, and made a grove, and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served Baal.
17 And they caused their sons and their daughters to pass through the fire, and used divination and enchantments, and sold themselves to do evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger.
18 Therefore the LORD was very angry with Israel, and removed them out of his sight: there was none left but the tribe of Judah only.
19 Also Judah kept not the commandments of the LORD their God, but walked in the statutes of Israel which they made.
20 And the LORD rejected all the seed of Israel, and afflicted them, and delivered them into the hand of spoilers, until he had cast them out of his sight.
21 For he rent Israel from the house of David; and they made Jeroboam the son of Nebat king: and Jeroboam drave Israel from following the LORD, and made them sin a great sin.
22 For the children of Israel walked in all the sins of Jeroboam which he did; they departed not from them;
23 Until the LORD removed Israel out of his sight, as he had said by all his servants the prophets. So was Israel carried away out of their own land to Assyria unto this day.
Though the destruction of the kingdom of the ten tribes was but briefly related, it is in these verses largely commented upon by our historian, and the reasons of it assigned, not taken from the second causes - the weakness of Israel, their impolitic management, and the strength and growing greatness of the Assyrian monarch (these things are overlooked) - but only from the First Cause. Observe, 1. It was the Lord that removed Israel out of his sight; whoever were the instruments, he was the author of this calamity. It was destruction from the Almighty; the Assyrian was but the rod of his anger, Isa 10:5. It was the Lord that rejected the seed of Israel, else their enemies could not have seized upon them, Kg2 17:20. Who gave Jacob for a spoil, and Israel to the robbers? Did not the Lord? Isa 43:24. We lose the benefit of national judgments if we do not eye the hand of God in them, and the fulfilling of the scripture, for that also is taken notice of here (Kg2 17:23): The Lord removed Israel out of his favour, and out of their own land, as he had said by all his servants the prophets. Rather shall heaven and earth pass than one tittle of God's word fall to the ground. When God's word and his works are compared, it will be found not only that they agree, but that they illustrate each other. But why would God ruin a people that were raised and incorporated, as Israel was, by miracles and oracles? Why would he undo that which he himself had done at so vast an expense? Was it purely an act of sovereignty? No, it was an act of necessary justice. For, 2. They provoked him to do this by their wickedness. Was it God's doing? Nay, it was their own; by their way and their doings they procured all this to themselves, and it was their own wickedness that did correct them. This the sacred historian shows here at large, that it might appear that God did them no wrong and that others might hear and fear. Come and see what it was that did all this mischief, that broke their power and laid their honour in the dust; it was sin; that, and nothing else, separated between them and God. This is here very movingly laid open as the cause of all the desolations of Israel. He here shows,
I. What God had done for Israel, to engage them to serve him. 1. He gave them their liberty (Kg2 17:7): He brought them from under the hand of Pharaoh who oppressed them, asserted their freedom (Israel is my son), and effected their freedom with a high hand. Thus they were bound in duty and gratitude to be his servants, for he had loosed their bonds; nor would he that rescued them out of the hand of the king of Egypt have contradicted himself so far as to deliver them into the hand of the king of Assyria, as he did, if they had not, by their iniquity, betrayed their liberty and sold themselves. 2. He gave them their law, and was himself their king. They were immediately under a divine regimen. They could not plead ignorance of good and evil, sin and duty, for God had particularly charged them against those very things which here he charges them with (Kg2 17:15), That they should not do like the heathen. Nor could they be in any doubt concerning their obligation to observe the laws which they are here charged with rejecting, for they were the commandments and statutes of the Lord their God (Kg2 17:13), so that no room was left to dispute whether they should keep them or no. He had not dealt so with other nations, Psa 147:19, Psa 147:20. 3. He gave them their land, for he cast out the heathen from before them (Kg2 17:8), to make room for them; and the casting out of them for their idolatries was as fair a warning as could be given to Israel not to do like them.
