The Greek word phónos, represented by G5408, denotes murder or slaughter. It appears 10 times across 10 unique verses in the Bible. Derived from an obsolete primary word meaning "to slay," it directly refers to the act of taking a human life.
In scripture, G5408 is frequently used to identify a sin that originates from within. Both Matthew and Mark state that murders proceed "out of the heart" (Matthew 15:19, Mark 7:21). Paul includes murders in his list of behaviors that prevent one from inheriting the kingdom of God Galatians 5:21. The term also describes specific criminal acts, such as the murder committed by Barabbas during an insurrection (Mark 15:7, Luke 23:25). It is used to describe intense persecution, as when Saul was "breathing out threatenings and slaughter" against disciples Acts 9:1, and when the faithful "were slain with the sword" Hebrews 11:37.
Several related words provide a broader context for the sin of murder:
- G1261 dialogismós (discussion, i.e. (internal) consideration... reasoning, thought.): This word is listed as "evil thoughts" that precede murders, showing that the act begins with internal reasoning (Matthew 15:19, Mark 7:21).
- G4714 stásis (a popular uprising; figuratively, controversy:--dissension, insurrection...): This term is directly linked with the murder committed by Barabbas, situating the act within the context of social and political rebellion (Mark 15:7, Luke 23:25).
- G5355 phthónos (ill-will (as detraction), i.e. jealousy (spite):--envy.): Listed alongside murders in lists of sins, envy is presented as a corrupting motive that can lead to such violent acts (Romans 1:29, Galatians 5:21).
The theological significance of G5408 is profound, highlighting the depth of human sinfulness.
- Symptom of a Corrupt Heart: Scripture consistently portrays murder not as an isolated act, but as an outward expression of an evil inner state. It is among the defiling things that "proceed out of the heart" (Matthew 15:19, Mark 7:21).
- A Work of the Flesh: Phónos is classified as a work of the flesh, a sign of a life lived in opposition to the Spirit of God. Those who practice such things are warned they "shall not inherit the kingdom of God" Galatians 5:21.
- An Act of Rebellion: The association of murder with insurrection, as in the case of Barabbas, demonstrates how this sin can manifest as both personal violence and broader social chaos (Mark 15:7, Luke 23:19).
- A Call to Repentance: The failure to repent of murders is specifically condemned, emphasizing its gravity in the eyes of God Revelation 9:21.
In summary, G5408 is more than a legal term for killing. It is a fundamental biblical concept representing a grievous sin that stems from internal corruption. Whether describing the actions of a rebellious individual like Barabbas Luke 23:25, the persecuting zeal of Saul Acts 9:1, or the unrepentant state of humanity Revelation 9:21, phónos illustrates a core aspect of a fallen world that stands in stark contrast to the will of God.
TRV