### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek adverb ἀδίκως (adikōs), Strong's `{{G95}}`, is derived from the adjective ἄδικος (adikos), meaning "unjust," which itself is formed from the negative prefix ἀ- (a-) and δίκη (dikē), meaning "justice" or "right." Therefore, ἀδίκως fundamentally signifies "without justice," "contrary to what is right," or "in an unjust manner." Its semantic range is narrow, precisely denoting an action or state characterized by a lack of equity, fairness, or adherence to righteous standards. It describes something done "wrongfully" or "unjustly," implying a violation of divine or moral law, or a transgression against a person's rightful due.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The adverb ἀδίκως (adikōs) appears only once in the New Testament, in 1 Peter 2:19. The context is crucial for understanding its profound significance.
In 1 Peter 2, the apostle Peter addresses Christian slaves, urging them to be subject to their masters with all respect, "not only to the good and gentle but also to the overbearing" [[1 Peter 2:18]]. Immediately following this instruction, Peter writes, "For this is a gracious thing, when, mindful of God, one endures sorrows while suffering ἀδίκως" [[1 Peter 2:19]].
The term ἀδίκως here describes the nature of the suffering endured: it is suffering that is undeserved, unmerited, and contrary to justice. The Christian is called to endure such suffering not as a consequence of their own wrongdoing, but precisely because they are acting righteously, "mindful of God." This endurance of unjust suffering, when borne with a good conscience and a focus on God, is presented as "gracious" (χάρις - charis), implying that it finds favor with God and is a manifestation of divine grace at work in the believer. This verse sets the stage for Peter's subsequent exhortation to follow the example of Christ, who himself suffered ἀδίκως for the sake of righteousness [[1 Peter 2:21-24]].
### Related Words & Concepts
The meaning of ἀδίκως is illuminated by its lexical family and antonyms.
1. **ἄδικος (adikos - `{{G94}}`):** The adjective from which ἀδίκως is derived, meaning "unjust," "unrighteous," or "wicked." It describes a person or thing characterized by injustice.
2. **ἀδικία (adikia - `{{G93}}`):** The noun, meaning "unrighteousness," "injustice," or "wrongdoing." It refers to the state or act of being unjust.
3. **δίκη (dikē - `{{G1349}}`):** The root noun, meaning "justice," "right," or "judgment." It signifies the standard of what is right and equitable.
4. **δίκαιος (dikaios - `{{G1342}}`):** The adjective meaning "righteous" or "just," describing one who conforms to δίκη.
5. **δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē - `{{G1343}}`):** The noun meaning "righteousness" or "justice," referring to the quality or state of being just.
The contrast between ἀδίκως and the concepts of δίκαιος and δικαιοσύνη is central to its theological weight. While ἀδίκως denotes suffering that is *not* deserved, δίκαιος suffering would be that which is justly incurred due to one's own sin. The New Testament consistently presents Christ as the supreme example of one who suffered ἀδίκως, having committed no sin [[1 Peter 2:22]], thereby establishing a pattern for believers who are called to walk in His footsteps.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of ἀδίκως suffering in 1 Peter is profound, serving as a cornerstone for understanding Christian endurance and discipleship.
1. **Affirmation of God's Justice:** The very concept of suffering ἀδίκως presupposes an ultimate standard of justice. Though human systems may fail to deliver justice, God's perfect righteousness ensures that such suffering is not overlooked. The believer is encouraged to entrust themselves to God, "who judges justly" [[1 Peter 2:23]].
2. **Identification with Christ:** The suffering of Christ is the paradigm for all Christian suffering. Christ himself suffered ἀδίκως on the cross, "the righteous for the unrighteous" [[1 Peter 3:18]]. By enduring unjust suffering with patience and a good conscience, believers participate in Christ's sufferings [[1 Peter 4:13]] and bear witness to His character.
3. **Testimony and Grace:** Enduring ἀδίκως suffering is presented as "a gracious thing" (χάρις - charis) in God's sight. It is not merely passive resignation but an active demonstration of faith and obedience, which brings glory to God and can be a powerful testimony to unbelievers. It highlights the supernatural strength and peace that God provides in the midst of adversity.
4. **Spiritual Growth and Character Formation:** Unjust suffering, when embraced with a godly perspective, refines character, strengthens faith, and deepens reliance on God. It fosters humility, patience, and a greater longing for God's eternal kingdom where perfect justice will prevail.
### Summary
The Greek adverb ἀδίκως (adikōs - `{{G95}}`) precisely signifies "unjustly" or "wrongfully." Its sole New Testament occurrence in [[1 Peter 2:19]] highlights the profound theological concept of suffering undeservedly for the sake of righteousness. This suffering, when endured with a good conscience and mindful of God, is deemed "gracious" in God's sight. ἀδίκως stands in stark contrast to δικαιοσύνη (righteousness) and finds its ultimate illustration in the unjust suffering of Christ, serving as a model for believers. The word underscores the call for Christians to patiently endure hardship that is not a consequence of their own sin, trusting in God's ultimate justice and finding identification with the redemptive suffering of Jesus Christ.
TRV