II. What they had done against God, notwithstanding these engagements which he had laid upon them. 1. In general. They sinned against the Lord their God (Kg2 17:7), they did those things that were not right (Kg2 17:9), but secretly. So wedded were they to their evil practices that when they could not do them publicly, could not for shame or could not for fear, they would do them secretly - an evidence of their atheism, that they thought what was done in secret was from under the eye of God himself and would not be required. Again, they wrought wicked things in such a direct contradiction to the divine law that they seemed as if they were done on purpose to provoke the Lord to anger (Kg2 17:11), in contempt of his authority and defiance of his justice. They rejected God's statutes and his covenant (Kg2 17:15), would not be bound up either by his command or the consent they themselves had given to the covenant, but threw off the obligations of both, and therefore God justly rejected them, Kg2 17:20. See Hos 4:6. They left all the commandments of the Lord their God (Kg2 17:16), left the way, left the work, which those commandments prescribed them and directed them in. Nay, lastly, they sold themselves to do evil in the sight of the Lord, that is, they wholly addicted themselves to sin, as slaves to the service of those to whom they are sold, and, by their obstinately persisting in sin, so hardened their own hearts that at length it had become morally impossible for them to recover themselves, as one that has sold himself has put his liberty past recall. 2. In particular. Though they were guilty (no doubt) of many immoralities, and violated all the commands of the second table, yet nothing is here specified, but their idolatry. This was the sin that did most easily beset them; this was, of all sins, most provoking to God: it was the spiritual adultery that broke the marriage-covenant, and was the inlet of all other wickedness. Hence it is again and again mentioned here as the sin that ruined them. (1.) They feared other gods (Kg2 17:7), that is, worshipped them and paid their homage to them, as if they feared their displeasure. (2.) They walked in the statutes of the heathen, which were contrary to God's statutes (Kg2 17:8), did as did the heathen (Kg2 17:11), went after the heathen that were round about them (Kg2 17:15), so prostituting the honour of their peculiarity, and defeating God's design concerning them, which was that they should be distinguished from the heathen. Must those that were taught of God go to school to the heathen - those that were appropriated to God take their measures from the nations that were abandoned by him? (3.) They walked in the statutes of the idolatrous kings of Israel (Kg2 17:8), in all the sins of Jeroboam, Kg2 17:22. When their kings assumed a power to alter and add to the divine institutions they submitted to them, and thought the command of their kings would bear them out in disobedience to the command of their God. (4.) They built themselves high places in all their cities, Kg2 17:9. If in any place there was but the tower of the watchmen (a country tower that had no walls, but only a tower to shelter the watch in time of danger), or but a lodge for shepherds, it must be honoured with a high place, and that with an altar. If there was a fenced city, it must be further fortified with a high place. Having forsaken God's only place, they knew no end of high places, in which every man followed his own fancy and directed his devotion to what god he pleased. Sacred things were hereby profaned and laid common, when their altars were as heaps in the furrows of the field, Hos 12:11. (5.) They set them up images and groves - Asherim (even wooden images, so some think the term, which we translate groves, should be rendered) or Ashtaroth (so others) - directed contrary to the second commandment, Kg2 17:10. They served idols (Kg2 17:12), the works of their own hands and creatures of their own fancy, though God had warned them particularly not to do this thing. (6.) They burnt incense in all the high places, to the honour of strange gods, for it was to the dishonour of the true God, Kg2 17:11. (7.) They followed vanity. Idols are called so, because they could do neither good nor evil, but were the most insignificant things that could be; those that worshipped them were like unto them, and so they became vain and good for nothing (Kg2 17:16), vain in their devotions, which were brutish and ridiculous, and so became vain in their whole conversation. (8.) Besides the molten images, even the two calves, they worshipped all the host of heaven - the sun, moon, and stars: for it is not meant of the heavenly host of angels; they could not rise so far above sensible things as to think of them. And, withal, they served Baal, the deified heroes of the Gentiles, Kg2 17:16. (9.) They caused their children to pass through the fire, in token of their dedicating them to their idols. (10.) They used divinations and enchantments, that they might receive directions from the gods to whom they paid their devotions.
