### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **chóos**, represented by `{{G5522}}`, refers to a **heap** (as poured out), rubbish, or loose dirt, commonly translated as **dust**. It appears 2 times across 2 unique verses in the Bible. The term signifies loose earth or refuse, used in symbolic actions.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{G5522}}` is used in two key contexts. In Mark's Gospel, it is part of Jesus' instructions to his disciples: if a town rejects their message, they are to "shake off the **dust** under your feet for a testimony against them" [[Mark 6:11]]. In Revelation, the word depicts an act of profound mourning, where merchants "cast **dust** on their heads, and cried, weeping and wailing" over the fall of the great city [[Revelation 18:19]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words clarify the actions and contexts associated with `{{G5522}}`:
* `{{G1621}}` **ektinássō** (to shake violently:--shake (off)): This verb is directly linked to the use of **chóos** in [[Mark 6:11]]. It describes the forceful gesture of rejection, as when the disciples were instructed to **shake off** the dust from their feet.
* `{{G4228}}` **poús** (a "foot" (figuratively or literally):--foot(-stool)): This word identifies the body part from which the **dust** is shaken. The action against a rejecting city involves the disciples' **feet** [[Mark 6:11]], symbolizing that they are leaving all remnants of that place behind.
* `{{G906}}` **bállō** (to throw (in various applications, more or less violent or intense):--arise, cast (out), X dung, lay, lie, pour, put (up), send, strike, throw (down), thrust. Compare ῥίπτω.): This verb describes the action taken in Revelation, where mourners **cast** dust on their heads [[Revelation 18:19]].
### Theological Significance
The symbolic weight of `{{G5522}}` is revealed in its two distinct applications:
* **Symbol of Rejection and Judgment:** In Mark, shaking the **dust** from one's feet serves as a solemn "testimony against" a place that has rejected God's messengers [[Mark 6:11]]. It is an act of separation, signifying that the messengers are absolved of responsibility for that place, which will face judgment.
* **Symbol of Grief and Desolation:** In Revelation, casting **dust** on the head is an outward expression of extreme sorrow and despair. The merchants lament the fall of the great city, demonstrating their anguish over its sudden desolation and the loss of its costliness [[Revelation 18:19]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{G5522}}` **chóos**, while appearing only twice, carries significant symbolic meaning. It is not merely loose dirt, but a powerful emblem used to convey two distinct and intense spiritual states. It represents both a pronouncement of judgment against the unrepentant and a physical manifestation of profound grief, illustrating how a simple substance can be imbued with deep theological significance.
TRV