### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **zûwlâh**, represented by `{{H2108}}`, is an adverb used to mean **except**, **beside**, **but**, **only**, or **save**. It appears **16 times** across **16 unique verses** in the Bible. Its core function is derived from a root meaning scattering or removal, creating a sense of exclusion or exception. This term is used to set apart a person, object, or concept as unique or as the sole remainder in a given context.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In biblical narratives, `{{H2108}}` is used to draw sharp contrasts and emphasize exclusivity. A primary use is to declare God's unparalleled nature, as in the statement, "there is none like thee, neither is there any God **beside** thee" ([[2 Samuel 7:22]]; [[1 Chronicles 17:20]]). It also functions to define what is left after a judgment or selection, such as when the Babylonians carried away the captives from Jerusalem and "none remained, **save** the poorest sort of the people of the land" [[2 Kings 24:14]]. The term can also mark a simple exception, as when the priest told David there was no other sword available **save** for the one that belonged to Goliath [[1 Samuel 21:9]]. In a different context, it specifies a limitation, noting that at Horeb the people saw no form, **only** they heard a voice [[Deuteronomy 4:12]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words clarify and reinforce the concept of exclusion or exception:
* `{{H1107}}` **bilʻădêy** (except, without, besides): This word functions as a close synonym to `{{H2108}}`, often used to declare God's singular existence. For instance, it is used to state there is no God **beside** the LORD [[Isaiah 44:6]] and appears alongside `{{H2108}}` in passages emphasizing God's uniqueness [[Isaiah 45:21]].
* `{{H1115}}` **biltîy** (not, except, unless, besides): This term also carries the meaning of exception. It is used to declare that there is no rock like our God [[1 Samuel 2:2]] and appears with `{{H2108}}` in the declaration that there is no saviour **beside** God [[Hosea 13:4]].
* `{{H312}}` **ʼachêr** (other): This word often sets the stage for an exception. In the account of David and Goliath's sword, the priest states there is no **other** sword, **save** `{{H2108}}` the one that was there [[1 Samuel 21:9]]. It is also used in the commandment against having **other** gods [[Exodus 20:3]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H2108}}` is significant, primarily in establishing God's absolute uniqueness and sovereignty.
* **Divine Exclusivity:** The word is repeatedly used to affirm monotheism. Declarations like "there is no God **beside** me" [[Isaiah 45:5]] and "there is none **beside** me" [[Isaiah 45:21]] use `{{H2108}}` to assert that the LORD alone is God, distinct from all other lords [[Isaiah 26:13]].
* **Sovereign Selection:** `{{H2108}}` is used to mark individuals or groups chosen by God for a specific blessing or purpose, setting them apart from all others. For example, **save** for Caleb the son of Jephunneh, an entire generation was barred from the promised land [[Deuteronomy 1:36]]. Similarly, **but** for the tribe of Judah, no one followed the house of David after the kingdom divided [[1 Kings 12:20]].
* **The Only Savior:** The term underscores that salvation and deliverance come from God alone. In [[Hosea 13:4]], God reminds Israel, "thou shalt know no god **but** me: for there is no saviour beside me." This links God's unique identity directly to His exclusive power to save `{{H3467}}`.
### Summary
In summary, `{{H2108}}` is more than a simple adverb of exclusion. It is a critical term for defining what is singular and set apart. Whether identifying the **only** city Joshua burned in a campaign [[Joshua 11:13]], the **only** tribe that remained loyal to David's house [[1 Kings 12:20]], or the **only** God in existence [[Isaiah 45:5]], **zûwlâh** draws a sharp line of distinction. It illustrates how a word for "except" or "beside" becomes a powerful vehicle for expressing the core theological truths of God's sovereignty, His unique identity, and His exclusive role as savior.
TRV