III. What means God used with them, to bring them off from their idolatries, and to how little purpose. He testified against them, showed them their sins and warned them of the fatal consequences of them by all the prophets and all the seers (for so the prophets had been formerly called), and pressed them to turn from their evil ways, Kg2 17:13. We have read of prophets, more or less, in every reign. Though they had forsaken God's family of priests, he did not leave them without a succession of prophets, who made it their business to teach them the good knowledge of the Lord, but all in vain (Kg2 17:14); they would not hear, but hardened their necks, persisted in their idolatries, and were like their fathers, that would not bow their necks to God's yoke, because they did not believe in him, did not receive his truths, nor would venture upon his promises: it seems to refer to their fathers in the wilderness; the same sin that kept them out of Canaan turned these out, and that was unbelief.
IV. How God punished them for their sins. He was very angry with them (Kg2 17:18); for, in the matter of his worship, he is a jealous God, and resents nothing more deeply than giving that honour to any creature which is due to himself only. He afflicted them (Kg2 17:20) and delivered them into the hand of spoilers, in the days of the judges and of Saul, and afterwards in the days of most of their kings, to see if they would be awakened by the judgments of God to consider and amend their ways; but, when all these corrections did not prevail to drive out the folly, God first rent Israel from the house of David, under which they might have been happy. As Judah was hereby weakened, so Israel was hereby corrupted; for they made a man king who drove them from following the Lord and caused them to sin a great sin, Kg2 17:21. This was a national judgment, and the punishment of their former idolatries; and, at length, he removed them quite out of his sight (Kg2 17:18, Kg2 17:23), without giving them any hopes of a return out of their captivity.
Lastly, Here is a complaint against Judah in the midst of all (Kg2 17:19): Also Judah kept not the commandments of God; though they were not as yet quite so bad as Israel, yet they walked in the statutes of Israel; and this aggravated the sin of Israel, that they communicated the infection of it to Judah; see Eze 23:11. Those that bring sin into a country or family bring a plague into it and will have to answer for all the mischief that follows.
Matthew Henry (1662–1714) — Commentary on the Whole Bible. This section covers verses 7–23. Public domain.
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Source: Quotations drawn from early Church Fathers and historical Christian theologians (AD 100–1500). Some quotes address the surrounding passage context rather than this verse alone.
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SUMMARY
Second Kings 17:17 serves as a profound indictment against the Northern Kingdom of Israel, meticulously detailing the spiritual depravity and covenant infidelity that ultimately precipitated their devastating exile at the hands of the Assyrians. This verse encapsulates the nation's wholesale abandonment of Yahweh for abhorrent pagan practices, including child sacrifice, occult arts, and a deliberate, self-willed surrender to evil, all of which intensely provoked the righteous anger of the LORD and necessitated His just judgment.
CONTEXT
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
Second Kings 17:17 employs several literary devices to convey the gravity of Israel's sin. The use of Enumeration (listing multiple specific sins: child sacrifice, divination, enchantments) serves to build a cumulative picture of comprehensive apostasy, emphasizing the breadth and depth of their rebellion. The phrase "sold themselves to do evil" is a powerful Metaphor or Idiom, likening their willful surrender to wickedness to the act of selling oneself into slavery, highlighting the deliberate and profound nature of their moral degradation. This also implies a sense of Irrevocability, suggesting a point of no return in their spiritual journey. The concluding phrase "to provoke him to anger" utilizes Anthropomorphism, attributing human emotion (anger) to God, not to suggest human weakness, but to convey the intensity of His righteous indignation and the just nature of His response to such profound covenant infidelity. The verse also functions as a Summary Statement, condensing the essence of Israel's long history of rebellion into a concise, impactful declaration that justifies the impending judgment.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Second Kings 17:17 is a stark reminder of the profound seriousness of idolatry and rebellion against the living God. It illustrates that sin, particularly the deliberate rejection of God's revealed will and the adoption of practices anathema to His character, inevitably provokes His righteous anger and leads to severe consequences. The verse underscores God's absolute holiness, His intolerance for evil, and His unwavering commitment to His covenant, which includes both blessings for obedience and curses for disobedience. It reveals that God's judgment is not arbitrary but a just response to persistent and unrepentant sin, demonstrating His sovereignty over nations and His moral governance of the world. The depth of Israel's depravity, culminating in child sacrifice and occultism, highlights the terrifying extent to which humanity can fall when it abandons the true God and seeks fulfillment or power in false deities and forbidden practices.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
