### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **sâṭam**, represented by `{{H7852}}`, is a primitive root that means to **lurk for, i.e. persecute; hate, oppose self against**. It appears **6 times** in **6 unique verses**, highlighting specific instances of intense animosity and opposition.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{H7852}}` often describes deep-seated, personal animosity. The most prominent example is Esau's{H6215} hatred for Jacob after being deceived of his blessing, a hatred so intense it led him to plot murder [[Genesis 27:41]]. Similarly, Joseph's brothers feared he would **hate** them and retaliate for their past evil [[Genesis 50:15]]. The term is also used to express the anguish of the afflicted; Job uses it to describe the hostile opposition he feels from an enemy [[Job 16:9]] and even from God [[Job 30:21]], while the psalmist laments the **oppression** `{{H6125}}` of the **wicked** `{{H7563}}` who **hate** him in **wrath** `{{H639}}` [[Psalms 55:3]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words illuminate the nature and consequences of the hatred described by **sâṭam**:
* `{{H2026}}` **hârag** (to smite with deadly intent; slay): This word reveals the ultimate outcome of the hatred expressed by **sâṭam**. Esau's hatred for Jacob is immediately followed by his intention to **slay** him [[Genesis 27:41]].
* `{{H639}}` **'aph** (anger, wrath): This term is frequently paired with `{{H7852}}`, indicating that this form of hatred is not passive but is fueled by active **wrath**. This is seen when the psalmist describes his enemies who "in **wrath** they hate me" [[Psalms 55:3]] and in Job's lament [[Job 16:9]].
* `{{H7563}}` **râshâʻ** (wicked (man)): The hatred of **sâṭam** is often characterized as an action of the **wicked**. In [[Psalms 55:3]], the psalmist endures hatred as part of the "oppression of the **wicked**," linking this animosity to moral corruption.
### Theological Significance
The concept of `{{H7852}}` carries significant weight, illustrating themes of conflict and suffering.
* **Destructive Animosity:** The word is used to describe a deep and active hostility that often leads to persecution or violence. Esau's hatred for Jacob is a clear example, where the feeling is immediately connected to a plan to **slay** `{{H2026}}` his brother [[Genesis 27:41]].
* **Source of Oppression:** **Sâṭam** is identified as a tool of the **wicked** `{{H7563}}` to inflict suffering. The psalmist links the "voice of the enemy" and the "**oppression** `{{H6125}}` of the wicked" directly to the fact that "in **wrath** `{{H639}}` they hate me" [[Psalms 55:3]].
* **Perceived Divine Opposition:** In the book of Job, the term is used to express the profound anguish of a sufferer who feels he is being unjustly targeted. Job describes God as becoming **cruel** `{{H393}}` and using his power to **oppose** him [[Job 30:21]], framing his suffering as a form of divine hatred.
### Summary
In summary, `{{H7852}}` **sâṭam** is not a term for passive dislike but for an active, persecuting hatred. It captures the animosity that drives familial conflict, the oppression of the wicked, and the desperate cries of those who feel unjustly opposed. Its limited but powerful usage in scripture paints a stark picture of a destructive force rooted in wrath and bent on harm.
TRV