### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **sâṭan**, represented by `{{H7853}}`, is a primitive root that means to **attack**, **accuse**, or be an **adversary**. Though it is the root for one of scripture's most significant figures, it appears only **6 times** in **6 unique verses**. Its meaning is centered on active and hostile opposition, whether through direct assault or legal-style accusation.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The word `{{H7853}}` is used to describe two primary forms of opposition. In the Psalms, it consistently refers to personal enemies who act with unjust hostility. These adversaries **render** evil for good [[Psalms 38:20]] and oppose the psalmist even in response to his **love** [[Psalms 109:4]]. In a unique prophetic vision, the term describes a spiritual conflict where Satan `{{H7854}}` is seen **standing** at the **right hand** of Joshua `{{H3091}}` the **high** **priest** `{{H3548}}` specifically to **resist** him before the **angel** of the **LORD** `{{H3068}}` [[Zechariah 3:1]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words help clarify the nature of the adversarial role:
* `{{H7854}}` **sâṭân** (adversary, Satan): This noun is derived directly from the verb and refers to an opponent. It is used for the specific arch-enemy of good who stands to **resist** Joshua the high priest [[Zechariah 3:1]].
* `{{H7451}}` **raʻ** (evil): This term is frequently associated with the actions of adversaries. Those who act as adversaries are described as rendering **evil** for **good** and speaking **evil** against the soul ([[Psalms 38:20]], [[Psalms 109:20]]).
* `{{H3639}}` **kelimmâh** (dishonour, shame): This is the desired outcome for those who are adversaries. The psalmist prays that his adversaries would be clothed with **shame** and covered with **dishonour** ([[Psalms 71:13]], [[Psalms 109:29]]).
* `{{H7291}}` **râdaph** (to pursue, persecute): This verb describes the active hostility often carried out by an adversary. In the psalmist's case, he is opposed because he follows (**râdaph**) what is **good** [[Psalms 38:20]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H7853}}` is centered on the reality of conflict between good and evil.
* **Unprovoked Opposition:** The word highlights that adversarial action is often a response to righteousness. The psalmist faces adversaries because of his **love** `{{H160}}` and because he follows that which is **good** `{{H2896}}`, not because of any wrongdoing on his part ([[Psalms 109:4]], [[Psalms 38:20]]).
* **Spiritual and Human Accusation:** `{{H7853}}` applies to both human enemies who **speak** evil against one's **soul** `{{H5315}}` and the spiritual accuser, Satan, who resists God's chosen leaders ([[Psalms 109:20]], [[Zechariah 3:1]]).
* **Appeal to Divine Justice:** In the face of such opposition, the only recourse is an appeal to God. The psalmist prays that the **reward** `{{H6468}}` for his adversaries would come from the **LORD** `{{H3068}}` and that they would be **confounded** and **consumed** `{{H3615}}` ([[Psalms 109:20]], [[Psalms 71:13]]).
### Summary
In summary, `{{H7853}}` **sâṭan** provides the crucial scriptural foundation for understanding what it means to be an adversary. It is not a passive state but an active role of attack and accusation. Whether describing personal enemies repaying **good** with **evil** or the spiritual opposition faced by God's people, the term frames a world where righteousness is met with resistance, and final judgment on such adversaries rests with the **LORD**.
TRV