While the specific sins of child sacrifice and ancient occult practices may seem distant, the underlying principles of 2 Kings 17:17 remain profoundly relevant for believers today. This verse serves as a powerful warning against any form of idolatry, reminding us that anything that takes God's rightful place in our lives—be it wealth, power, pleasure, status, or even our own desires—becomes an idol that provokes His displeasure. We are called to examine our hearts for subtle forms of "divination" or "enchantments," which might manifest as seeking guidance from worldly wisdom, self-help philosophies, or even social media trends rather than solely from God's Word and Spirit. The chilling phrase "sold themselves to do evil" challenges us to consider the cumulative effect of our choices: are we incrementally hardening our hearts and surrendering to patterns of sin, or are we actively choosing to live in humble obedience and devotion to God? This passage calls for radical repentance, a turning away from all forms of spiritual compromise, and a wholehearted commitment to worshiping and serving the LORD alone, recognizing that true freedom and blessing come only from Him.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What does "caused their sons and their daughters to pass through the fire" truly mean?
Answer: This phrase, while sometimes debated, most commonly refers to the abhorrent practice of child sacrifice, specifically the ritualistic immolation of children as offerings to pagan deities like Molech or Baal. This was a detestable custom of the Canaanites, explicitly forbidden by God in the Mosaic Law (e.g., Leviticus 18:21, Deuteronomy 18:10). It was considered the pinnacle of spiritual depravity and a profound violation of God's covenant and the sanctity of human life.
Why was God so angry with Israel's actions?
Answer: God's anger was a righteous and just response to Israel's profound and persistent rebellion against His holiness and covenant. Their actions were not mere mistakes but deliberate choices to abandon the One True God for detestable pagan practices. Child sacrifice directly violated His commands regarding human life and worship, while divination and enchantments demonstrated a rejection of His sovereignty and a seeking of guidance from demonic sources. These acts were direct affronts to God's character, His exclusive claim to worship, and His covenant faithfulness, thus "provoking him to anger" as a necessary expression of His justice against such egregious sin.
How does this historical account apply to believers in the modern world?
Answer: While the specific forms of sin may differ, the underlying principles remain highly relevant. The passage warns against any form of idolatry, urging us to examine what we truly worship and prioritize in our lives beyond God. It cautions against seeking guidance from sources other than God's Word and Spirit, which can be a modern form of "divination." Most importantly, it highlights the danger of a hardened heart, where one "sells oneself to do evil" through repeated, deliberate choices against God's will. It calls for wholehearted devotion, constant repentance, and a commitment to living in obedience to God alone, recognizing the serious consequences of spiritual compromise and the importance of maintaining a pure relationship with Him.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Second Kings 17:17 vividly portrays the depth of human depravity and the righteous anger of God against sin, particularly idolatry and rebellion. In the Old Covenant, Israel's repeated failure to uphold their covenant obligations, culminating in such heinous acts, demonstrated humanity's inability to perfectly obey God and avert His just wrath. This desperate need for a perfect deliverer and a new covenant is ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ. Where Israel "sold themselves to do evil," Jesus, the sinless Lamb of God, willingly "gave himself for our sins to rescue us from the present evil age" (Galatians 1:4). His perfect life, atoning death on the cross, and victorious resurrection provide the definitive answer to the problem of human sin and God's righteous anger. Through His sacrifice, Christ bore the full weight of the "provocation" that humanity's sin caused, satisfying divine justice and offering forgiveness and reconciliation to all who believe. He delivers us from the power of idolatry and occult practices, breaking the chains of spiritual bondage and empowering us by His Spirit to worship God alone in spirit and truth (John 4:24). Thus, 2 Kings 17:17, while a record of judgment, ultimately points to the profound grace and redemption found only in the person and work of Jesus Christ, who is our only hope for true freedom and reconciliation with a holy God.